This paper presents a novel scheduling algorithm to support quality of service (QoS) for multiservice applications over integrated satellite and terrestrial networks using admission control system with multipath selection capabilities. The algorithm exploits the multipath routing paradigm over LEO and GEO satellites constellation in order to achieve optimum end-toend QoS of the client-server Internet architecture for HTTP web service, file transfer, video streaming and VoIP applications. The proposed multipath scheduler over the satellite networks advocates load balancing technique based on optimum time-bandwidth in order to accommodate the burst of application traffics. The method tries to balance the bandwidth load and queue length on each link over satellite in order to fulfil the optimum QoS level for each traffic type. Each connection of a traffic type will be routed over a link with the least bandwidth load and queue length at current time in order to avoid congestion state. The multipath routing scheduling decision is based on per connection granularity so that packet reordering at the receiver side could be avoided. The performance evaluation of IP over satellites has been carried out using multiple connections, different file sizes and bit-errorrate (BER) variations to measure the packet delay, loss ratio and throughput.
Impact of Variable Transmission Range and Scalability With Respect To Mobilit...Jitender Grover
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of variable transmission range and scalability with respect to mobility and zone size on the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. The paper simulates ZRP performance under different transmission ranges, zone radii, node speeds and network sizes. Results show that packet delivery ratio increases with transmission range for 25 nodes but decreases for 50 nodes. Packet delivery also decreases with higher node mobility and is highest when the zone radius is maximum.
ENERGY LOCATION AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ELARP) FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR...ijcsit
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding
environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in
volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
(WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end
delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover
multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end
delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive
multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance.
ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for
multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
Load aware and load balancing using aomdv routing in manetijctet
This document discusses load aware and load balancing techniques using multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using a location aided routing (LAR) protocol with the Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol to identify multiple routing backbones from the source to destination nodes based on the intermediate nodes' communication and processing capabilities. This helps distribute traffic loads evenly across multiple paths to improve load balancing, reduce congestion, and enhance quality of service in the MANET.
ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)ijwmn
This document proposes a new channel assignment method called ODCAM that aims to increase throughput and minimize delay in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks. ODCAM uses a channel diversity mechanism to select new channels along the path from source to destination. It stores channel information in a Channel Diversity Table. Simulation results show that ODCAM combined with the HWMP routing protocol increases average throughput by 12.78% and decreases average end-to-end delay compared to a hybrid channel assignment approach.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
Impact of Variable Transmission Range and Scalability With Respect To Mobilit...Jitender Grover
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the impact of variable transmission range and scalability with respect to mobility and zone size on the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) for mobile ad hoc networks. The paper simulates ZRP performance under different transmission ranges, zone radii, node speeds and network sizes. Results show that packet delivery ratio increases with transmission range for 25 nodes but decreases for 50 nodes. Packet delivery also decreases with higher node mobility and is highest when the zone radius is maximum.
ENERGY LOCATION AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ELARP) FOR WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR...ijcsit
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding
environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in
volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks
(WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end
delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover
multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end
delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive
multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance.
ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for
multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Quadrant Based DIR in CWin Adaptation Mechanism for Multihop Wireless NetworkIJCI JOURNAL
In Multihop Wireless Networks, traffic forwarding capability of each node varies according to its level of contention. Each node can yield its channel access opportunity to its neighbouring nodes, so that all the nodes can evenly share the channel and have similar forwarding capability. In this manner the wireless channel is utilized effectively, which is achieved using Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM). This mechanism achieves a higher end-to-end throughout but consumes the network power to a higher level. So, a newly proposed algorithm Quadrant- Based Directional Routing Protocol (Q-DIR) is implemented as a cross-layer with CWAM, to reduce the total network power consumption through limited flooding and also reduce the routing overheads, which eventually increases overall network throughput. This algorithm limits the broadcast region to a quadrant where the source node and the destination nodes are located. Implementation of the algorithm is done in Linux based NS-2 simulator
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel, while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured by means of simulation study.
Load aware and load balancing using aomdv routing in manetijctet
This document discusses load aware and load balancing techniques using multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes using a location aided routing (LAR) protocol with the Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) routing protocol to identify multiple routing backbones from the source to destination nodes based on the intermediate nodes' communication and processing capabilities. This helps distribute traffic loads evenly across multiple paths to improve load balancing, reduce congestion, and enhance quality of service in the MANET.
ON DEMAND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT METHOD FOR CHANNEL DIVERSITY (ODCAM)ijwmn
This document proposes a new channel assignment method called ODCAM that aims to increase throughput and minimize delay in multi-channel multi-radio wireless mesh networks. ODCAM uses a channel diversity mechanism to select new channels along the path from source to destination. It stores channel information in a Channel Diversity Table. Simulation results show that ODCAM combined with the HWMP routing protocol increases average throughput by 12.78% and decreases average end-to-end delay compared to a hybrid channel assignment approach.
PERFORMANCE OF OLSR MANET ADOPTING CROSS-LAYER APPROACH UNDER CBR AND VBR TRA...IJCNCJournal
The routing protocols play an important role in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) because of the dynamically change of its topology. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), unawareness of Quality of Service (QoS) and power-consumed protocol, is an example of a widely-used routing protocol in MANET.
The Multi-Point Relays (MPR) selection algorithm is very crucial in OLSR. Therefore, firstly, we propose a heuristic method to select the best path based on two parameters; Bit Error Rate (BER) derived from the physical layer and Weighted Connectivity Index (CI) adopted from the network layer. This can be done via the cross-layer design scheme. This is anticipated to enhance the performance of OLSR, provide QoS
guarantee and improve the power consumption. The performances of the proposed scheme are investigated
by simulation of two types of traffics: CBR and VBR (MPEG-4), evaluated by metrics namely Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Average End-to-End Delay, Control Overhead and Average Total Power Consumption.We compare our results with the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI. It is
obvious that our proposed scheme provides superior performances to the typical OLSR and OLSR using only Weighted CI, especially, at high traffic load.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a novel cross-layer routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks. The technique calculates both signal strength and node mobility to select the most efficient and stable path for data transmission. It aims to improve on traditional ad hoc routing protocols like AODV by considering both link quality metrics from the physical layer (signal strength) and node mobility. The proposed method selects routes based on signal strength if mobility is high, and on traditional hop count if mobility is low, in order to find paths that reduce link failure and improve throughput.
Improvement of QoS Contained by AODV Routing Protocol On the Basis of Varying...IOSR Journals
The document proposes improvements to the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks to enhance quality of service. It introduces two techniques: 1) Using a dynamic time-to-live value rather than a fixed value to establish connections over longer routes. 2) Implementing a varying queue length technique where the queue size increases instead of dropping packets if the node buffer is full, to minimize packet loss. The performance of the improved AODV protocol is evaluated based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shows better results compared to the normal AODV protocol.
Qo s oriented distributed routing protocols : anna university 2nd review pptAAKASH S
To find a QoS path between source and destination, Which satisfies
The QoS requirements for each admitted connection and
Optimizes the use of network resources
Quality encompasses the data loss, latency, jitter, efficient use of network resources,..
QoS mechanisms for unfairness: managing queuing behavior, shaping traffic, control admission, routing, …
Usually, a hybrid network has widespread base stations
The data transmission in hybrid networks has two features:
An AP can be a source or a destination to any mobile node
It allows a stream to have anycast transmission along multiple transmission paths to its destination through base stations
The number of transmission hops between a mobile node and an AP is small
It enables a source node to connect to an AP through an intermediate node
In this paper introduce the QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol(QOD)
This QOD protocol makes five contributions:
QoS-guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm
Distributed packet scheduling algorithm
Mobility-based segment resizing algorithm
Soft-deadline based forwarding scheduling algorithm
Data redundancy elimination based transmission
QUALITY OF SERVICE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING LOCATION AND ENERG...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multi path protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HELLO PROCESS FOR ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) update of link connectivity is necessary to refresh the neighbor tables in data transfer. A existing hello process periodically exchanges the link connectivity information, which is not adequate for dynamic topology. Here, slow update of neighbour table entries causes link failures which affect performance parameter as packet drop, maximum delay, energy consumption, and reduced throughput. In the dynamic hello technique, new neighbour nodes and lost neighbour nodes are used to compute link change rate (LCR) and hello-interval/refresh rate (r). Exchange of link connectivity information at a fast rate consumes unnecessary bandwidth and energy. In MANET resource wastage can be controlled by avoiding the re-route discovery, frequent error notification, and local repair in the entire network. We are enhancing the existing hello process, which shows significant improvement in performance.
The document describes a proposed unified algorithm for load balancing (LB) and handover optimization (HOO) in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The algorithm uses a Fuzzy System (FS) tuned by the Q-Learning reinforcement learning algorithm to modify handover parameters at the cell adjacency level. This aims to improve key performance indicators related to both LB and HOO. Simulation results show the proposed joint algorithm provides better performance than independent LB and HOO entities operating simultaneously. The algorithm reduces complexity for the self-organizing network coordination entity by handling LB and HOO jointly rather than as separate functions.
DISTRIBUTED TRAFFIC BY LOAD-BALANCING APPROACH FOR AOMDV IN AD-HOC NETWORKScscpconf
Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes, which are connected over a wireless medium. There is no pre-existing communication infrastructure (no access points, no
base stations) and the nodes can freely move and self-organize into a network topology. Such a network can contain two or more nodes. Hence, balancing the load in an Ad hoc network is
important because the nodes have limited communication resources such as bandwidth, buffer space and battery power. This paper presents a new approach to load balancing based on
residual energy of nodes for distribute the traffic evenly among the network nodes. We are exploiting the multipath routing protocol AOMDV, which defines link-disjoint paths between the
source and the destination in every route discovery. We add the energy metric for load balancing (ELB-AOMDV). The performance is compared between ELB-AOMDV and LBAOMDV.
Improved Good put using Harvest-Then-Transmit Protocol for Video TransferEswar Publications
In multiple wireless networks, large end-to-end delay and packet losses can decrease meaningfully the traffic flow goodput due to path irregularity and multiplicity. To report these problems, current methods are proposed by using management of queue and decision making process. Hence, this paper proposesa Harvest-Then-Transmit (HTT) Protocol which selects an energy efficient path based on multiple parameters i.e. energy, delay, transmission time and perform transmission of video to handle number of video packets. A multipath environment is establishing where a server performs transferring of video along the energy efficient path of wireless network. Simulation shows the proposed protocol improves the overall goodput up to 10%, increases packet delivery rate up to 12%, and reduces end-to-end delay up to 3%, compared to existing system.
ECA MODEL BASED QOS AODV ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by
nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing
QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding
technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the
entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the
required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA
model and AODV for establishing QoS route.
The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local
connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to
the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.
To find a QoS path between source and destination, Which satisfies
The QoS requirements for each admitted connection and
Optimizes the use of network resources
Quality encompasses the data loss, latency, jitter, efficient use of network resources,..
QoS mechanisms for unfairness: managing queuing behavior, shaping traffic, control admission, routing, …
Usually, a hybrid network has widespread base stations
The data transmission in hybrid networks has two features:
An AP can be a source or a destination to any mobile node
It allows a stream to have anycast transmission along multiple transmission paths to its destination through base stations
The number of transmission hops between a mobile node and an AP is small
It enables a source node to connect to an AP through an intermediate node
Dynamic Routing for Data Integrity and Delay Differentiated Services in Wirel...1crore projects
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A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a scalable and power-efficient routing solution for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper describes a cluster-based MANET architecture and develops a graph theoretic routing algorithm that finds paths from source to destination nodes using routes with minimum cumulative degree. Simulation results show that the algorithm provides efficient routing paths even as the number of nodes increases, and uses multi-hop connectivity to transmit packets using minimum power irrespective of the number of nodes in the network. The algorithm is shown to be scalable and power efficient compared to other routing methods.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
CONVEX OPTIMIZATION BASED CONGESTION CONTROL IN LAYERED SATELLITE NETWORKSIJCI JOURNAL
A multi-layered satellite network consisting of geosynchronous and nano-satellites is suited to perform
space situational awareness. The nano-satellites collect information of space objects and transfer data to
ground stations through the geosynchronous satellites. The dynamic topology of the network, large
propagation delays and bulk data transfers results in a congested network. In this paper, we present a
convex optimization based congestion control algorithm. Using snapshots of the network, operating
parameters such as incoming, outgoing rates and buffer utilization are monitored. The operating
parameters of a satellite are formulated as a convex function and using convex optimization techniques, the
incoming data rates are evaluated to minimize congestion. Performance comparison of our algorithm with
Transmission Control Protocol congestion control mechanism is presented. The simulation results show
that our algorithm reduces congestion while facilitating higher transmission rates.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
The present paper describes a novel Raspberry Pi and Arduino UNO architecture used as a meteorological station. One of the advantages of the proposed architecture is the huge quantity of sensors developed for its usage; practically one can find them for any application, and weather sensing is not an exception. The principle followed is to configure Raspberry as a collector for measures obtained from Arduino, transmitting occurs via USB; meanwhile, Raspberry broadcasts them via a web page. For such activity is possible thanks to Raspbian, a Linux-based operating system. It has a lot of libraries and resources available, among them Apache Web Server, that gives the possibility to host a web-page. On it, the user can observe temperature, humidity, solar radiance, and wind speed and direction. Information on the web-page is refreshed each five minute; however, measurements arrive at Raspberry every ten seconds. This low refreshment rate was determined because weather variables normally do not abruptly change. As an additional feature, system stores all information on the log file, this gives the possibility for future analysis and processing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay. Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Adaptive QoS Multicast Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANETs ijasuc
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile hosts that form a temporary network
without a centralized administration or wired infrastructure. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the network
topology of MANETs changes very fast, making it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use.
Network control with Quality of Service (QoS) support is a key issue for multimedia applications in MANET.
Most of the real time applications have stringent requirements on bandwidth, delay, delay-jitter, packet loss
ratio, cost and other QoS metrics. This paper proposes a Multi-constrained QoS routing with mobility
prediction protocol. If the node has enough resources to transmit data packets, it uses the Global
Positioning System (GPS) to get the location information of the mobile nodes and selects the routing path
with the maximum Route Expiration Time (RET). A set of static and mobile agents are used to find the
multicast routes and transmit the packets. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the
performance of MC_MAODV using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation results show that the
proposed protocol achieves good performance in terms of improving packet delivery ratio and minimizing
end-to-end delay.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
Improvement of QoS Contained by AODV Routing Protocol On the Basis of Varying...IOSR Journals
The document proposes improvements to the AODV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks to enhance quality of service. It introduces two techniques: 1) Using a dynamic time-to-live value rather than a fixed value to establish connections over longer routes. 2) Implementing a varying queue length technique where the queue size increases instead of dropping packets if the node buffer is full, to minimize packet loss. The performance of the improved AODV protocol is evaluated based on metrics like packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, and throughput, and shows better results compared to the normal AODV protocol.
Qo s oriented distributed routing protocols : anna university 2nd review pptAAKASH S
To find a QoS path between source and destination, Which satisfies
The QoS requirements for each admitted connection and
Optimizes the use of network resources
Quality encompasses the data loss, latency, jitter, efficient use of network resources,..
QoS mechanisms for unfairness: managing queuing behavior, shaping traffic, control admission, routing, …
Usually, a hybrid network has widespread base stations
The data transmission in hybrid networks has two features:
An AP can be a source or a destination to any mobile node
It allows a stream to have anycast transmission along multiple transmission paths to its destination through base stations
The number of transmission hops between a mobile node and an AP is small
It enables a source node to connect to an AP through an intermediate node
In this paper introduce the QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol(QOD)
This QOD protocol makes five contributions:
QoS-guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm
Distributed packet scheduling algorithm
Mobility-based segment resizing algorithm
Soft-deadline based forwarding scheduling algorithm
Data redundancy elimination based transmission
QUALITY OF SERVICE ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING LOCATION AND ENERG...ijwmn
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are highly dynamic networks. Quality of Service (QoS) routing in such networks is usually limited by the network breakage due to either node mobility or energy depletion of the mobile nodes. Also, to fulfill certain quality parameters, presence of multiple node-disjoint paths becomes essential. Such paths aid in the optimal traffic distribution and reliability in case of path breakages. Thus, to cater such problem, we present a node-disjoint multi path protocol. The metric used to select the paths takes into account the stability of the nodes and the corresponding links. The proposed technique is also illustrated with an example.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
AN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF HELLO PROCESS FOR ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) update of link connectivity is necessary to refresh the neighbor tables in data transfer. A existing hello process periodically exchanges the link connectivity information, which is not adequate for dynamic topology. Here, slow update of neighbour table entries causes link failures which affect performance parameter as packet drop, maximum delay, energy consumption, and reduced throughput. In the dynamic hello technique, new neighbour nodes and lost neighbour nodes are used to compute link change rate (LCR) and hello-interval/refresh rate (r). Exchange of link connectivity information at a fast rate consumes unnecessary bandwidth and energy. In MANET resource wastage can be controlled by avoiding the re-route discovery, frequent error notification, and local repair in the entire network. We are enhancing the existing hello process, which shows significant improvement in performance.
The document describes a proposed unified algorithm for load balancing (LB) and handover optimization (HOO) in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks. The algorithm uses a Fuzzy System (FS) tuned by the Q-Learning reinforcement learning algorithm to modify handover parameters at the cell adjacency level. This aims to improve key performance indicators related to both LB and HOO. Simulation results show the proposed joint algorithm provides better performance than independent LB and HOO entities operating simultaneously. The algorithm reduces complexity for the self-organizing network coordination entity by handling LB and HOO jointly rather than as separate functions.
DISTRIBUTED TRAFFIC BY LOAD-BALANCING APPROACH FOR AOMDV IN AD-HOC NETWORKScscpconf
Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes, which are connected over a wireless medium. There is no pre-existing communication infrastructure (no access points, no
base stations) and the nodes can freely move and self-organize into a network topology. Such a network can contain two or more nodes. Hence, balancing the load in an Ad hoc network is
important because the nodes have limited communication resources such as bandwidth, buffer space and battery power. This paper presents a new approach to load balancing based on
residual energy of nodes for distribute the traffic evenly among the network nodes. We are exploiting the multipath routing protocol AOMDV, which defines link-disjoint paths between the
source and the destination in every route discovery. We add the energy metric for load balancing (ELB-AOMDV). The performance is compared between ELB-AOMDV and LBAOMDV.
Improved Good put using Harvest-Then-Transmit Protocol for Video TransferEswar Publications
In multiple wireless networks, large end-to-end delay and packet losses can decrease meaningfully the traffic flow goodput due to path irregularity and multiplicity. To report these problems, current methods are proposed by using management of queue and decision making process. Hence, this paper proposesa Harvest-Then-Transmit (HTT) Protocol which selects an energy efficient path based on multiple parameters i.e. energy, delay, transmission time and perform transmission of video to handle number of video packets. A multipath environment is establishing where a server performs transferring of video along the energy efficient path of wireless network. Simulation shows the proposed protocol improves the overall goodput up to 10%, increases packet delivery rate up to 12%, and reduces end-to-end delay up to 3%, compared to existing system.
ECA MODEL BASED QOS AODV ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Applications like banking, interactive multimedia, movie on demand, VOIP, etc., are delay sensitive by
nature. The QoS given to users will be affected by network delay, which can be mitigated by employing
QoS routing and efficient data transfer. To build routing table, normal AODV routing uses flooding
technique, which will not consider QoS requirements. Hence QoS based routing which is stable for the
entire application is essential, which understands the dynamic nature of the MANET and establishes the
required route, in minimum possible time. We have proposed an intelligent routing protocol based ECA
model and AODV for establishing QoS route.
The simulation results shows that the ECA model gives better results, while considering the local
connectivity time, source to destination connectivity time, number of data packets successfully delivered to
the destination, local and global error correction time, compared to AODV.
To find a QoS path between source and destination, Which satisfies
The QoS requirements for each admitted connection and
Optimizes the use of network resources
Quality encompasses the data loss, latency, jitter, efficient use of network resources,..
QoS mechanisms for unfairness: managing queuing behavior, shaping traffic, control admission, routing, …
Usually, a hybrid network has widespread base stations
The data transmission in hybrid networks has two features:
An AP can be a source or a destination to any mobile node
It allows a stream to have anycast transmission along multiple transmission paths to its destination through base stations
The number of transmission hops between a mobile node and an AP is small
It enables a source node to connect to an AP through an intermediate node
Dynamic Routing for Data Integrity and Delay Differentiated Services in Wirel...1crore projects
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A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a scalable and power-efficient routing solution for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The paper describes a cluster-based MANET architecture and develops a graph theoretic routing algorithm that finds paths from source to destination nodes using routes with minimum cumulative degree. Simulation results show that the algorithm provides efficient routing paths even as the number of nodes increases, and uses multi-hop connectivity to transmit packets using minimum power irrespective of the number of nodes in the network. The algorithm is shown to be scalable and power efficient compared to other routing methods.
A novel routing technique for mobile ad hoc networks (manet)ijngnjournal
Actual network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable and efficient. Each routing protocol should support small as well as large
scale networks very efficiently. As the number of node increase, it increases the management functionality
of the network. Graph theoretic approach traditionally was applied to networks where nodes are static or
fixed. In this paper, we have applied the graph theoretic routing to MANET where nodes are mobile. Here,
we designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Each cluster supports a few nodes with a cluster head. The intracluster
connectivity amongst the nodes within the cluster is supported by multi-hop connectivity to ensure
handling mobility in such a way that no service disruption can occur. The inter-cluster connectivity is also
achieved by multi-hop connectivity. However, for inter-cluster communications, only cluster heads are
connected. This paper demonstrates graph theoretic approach produces an optimum multi-hop connectivity
path based on cumulative minimum degree that minimizes the contention and scheduling delay end-toend.
It is applied to both intra-cluster communications as well as inter-cluster communications. The
performance shows that having a multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster communications is more power
efficient compared to broadcast of information with maximum power coverage. We also showed the total
number of required intermediate nodes in the transmission from source to destination. However, dynamic
behavior of the nodes requires greater understanding of the node degree and mobility at each instance of
time in order to maintain end-to-end QoS for multi-service provisioning. Our simulation results show that
the proposed graph theoretic routing approach will reduce the overall delay and improves the physical
layer data frame transmission.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
DETERMINING THE NETWORK THROUGHPUT AND FLOW RATE USING GSR AND AAL2Rijujournal
In multi-radio wireless mesh networks, one node is eligible to transmit packets over multiple channels to
different destination nodes simultaneously. This feature of multi-radio wireless mesh network makes high
throughput for the network and increase the chance for multi path routing. This is because the multiple
channel availability for transmission decreases the probability of the most elegant problem called as
interference problem which is either of interflow and intraflow type. For avoiding the problem like
interference and maintaining the constant network performance or increasing the performance the WMN
need to consider the packet aggregation and packet forwarding. Packet aggregation is process of collecting
several packets ready for transmission and sending them to the intended recipient through the channel,
while the packet forwarding holds the hop-by-hop routing. But choosing the correct path among different
available multiple paths is most the important factor in the both case for a routing algorithm. Hence the
most challenging factor is to determine a forwarding strategy which will provide the schedule for each
node for transmission within the channel. In this research work we have tried to implement two forwarding
strategies for the multi path multi radio WMN as the approximate solution for the above said problem. We
have implemented Global State Routing (GSR) which will consider the packet forwarding concept and
Aggregation Aware Layer 2 Routing (AAL2R) which considers the both concept i.e. both packet forwarding
and packet aggregation. After the successful implementation the network performance has been measured
by means of simulation study.
CONVEX OPTIMIZATION BASED CONGESTION CONTROL IN LAYERED SATELLITE NETWORKSIJCI JOURNAL
A multi-layered satellite network consisting of geosynchronous and nano-satellites is suited to perform
space situational awareness. The nano-satellites collect information of space objects and transfer data to
ground stations through the geosynchronous satellites. The dynamic topology of the network, large
propagation delays and bulk data transfers results in a congested network. In this paper, we present a
convex optimization based congestion control algorithm. Using snapshots of the network, operating
parameters such as incoming, outgoing rates and buffer utilization are monitored. The operating
parameters of a satellite are formulated as a convex function and using convex optimization techniques, the
incoming data rates are evaluated to minimize congestion. Performance comparison of our algorithm with
Transmission Control Protocol congestion control mechanism is presented. The simulation results show
that our algorithm reduces congestion while facilitating higher transmission rates.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
The present paper describes a novel Raspberry Pi and Arduino UNO architecture used as a meteorological station. One of the advantages of the proposed architecture is the huge quantity of sensors developed for its usage; practically one can find them for any application, and weather sensing is not an exception. The principle followed is to configure Raspberry as a collector for measures obtained from Arduino, transmitting occurs via USB; meanwhile, Raspberry broadcasts them via a web page. For such activity is possible thanks to Raspbian, a Linux-based operating system. It has a lot of libraries and resources available, among them Apache Web Server, that gives the possibility to host a web-page. On it, the user can observe temperature, humidity, solar radiance, and wind speed and direction. Information on the web-page is refreshed each five minute; however, measurements arrive at Raspberry every ten seconds. This low refreshment rate was determined because weather variables normally do not abruptly change. As an additional feature, system stores all information on the log file, this gives the possibility for future analysis and processing.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay. Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
Adaptive QoS Multicast Routing with Mobility Prediction in MANETs ijasuc
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile hosts that form a temporary network
without a centralized administration or wired infrastructure. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the network
topology of MANETs changes very fast, making it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use.
Network control with Quality of Service (QoS) support is a key issue for multimedia applications in MANET.
Most of the real time applications have stringent requirements on bandwidth, delay, delay-jitter, packet loss
ratio, cost and other QoS metrics. This paper proposes a Multi-constrained QoS routing with mobility
prediction protocol. If the node has enough resources to transmit data packets, it uses the Global
Positioning System (GPS) to get the location information of the mobile nodes and selects the routing path
with the maximum Route Expiration Time (RET). A set of static and mobile agents are used to find the
multicast routes and transmit the packets. Extensive simulations have been conducted to evaluate the
performance of MC_MAODV using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation results show that the
proposed protocol achieves good performance in terms of improving packet delivery ratio and minimizing
end-to-end delay.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)have sensor nodes that sense and extract information from surrounding environment, processing information locally then transmit it to sink wirelessly. Multimedia data is larger in volume than scalar data, thus transmitting multimedia data via Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) requires stick constraints on quality of services in terms of energy, throughput and end to end delay.Multipath routing is to discover multipath during route discovery from source to sink. Discover multipath and sending data via these different paths improve the bandwidth and decrease the end to end delay. This paper introduces an Energy Location Aware Routing Protocol (ELARP) which is reactive multipath routing protocol establishing three paths with awareness of node’s residual energy and distance. ELARP has experimented with NS2 simulator. The simulation results show that ELARP enhances QoS for multimedia data in terms of end to end delay and packet delivery ratio.
A Fuzzy Based Dynamic Queue Management Approach to Improve QOS in Wireless se...IJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are predicted to be the following iteration of networks which
will kind an indispensable a part of man’s lives and which furnish a bridge between the true bodily and
virtual worlds. WSNs will have to be able to aid more than a few functions over the same platform. Specific
applications would have unique QoS requirements helping the preliminary specifications for delivering
Quality of services (QoS), which is fundamental for numerous purposes, is directly concerning energy
consumption, delay, reliability, distortion, and community lifetime. There may be an inevitable correlation
between quality of accessible service levels in WSNs and power consumption in these networks, while
acquiring any of those bases acquires the influential interface on the other.
Keywords—Data integrity, Delay differentiated services, Dynamic routing, Potential field, Wireless sensor
networks.
Design and analysis of routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks i...IJECEIAES
Multi-hop routing protocol in cognitive radio mobile ad hoc networks (CRMANETs) is a critical issue. Furthermore, the routing metric used in multi-hop CRMANETs should reflect the bands availability, the links quality, the PU activities and quality of service (QoS) requirements of SUs. For the best of our knowledge, many of researchers investigated the performance of the different routing protocols in a homogeneous environment only. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous cognitive radio routing protocol (HCR) operates in heterogeneous environment (i.e. the route from source to destination utilize the licensed and unlicensed spectrum bands). The proposed routing protocol is carefully developed to make a tradeoff between the channel diversity of the routing path along with the CRMANETs throughput. Using simulations, we discuss the performance of the proposed HCR routing protocol and compare it with the AODV routing protocol using a discrete-event simulation which we developed using JAVA platform.
Packet Transfer Rate & Robust Throughput for Mobile Adhoc NetworkEswar Publications
An ad-hoc wireless network is highly different considering dynamic stochastic process of its underlying links, leads to link breaks during data transaction. Hence, to provide free flow data transaction, many routing algorithms have the property of link recovery and maintenance procedures to minimize the loss of data during transmission. However these routing method do not guarantee reliable data transmission in some special application conditions with wide requirements on Packet delivery ratio and link quality of the network. Routing is a critical issue in MANET and hence the focus of this paper is the performance analysis of different routing protocols used in the
wireless network. We evaluate the ability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows across robust routes by introducing the robust throughput measure as a performance metric. The utility gained by the delivery of flow messages is based on the level of interruption experienced by the underlying transaction. We describe the mathematical calculation of a network’s robust throughput measure, as well as its robust throughput capacity. We introduce the robust flow admission and routing algorithm (RFAR) to provide for the timely and robust transport of flow transactions across mobile ad hoc wireless systems.
CONGESTION AWARE LINK COST ROUTING FOR MANETSIJCNCJournal
Due to the dynamic topology, self-configuration and decentralized nature of Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET), it provides many benefits in wireless networks and is easy to deploy. But the transmission of
data over ad hoc networks has elevated many technical issues for successful routing. Congestion is one of
the important issues which cause performance degradation of a network, due to long delay and high packet
loss. This paper proposes a Congestion aware Link Cost Routing for MANET where the protocol finds a
path with optimized linked cost based on SNR, Link delay, and the and remaining battery power. Along
with this optimization, in this protocol, every node finds its congestion status and participates in the route
discovery on the basis of its status. Data forwarding is also done based on the congestion status at the time
of forwarding. The protocol results in better performance in terms of packet delivery fraction, end to end
delay, throughput, and packet drop when compared to existing protocols.
Inspecting Vanet for Determined Ways with Watertight Connectivityiosrjce
This paper is examining the VANET techniques by understanding the various papers published by the
authors in IEEE transactions. In this paper the new technique is explored where no of the routing method is
applied for connecting the nodes. But using the other information such as speed ,density,time,range and
calculating the time required by the vehicle on the road of interests we can link them full time period of their
run. We can use the standard frequency bands widths allocated by the Governments
This document summarizes research on routing techniques for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses some of the key issues in VANET routing including medium access, mobility, bandwidth constraints, and the need for stable and continuous links. It then reviews several existing routing protocols for MANETs that have been applied to VANETs, such as MACAW, DSR, DSDV, AODV, and SSBARP which uses signal stability to find stable routes. The document provides an overview of these protocols and their approaches to neighbor discovery, topology maintenance, and route discovery in VANET environments.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing algorithm called Quadrant-Based Directional Routing (Q-DIR) for multihop wireless networks. Q-DIR is implemented as a cross-layer with Contention Window Adaptation Mechanism (CWAM) to reduce network power consumption and increase throughput. Q-DIR limits flooding to the quadrant containing the source and destination nodes. CWAM adapts the contention window size based on node traffic to improve throughput. Simulation results show that Q-DIR with CWAM outperforms standard flooding protocols by utilizing fewer nodes and increasing throughput while reducing power consumption.
A Review on Routing Algorithms for Lower Earth Orbit Satellite NetworksIRJET Journal
This document reviews and compares various routing algorithms that have been proposed for lower earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks. It first provides background on the importance and challenges of routing in LEO satellite networks due to their dynamic topology and bandwidth/latency constraints. It then summarizes 10 different routing algorithms that have been proposed in previous research, highlighting the key idea/method used by each one and their advantages. These algorithms use approaches like link reversal, dynamic clustering, ant colony optimization, software defined networking, and reinforcement learning. The document concludes by comparing the different algorithms in a table based on their approaches and benefits.
Similar to QoS based Admission Control using Multipath Scheduler for IP over Satellite Networks (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
QoS based Admission Control using Multipath Scheduler for IP over Satellite Networks (Lukman Audah)
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using efficient multipath routing across multiple orbital layers of LEO and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
(GEO) satellite networks. The study has efficiently reduce the traffic congestion within the satellite networks
through routing techniques but the burden of routes selection and packet processing are placed on the satellite
nodes. Furthermore, the studies did not take into consideration the specific QoS requirements of each traffic
type for the routing selection.
Another previous related study on multipath routing over satellites by Taleb et al [5] has proposed a
novel method called “Explicit Load Balancing” (ELB) which is a cooperative routing strategy for LEO
satellites constellation that enables neighboring satellites to explicitly exchange information on their current
congestion status for better distribution of packet traffics over the entire satellite constellation. The method
also optimally prevents both congestion and packet drops at the satellites.
Inspired by the idea of ELB method developed by Taleb et al, we proposed an alternative approach
of multipath routing over satellites which can support any type of orbital satellites constellation (e.g. LEO,
MEO and GEO). We still hold the idea that traffic classification and traffic conditioning could be done in the
terrestrial network in order to relieve the satellite workload and prevent scalability problem. In addition, we
suggest that the current congestion status over the satellite networks could be shared among the Ground to
Satellite Link terminals (GSL) and the routing scheduling decision over which satellite networks should be
chosen for traffic diversion will be managed by one or more admission control node. The admission control
node maintains two separate list of current traffic load over the satellite networks and the queue length of
ground to satellite links. The load balancing of packet traffic from ground to satellite links will be done based
on those lists in order to maintain optimum QoS of „delay-sensitive‟ and „throughput-sensitive‟ Internet
application packet streams. Our scope of research only sees from end-to-end satellite-terrestrial network
system perspective. We omit the routing type used among the satellites within the same constellation network
and assume that each satellite network maintains their own routing tables. The next sections explain in
details of our proposed QoS method for multipath routing over satellite-terrestrial networks and the system
performance evaluation using NS-2 network simulations.
2. PROPOSED RESEARCH METHOD
The proposed novel QoS method supports multiservice applications over the 10Mbps of high speed
satellite broadband using Ka-Sat like satellite and the Big-LEO systems. The method adopts an admission
control system which consists of a Diffserv queue interface and a multipath scheduler in order to regulate,
classify and select the optimum multipath routes for the Internet Protocol (IP) packet traffics. In addition we
proposed a simple priority queue with selective packets drop function as the satellite OBP. The main focus of
this study is developing the multipath routes selection algorithm for the admission control system in order to
achieve optimum QoS performance for the multiservice applications traffics. The applications traffics used in
the studies are HTTP web, large file transfer using FTP, Video streaming and bidirectional VoIP. The
proposed QoS framework has been tested against multiple new connection rates, average server-response
files sizes and bit-error-rate (BER) variation using NS-2 simulation software.
The NS-2 network simulation scenario is shown in Figure 1 which consists of 4 remote servers, 4
remote clients, an admission control system, 8 ground to satellite links terminals (GSL), a Geosynchronous
satellite (GEO) and 66 Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites constellation. The remote servers are connected to
bottleneck admission control node using bidirectional link of 20Mbps with 8ms of link delay at the server
side while a bidirectional link of 2.5Mbps with 2ms link delay is used to connect each GSL terminal with the
client node. The next subsections explain the details about network elements parameters.
Figure 1. Simulation scenario in NS-2
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
IJECE Vol. 7, No. 6, December 2017 : 2958 – 2969
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2.1. Admission Control System
The admission control system will route the traffic connection to multiple paths over both LEO and
GEO satellites networks using load balancing method. The method will fully utilized both LEO and GEO
satellites networks resources in order to achieve optimum QoS for the throughput-sensitive (e.g. HTTP web,
FTP) and delay-sensitive (e.g. VoIP, video streaming) traffics. The load balancing method is based on the
following parameters.
a. Current load bandwidth of each branching link.
b. Current queue length of each branching link.
c. Current end-to-end delay based on data collected by the moving agent.
Based on Figure 1, the admission control system consists of the following subcomponents:
a. Multipath scheduler (the purple color oval object).
b. Diffserv queue interface (the green color circle object).
In NS-2, the multipath scheduler is a node element derived from the Class Node. We extend the
basic node functionality to support multipath route selection at run-time by adding the multipath classifier
object as shown in Figure 2. The node is designed in such a way that it would only suitable to function as a
branching node immediately before the GSL terminals. This makes it capable to regulate the traffic flows
over the satellite networks.
Figure 2. A novel multipath scheduler node structure in NS-2
The multipath scheduler tasks involve measurement of the load bandwidth and queuing buffer size
of the forward branching links based on the IP packet forwarding history and keeps its own statistical tables.
The tables contain lists of continuously updated current traffic load over the satellite networks and the queue
length of ground to satellite links.
In addition, it maintains a routing table based on the unique connection ID for every TCP/UDP
connection that passed through it. Every newly established connection unique ID will be registered in the
routing table list along with the chosen optimum forwarding route. Subsequent packets from the same
connection will follow the same route until the connection is terminated. When the connection is terminated,
it will be deregistered from the routing table list to leave space for the subsequent new connection. The
registration and deregistration processes provide information to the multipath scheduler about the total live
connections and connections termination rates in each branching links over the satellite networks.
Moreover, it probes all the possible paths towards destination for the link delay by periodically
creating and dissipating moving agents that continuously moving forward to destination network element and
backward to itself. The advantages of using moving agent in the multipath routing over LEO satellites
network have been highlighted by Rao et al [6]. We adopted the method in our study as the additional
function to the multipath scheduler element for optimum traffic route selection. The moving agent is defined
4. IJECE ISSN: 2088-8708
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as small chunks of packets in NS-2 created to record the round-trip-time (RTT) time-stamp for each
branching links from the multipath scheduler towards client nodes. The timestamp records both forward and
reverse delays between server and client sides. Congestion could be detected if the recorded forward delay
increased from previous recorded values or the probe packets dropped as the results of timeout. The forward
delay data will be used for comparison with other recorded list of parameters stored in the tables in order to
determine the optimum traffic route towards client node.
The optimum route selection for each traffic type is based on the measured data and Diffserv queue
information. Packets from the same connection will not be separated in order to avoid packets reordering at
the receiver side. The multipath routes forwarding algorithm decides on how the multipath scheduler will
handle the current connection flows and the newly established connection flows for each traffic type based on
the time-bandwidth sharing concept. The time-bandwidth sharing concept defines the concept of links
sharing among lower delay links (i.e. links using LEO satellites network) and higher delay links (i.e. links
using GEO satellite network).
2.2. Satellite Networks Configuration
The satellite networks used in the proposed network scenario are based on the Ka-Sat like satellite
system located at coordinate 90
east and LEO-Iridium constellation. There are 4 remote servers that transmit
multiple TCP and UDP connections to 4 remote clients via 8GSLs. We also introduced a random error model
to simulate the satellite network transmission loss characteristics. The error model produced 2 different BER
values which are 10-7
and 10-6
for 2 different error scenarios.
Based on Figure 1, the 4GSLs at the servers side are located at the same latitude and longitude
coordinate (37.90
, -122.30
) while the other 4GSLs at the clients side are located at (42.30
, 71.10
). The GEO
satellite is located at the coordinate (00
, -1000
). The “-” sign refers to location in West region in earth. The
LEO satellites constellation are scattered around the globe at low earth orbit. The RTT between the GEO
satellite and the respective GSL at server and client side could be calculated as follows [7]:
The relative coordinate difference between GEO satellite and a GSL terminal at the server side is
shown as follows:
GEO – GSL (server) = (0,-100) – (37.9, -122.3)
= (-37.9, 22.3)
The relative coordinate difference between a GSL terminal at the client side and the GEO satellite is shown
as follows:
GSL (Client) – GEO = (42.3, 71.1) – (0, -100)
= (42.3, 171.1)
Then the RE, h and r parameters are specified as follows:
RE – Earth radius from earth‟s core to earth terminal = 6378.137Km
h – The satellite altitude from the earth equator = 35786.6Km
r – Radius from the earth‟s core to GEO satellite = RE + h = 42164.737Km
Distance between the GEO satellite and GSL terminal can be calculated using the following
Equation [7]:
cos2222
rRrRR EE (1)
where
llL sinsincoscoscoscos (2)
The L and l parameters are the latitude and longitude of the earth coordinate system respectively
while the parameter is the azimuth angle. As for GEO satellite, we have ,0 thus 1cos and
.0sin
The value of cos between GEO – GSL (server) is calculated as follows:
73.0)3.22cos()9.37cos(cos 00
1
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0
1 11.43
The value of cos between GSL (Client) – GEO is calculated as follows:
7307.0)1.171cos()3.42cos(cos 00
2
0
2 95.136
Therefore the distance between GEO satellite and GSL terminal (server) can be computed as follows
using (1):
KmR
Km
R
148.37761
104259.1
)73.0)(737.42164)(137.6378(2)737.42164()137.6378(
1
29
222
1
Besides that, the distance between GSL (Client) terminal and GEO satellite can also be computed as
follows:
KmR
Km
R
2643.47027
102116.2
)7307.0)(737.42164)(137.6378(2)737.42164()137.6378(
2
29
222
2
Thus the one-way propagation delay from GSL (server) – GEO satellite – GSL (client) can be
calculated as follows:
ms
c
RR
Tp
283
103
1000)2643.47027148.37761(
8
21
Therefore, the RTT value over GEO satellite is obtained as follows:
msmsTRTT p 56628322
Moreover, the RTT over LEO network could not be calculated as previously mentioned because we
did not monitor closely the coordinate of LEO satellites involved directly in the data transmission. However,
an approximation value could be considered as previously calculated in [7] which is ≈ 75.162ms with RTT ≈
150.324ms.
2.3. Multiservice Application Traffic Modeling
There are 4 applications services that will be used in the proposed network scenario as in Figure 1
which are the generic HTTP web traffic, large files transfer using FTP, Video streaming using Constant Bit
Rate (CBR) traffic and bidirectional VoIP using GSM.AMR codec. The end-to-end QoS performance will be
measured against variable connection rates and BER values during the entire 15 minutes of simulation time.
2.3.1. HTTP Web Traffic
The HTTP web traffic application in the NS-2 multipath simulations used Pareto distribution to
model the server response file size with average value of 300Kbytes. The HTTP web traffic used TCP New
Reno as the underlying transport protocol. The TCP segment size used is 1500bytes (i.e. 1460bytes payload +
40bytes header) with maximum congestion window size of 29 packets. The congestion window is set to 29
packets because HTTP packet may travel on both LEO and GEO satellites networks at any possible time.
Since the RTT over LEO is much smaller than the RTT over GEO (e.g. approximately 142 ms tested for the
network scenario without BER), the maximum TCP congestion window size value is obtained based on the
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maximum TCP throughput Equation (Wmax/RTT) using the 2.5Mbps of the satellite uplink/downlink
bandwidth as the benchmark and 1500bytes of TCP segment size.
2.3.2. Large File Transfer using FTP
The FTP traffic application used in this study is for the Internet large file transfer with average file
size value (e.g. avg_(x)) of 5Mbytes based on Pareto distribution. The FTP traffic used TCP New Reno as the
underlying transport protocol. The TCP segment size used is 1500bytes (i.e. 1460bytes payload +
40bytes header) with maximum congestion window size of 43 packets.
The congestion window is set to 43 packets because FTP packet may travel over GEO satellites
networks at most of the simulation time based on the defined routing scheduling algorithm. Since the RTT
over GEO is higher than the RTT in LEO (e.g. more than 500ms tested for the network scenario without
BER), the maximum TCP congestion window size could reach more than 100 packets when calculated using
2.5Mbps of the satellite uplink/downlink bandwidth as the benchmark, 500ms RTT and 1500bytes of TCP
segment size. However, 100 packets of congestion window size are equal to 150Kbytes and more than the
standard maximum TCP window size which is 65535bytes [8]. Too large TCP window setting may introduce
error-recovery problem and degrades the performance substantially [9]. Therefore, the maximum TCP
congestion window size used in the NS-2 simulations is limited to 43 packets only.
2.3.3. Video Streaming Traffic
The VoD video streaming traffic is modelled using Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic generator in
NS-2. We follow the standard MPEG-transport stream (MPEG-TS) packet size specification used in the
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - Terrestrial (IDSB-T), Digital Video Broadcast (DVB-T/C/S) and
Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) which is 208bytes (188bytes transport stream packet +
20bytes of FEC data) [10]. The 188bytes packet size is a standard payload size chosen for compatibility with
ATM system while the additional 20bytes is used for the Reed-Solomon forward error correction.
2.3.4. Voice over IP Traffic
The bidirectional VoIP application traffic used in the multipath simulations used GSM.AMR codec.
The average new VoIP connection rate between two conversation entities varies between 1 and 30
connection/minute based on the Exponential distribution. Moreover, the average conversation duration per
connection is 10 minute/connection based Pareto distribution. Similarly with other traffics, the new
connection is created regardless of the completion of previous connection.
2.4. Differentiated Services (Diffserv) Configuration
The Diffserv queuing system in multipath simulations used Random Early Detection (RED) queue
type and the Time Sliding Window 3 Color Marker (TSW3CM) of policer type. The total buffer size of a
physical queue is 500 packets with average packets size of 1500bytes. The 3 virtual queues are virtually some
fractions of the physical queue size which corresponds to the minimum threshold (minTh) and maximum
threshold (maxTh). Assuming that 90% of the total buffer size used for user traffics, therefore the maxTh
could be set equally to all traffic type which is 450 packets.
The CIR and PIR values are set based on 10Mbps of the total branching links bandwidth (e.g.
2.5Mbps of the satellite uplink/downlink). This is done in order to limit the traffic rate that pass through the
satellite networks so that the total rate does not exceed far beyond 10Mbps.
2.5. Satellite On-Board Processing (OBP)
The OBP system used in the NS-2 simulations is exactly the same as mentioned in [11] which
managed the traffic flows based on delay-sensitive and throughput-sensitive categories. Each satellite in LEO
and GEO networks has the OBP queuing system with maximum buffer size of 500 packets with average size
of 1500bytes for each packet.
2.6. Delay Scheduling and Queue Function
The term delay scheduling generally means to delay the specific scheduling tasks at some period of
time in order to preserve optimum flow of the queuing tasks system. The study of delay scheduling topic has
been done by many researchers in the fields of TCP/IP protocol layers for efficient user data locality
management and for minimizing the effect of transmission delays over heterogeneous networks [12-14].
Inspired by the work in the previous studies, we adopt the method as part of the admission control system in
order to regulate the traffics flow across the terrestrial-satellite networks.
The admission control system at the branching node element also adopts the delayed scheduling
algorithm function at its queuing buffer in order to reduce packets dropped of TCP traffic. The method will
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delay the TCP packets at random period of time when the queue buffer exceeds some specific capacity
thresholds. The delay is done by using a virtual queue on top of the physical queue at the admission control
node as shown in Figure 3. When the physical queue towards the branching links have reached the threshold
value, any TCP packet that arrives after that will be queued in the virtual queue buffer until the physical
queue length drops below the threshold value. Once the physical queue length drops below the threshold
value, the TCP packets will pass through over the satellite networks. This is done repeatedly at the admission
control node whenever the physical queue length exceeds the threshold. The delayed scheduling may only
take split seconds because the admission control will terminate any new arrival connection when the queue
threshold is exceeded until the load bandwidth drops below 90% of the link capacity. The delay scheduling
and connection termination methods create double protection on the ongoing TCP live connections from
packets dropped.
Figure 3. Delay scheduling at admission control node
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The simulations study comprised of 4 traffic types which are the HTTP web, Large File transfer
using FTP, Video streaming and VoIP. In addition, the branching links bandwidth is set to 2.5Mbps each and
the satellite links network are exposed to the bit-error-rate. Simulations are done in order to investigate the
QoS parameters variations of the proposed system as the results of the increment of new connection rate and
also the BER values.
As mentioned in previous section, there are 4 application traffics involved which are HTTP web,
large file transfer using FTP, Video streaming and VoIP. All of the traffics start at the same time at 10 second
and stop at the end of simulation time which is 900 second. The simulations are done 30 times in order to
investigate the effect of new connections arrival rates between 1 and 30 connection per minute. Each point in
the following graphs represents an average values calculated during the entire 900 second of simulation time.
Although the Pareto and Exponential model distributions are used in are used in all traffic types for certain
purposes like inter-arrival time, file size distribution and live-time connection distribution, each traffic type
used different set of random values provided by the distribution model because each traffic type used
different random number distribution seed.
3.1. Average End-to-End Delay
The packet delay is measured by subtracting the packet received time at the client (tr) to the packet
sending time from server (ts). The average delay (D) is measured by summing up all packets delays and then
divided by the total number of successfully received packet (Pt) at the client side as shown in (3).
t
Ni
i
isr
P
tt
sD
1
)( (3)
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The average end-to-end packet delay in second as shown in Figure 4 is proportional to the increment
of average connection rates from each traffic type. The delays are higher at most of the time in BER 10-6
scenario and also during higher connection rates mainly because of many packets dropped and network
congestion. The global queuing delay and also the invocation of delay scheduling upon the throughput-
sensitive traffics are the main factors toward higher delay during network congestion. Besides that, the
average delay perceives by the throughput-sensitive traffics are higher at most of the time because the
admission control system preferred the routing over GEO network when the routes over LEO network are
congested. In addition, the higher delays are also due to the TCP reliable transmissions characteristics like
window resizing and packets retransmission. The FTP traffic perceive highest average end-to-end delay
values compared to the HTTP web traffic mainly because the traffic carries large file sizes over the network
and the which takes longer time to complete transmission and error recovery per connection during
congestion periods. The VoIP traffic perceive the lowest delay during the entire simulations times because
the proposed admission control node limits the queuing threshold and drops the packets when the queue
exceeds threshold limit. In addition, the underlying UDP transport protocol did not do any packet
retransmission during network congestion which causes the end-to-end delay lower than TCP traffics. The
maximum end-to-end delay for the throughput-sensitive traffic could be seen in BER 10-6
simulation scenario
which is 3064.1942ms for the FTP traffic while the maximum end-to-end delay for the delay-sensitive traffic
is 707.1763ms perceived by the Video streaming traffic. Besides that, the maximum end-to-end delay for
HTTP web and VoIP traffic are 933.1949ms and 85.195ms respectively. The proposed system has
successfully managed to control the delay according to priority among traffic types and also to maintain the
delay of VoIP traffic under the maximum standard recommendation.
Figure 4. Average end-to-end delay over satellite
3.2. Average End-to-End Loss Ratio
Average packet loss ratio (L) refers to the ratio of total packet loss (Pl) over total transmitted packet
from server to client (Ps). Equation (4) shows the loss ratio calculation.
Ni
i
is
Ni
i
il
P
P
L
1
1
(4)
Based on Figure 5, the end-to-end loss ratio is proportional to the increment of connection rate. The
loss ratio is significant in both graphs after 20th
connection rates. The loss ratio over satellites scenario is
higher mainly due to the link-loss environment. The loss ratio is higher in BER 10-6
compared to the one in
BER 10-7
due to many packets dropped in the satellite networks. The Video streaming traffic has the highest
Average Delay over Satellites
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Connection Rate per Minute
Delay(ms)
FTP - BER 10^-7 HTTP - BER 10^-7 VoD - BER 10^-7 VoIP - BER 10^-7
FTP - BER 10^-6 HTTP - BER 10^-6 VoD - BER 10^-6 VoIP - BER 10^-6
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packet loss in both graphs mainly because of the huge packets streams across the network elements. The
traffic streams constant bit-rate traffic for an average of 5 minutes and this may quickly congested the global
network system. In addition, the higher loss ratio over satellite networks is also due to the packets early
dropped by the admission control when the queue buffer exceeds some threshold limits. The Video streaming
traffic is set to have lower priority compared to the VoIP which makes it more preferable to be dropped by
the proposed admission control system. The VoIP traffic has the second highest loss ratio over the satellite
networks followed by the FTP and HTTP. Although the proposed controlled system successfully produces
the optimum end-to-end delay, the trade-off would be higher loss ratio to the delay-sensitive traffics.
Moreover, Figure 5 proves that the proposed admission control system has successfully lowered the loss ratio
of throughput-sensitive traffics compared to the delay-sensitive traffics for optimum end-to-end QoS. The
maximum loss ratio among delay-sensitive traffics over satellites is coming from the Video streaming traffic
which corresponds to the value of 0.5247. In addition, the maximum loss ratio among throughput-sensitive
traffics is from the FTP traffic with the value of 0.2442 over satellites with BER 10-6
. Moreover, the
maximum loss ratio for HTTP web traffic is 0.0139 while the loss ratio for VoIP traffic is 0.3476 in the
satellite with BER 10-6
.
Figure 5. Average end-to-end loss ratio over satellites
3.3. Average End-to-End Throughput
Flow throughput is calculated by dividing the total received packet bytes (Pb) over the duration of a
FTP flow connection. The FTP flow duration calculated by subtracting the receiving time of last packet at the
client (tl) to the sending time of first packet of a flow at the server side (tf). Then, the average flow throughput
(B) in bps is calculated by summing up all completed flow throughputs and divided by the total number of
completed flows (ft) as in (5).
t
fi
i ifl
b
f
tt
P
B
t
1
8
(5)
Figure 6 shows the average connection throughput for HTTP, web, large file transfer using FTP,
Video streaming and VoIP against new connection rates per minute and BER variations. The end-to-end flow
throughputs on Figure 6 are closely related to the previous mentioned delay and loss ratio simulation results.
The graph also shows that throughputs are inverse proportional to the increment of average new connection
rates and also the BER variations over satellites. In general, the throughputs over satellite networks are low.
The lower throughputs could be related to the higher end-to-end loss ratios over the satellites due to the link-
loss environment and early packets dropped by the proposed admission control system. In addition, higher
Average Loss Ratio over Satellites
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Connection Rate per Minute
LossRatio
FTP - BER 10^-7 HTTP - BER 10^-7 VoD - BER 10^-7 VoIP - BER 10^-7
FTP - BER 10^-6 HTTP - BER 10^-6 VoD - BER 10^-6 VoIP - BER 10^-6
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global delay in the proposed network scenario due to the queuing delay, packet retransmission and delayed
scheduling also contribute to the lower throughputs.
The end-to-end throughputs for the Video streaming and VoIP traffics are lower than the HTTP web
and FTP traffics at all time mainly because the traffics are designed with lower maximum generated
throughputs. As an example, the Video streaming traffic could reach a maximum throughput of
approximately 47.5Kbps while the maximum throughput for VoIP traffic is approximately 5.5Kbps. The
minimum throughput for Video streaming traffic over satellites is approximately 22Kbps during worst case
scenario. In addition, the minimum throughput for VoIP is 3.4Kbps over the satellite networks in worst case
scenario. Unlike the delay-sensitive traffics, the throughput-sensitive traffics are severely affected to the new
connection rate and BER variations due to the TCP reliable transmission characteristics. The retransmission
process and also the global queuing delays during network congestion have greatly reduced the end-to-end
throughputs. The throughput for HTTP web traffic over satellite networks varies between approximately
540Kbps at best case scenario and 212Kbps at worst case scenario. Moreover, the throughputs for FTP traffic
vary between approximately 688Kbps and 12.5Kbps over the satellite networks. The throughputs of FTP
traffic are lower than the HTTP web traffic at most of the time mainly due to the large file transfer over the
network system. Since the random inter-arrival of new connection does not wait until the previous connection
has completed, the large file transfer using TCP may quickly congest the network at higher new connection
rates and BER due to packets retransmission process in order to successfully complete the data transfer. In
addition, both of the throughput-sensitive traffics are imposed with the delayed scheduling over the satellite
networks scenario which makes the throughputs further less.
Figure 6. Average end-to-end throughput over satellites
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have done the network layer enhancement using a novel load balancing algorithm
method with multipath forwarding over LEO and GEO networks in order to optimize the bandwidth
utilization. An admission control with Diffserv queuing system has been placed in the terrestrial network to
regulate and differentiate traffic flows in real-time based on the current load bandwidth and queue length in
order to reduce the satellite workload for data processing. In addition, we have implemented the delay
scheduling function at the admission control node in order to reduce the TCP packets dropped during
network congestion. Furthermore, the satellite‟s on-board-processing system (OBP) is implemented as a
simple priority queue for further processing by prioritizing the traffic flow within the satellite network. The
proposed system aims to achieve optimum end-to-end QoS for both throughput-sensitive and delay-sensitive
traffic types. Moreover, we further improved the admission control system with the delay-scheduling
mechanism which main task is to delay the throughput-sensitive traffic at certain period of time during
congestion period in order to prevent packet losses before being transmitted over the satellite networks.
Finally, the proposed network system has tested in big-scale simulations to produce the QoS parameters that
Average Throughput over Satellites
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Connectin Rate per Minute
Throughput(Kbps)
FTP - BER 10^-7 HTTP - BER 10^-7 VoD - BER 10^-7 VoIP - BER 10^-7
FTP - BER 10^-6 HTTP - BER 10^-6 VoD - BER 10^-6 VoIP - BER 10^-6
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vary according to the connection rate and BER variations. The simulations produce the end-to-end QoS
parameters like delay, loss ratio, throughput and connection statistics which have been plotted into graphs for
comparison.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia under Research Acculturation
Grant Scheme (RAGS) and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for the generous financial support.
REFERENCES
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Fall), Boston, USA, September 2015.
[3] L. Jiang, G. Cui, S. Liu, W. Wang, D. Liu and Y. Chen, “Cooperative relay assisted load balancing scheme baed
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[5] T. Taleb, D. Mashimo, A. Jamalipour, N. Kato and Y. Nemoto, “Explicit load balancing technique for NGEO
satellite IP networks with on-board processing capabilities,” IEEE/ACM Transaction on Networking, vol. 17, no. 1,
pp. 281-293, April 2009.
[6] Y. Rao and R.C. Wang, “Agent-based load balancing routing for LEO satellite networks,” Computer Networks:
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[7] Z. Sun, Satellite networking: Principles and protocols, 1st
ed., (John Wiley & Sons Ltd, West Sussex, England,
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[8] V. Jacobson, “TCP extensions for high performance,” IETF Request for Comment (RFC) 1323, May 1992.
[9] M. Allman, S. Floyd and C. Partridge, “Increasing TCP‟s initial window,” IETF Request for Comment (RFC)
3390, October 2002.
[10] “Information technology – Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems,”
International Standard, ISO/IEC 13818-1:2000, December 2000.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Lukman Audah was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He received Bachelor of Engineering
(Telecommunications) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2005. He then received his MSc.
in Communication Networks and Software from University of Surrey, United Kingdom. He also
received PhD in Electronic Engineering from University of Surrey. He is currently a lecturer in
the Communication Engineering Department, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. His
research interests are wireless and mobile communications, Internet traffic engineering, network
system management, data security and satellite communications.
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Zhili Sun is a Professor (Chair of Communication Networking) with the Institute for
Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, UK. He received his PhD in Computer
Science from Lancaster University, UK in 1991. He has been principal investigator and technical
coordinator in many research projects funded by European Framework Programme, UK
Electronics and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), European Space Agency (ESA)
and industries. He has published over 150 papers in International journals including many papers
in the IEEE Transactions, magazines, Journals and conferences and 3 books as author or co-
author. He has also served as TPC committee members in many international conferences
including the IEEE ICC and Globecom, and been ERSRC College Member, Reviewer and Panel
member. His research interests include IP networking protocols and technologies, satellite
communications and networking, Internet and teletraffic engineering, network security, mobile
and wireless communications and mobile operating system
Haitham Cruickshank works in Institute for Communication Systems (ICS) since January 1996
on several European research projects in the ACTS, ESPRIT, Ten-Telecom and IST
programmes. His main research interests are network security, satellite network architectures,
VoIP and IP conferencing over satellites. He is currently working in several FP6 projects such as
SATLIFE, EuroNGI, and SATNEX. He also teach in the Data and Internet Networking and
satellite communication courses at University of Surrey. He is a chartered engineer and corporate
member of the IEE in UK. He is also a member of the Satellite and Space Communications
Committee of the IEEE ComSoc. I am active in the ETSI BSM (Broadband Satellite
Multimedia) and the IETF MSEC groups. In addition, he is the Vice Chair of the COST 272
activity, which is part of the European COST research programme.