The document discusses methods for solving quadratic equations. It begins by defining quadratic equations as equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a ≠ 0. It then outlines several methods for solving quadratics: factoring the equation if possible; using the square root method if b = 0 or c = 0; completing the square if factoring is not possible; and using the quadratic formula as a general method. It also explains how the discriminant (b2 - 4ac) determines the number and type of solutions.

1. Solving
Equations

2. A quadratic equation is an equation equivalent to one of the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Where a, b, and c are real numbers and a ¹ 0
So if we have an equation in x and the highest power is 2, it is quadratic.
To solve a quadratic equation we get it in the form above
and see if it will factor.
x2 = 5x - 6 Get form above by subtracting 5x and
adding 6 to both sides to get 0 on right side.
-5x + 6 -5x + 6
x2 - 5x + 6 = 0 Factor.
( x - 3)( x - 2) = 0 Use the Null Factor law and set each
factor = 0 and solve.
x -3 = 0 or x - 2 = 0 x = 3 x = 2

3. Remember standard form for a quadratic equation is:
0x ax2 + c = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0
In this form we could have the case where b = 0.
When this is the case, we get the x2 alone and then square
root both sides.
2x2 - 6 = 0 Get x2 alone by adding 6 to both sides and then
dividing both sides by 2
+ 6 + 6
2x2 = 6
2 2
x2 = 3
Now take the square root of both
sides remembering that you must
consider both the and
negative root.
root.
±
positive and
check: 2( 3) 6 0 2 - = 2( 3) 6 0 2 - - =
x = ± 3 Let's
6 - 6 = 0 6 - 6 = 0

4. ax2 + bx + 0 c = 0
What if in standard form, c = 0?
We could factor by pulling
an x out of each term.
2x2 - 3x = 0 Factor out the common x
x(2x - 3) = 0 Use the Null Factor law and set each
factor = 0 and solve.
x = 0 or 2x - 3 = 0
x = 0 or x = 3 If you put either of these values in for x
2
in the original equation you can see it
makes a true statement.

5. ax2 + bx + c = 0
What are we going to do if we have non-zero values for
a, b and c but can't factor the left hand side?
x2 + 6x + 3 = 0 This will not factor so we will complete the
square and apply the square root method.
First get the constant term on the other side by
6 3 subtracting 3 from both sides. x2 + x = -
x2 + 6x + ___ = -3+ ___
9 9 x2 + 6x + 9 = 6
Let's add 9. Right now we'll see that it works and then we'll look at how
to find it.
We are now going to add a number to the left side so it will factor
into a perfect square. This means that it will factor into two
identical factors. If we add a number to one side of the equation,
we need to add it to the other to keep the equation true.

6. x2 + 6x + 9 = 6 Now factor the left hand side.
( x + 3)( x + 3) = 6
two identical factors
This can be written as: ( x + 3)2 = 6
Now we'll get rid of the square by
square rooting both sides.
( x + 3)2 = ± 6 Remember you need both the
positive and negative root!
x + 3 = ± 6 Subtract 3 from both sides to get x alone.
x = -3 ± 6
These are the answers in exact form. We
can put them in a calculator to get two
approximate answers.
x = -3 + 6 » -0.55 x = -3 - 6 » -5.45

7. Okay---so this works to solve the equation but how did we
know to add 9 to both sides?
x2 + 6x + _9__ = -3+ _9__
( x + 3)( x + 3) = 6 We wanted the left hand side to factor
into two identical factors.
When you FOIL, the outer terms and the
inner terms need to be identical and need
to add up to 6x.
+3x
+3 x
6 x
The last term in the original trinomial will then be the middle
term's the middle coefficient term's divided coefficient by 2 and divided squared by 2 since and last squared
term
times last term will be (3)(3) or 32.
So to complete the square, the number to add to both sides
is…

8. Let's solve another one by completing the square.
2x2 -16x + 2 = 0 To complete the square we want the coefficient
of the x2 term to be 1.
2 2 2 2
x2 -8x +1 = 0 Divide everything by 2
Since it doesn't factor get the constant on the
other side ready to complete the square.
x2 -8x + ___ 16 = -1+ ___
16
So what do we add to both sides? =16
8
ö çè
( x - 4)( x - 4) = ( x - 4)2 =15 Factor the left hand side
( x - 4)2 = ± 15
x - 4 = ± 15 Add 4 to both sides to x = 4 ± 15
Square root both sides (remember
±)
get x alone
2
2
÷ø
æ -
the middle term's coefficient divided by 2 and squared

9. By completing the square on a general quadratic equation in
standard form we come up with what is called the quadratic formula.
(Remember the song!! )
= - ± 2 - 4
x b b ac
a
2
This formula can be used to solve any quadratic equation
whether it factors or not. If it factors, it is generally easier to
factor---but this formula would give you the solutions as well.
We solved this by completing the square
but let's solve it using the quadratic formula
= - ± 2 - 4
x b b ac
6 6 (3)
a
2
1
(1)
(1)
= - 6 ± 36 -12
2
Don't make a mistake with order of operations!
Let's do the power and the multiplying first.
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x2 + 6x + 3 = 0

10. x = - 6 ± 36 -12
2
24 = 4´6 = 2 6
= - 6 ± 24
2
= - 6 ± 2 6
2
( )
= 2 - 3± 6
2
There's a 2 in common in
the terms of the numerator
= -3± 6 These are the solutions we
got when we completed the
square on this problem.
NOTE: When using this formula if you've simplified under the
radical and end up with a negative, there are no real solutions.
(There are complex (imaginary) solutions, but that will be dealt
with in year 12 Calculus).

11. SUMMARY OF SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
• Get the equation in standard form: ax2 + bx + c = 0
• If there is no middle term (b = 0) then get the x2 alone and square
root both sides (if you get a negative under the square root there are
no real solutions).
• If there is no constant term (c = 0) then factor out the common x
and use the null factor law to solve (set each factor = 0).
• If a, b and c are non-zero, see if you can factor and use the null
factor law to solve.
• If it doesn't factor or is hard to factor, use the quadratic formula
to solve (if you get a negative under the square root there are no real
solutions).

12. This "discriminates" or tells us what type of solutions we'll have.
ax bx c 0 x b b 4
ac
a
2
2
2 + + = = - ± -
If we have a quadratic equation and are considering solutions
from the real number system, using the quadratic formula, one of
three things can happen.
1. The "stuff" under the square root can be positive and we'd get
two unequal real solutions if b2 - 4ac > 0
2. The "stuff" under the square root can be zero and we'd get one
solution (called a repeated or double root because it would factor
into two equal factors, each igfi bv2in-g4 uasc th=e0 same solution).
3. The "stuff" under the square root can be negative and we'd get
no real solutions.
if b2 -4ac < 0
The "stuff" under the square root is called the discriminant.
The Discriminant D = b2 - 4ac

13. PRESENTED BY,
RAJEEV. R
MATHEMATICS OPTIONAL
REG.NO: 13971013
KUCTE, KUMARAPURAM