The document discusses the design and construction of pyramids in ancient Egypt. It provides details on: - The design process, which was influenced by religious beliefs and used architectural elements like columns and roofs. Over 100,000 workers and 20 years were sometimes needed to complete a pyramid. - Means of expression in pyramid design including using the golden ratio for proportions, interior inscriptions, and tools like ropes and wood plates. Drawings guided the tunnels and chambers. - Perceptions of the design process, which considered the environment, climate, economic potential of the area, and need for structures to represent religious thoughts and allow eternal life after death. Stones were sourced locally when possible.

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Pyramids

2. Contents
1 Design process
2 Means of expression
3 Perception of Design process

3. Design process

4. Design process
How it became a symbol for Egypt.
They presented to the world ways
for building and standards
Architectural productions
They used architectural elements
like columns, walls, roofs and
materials
Configuration mechanism
Religious Creed had an influence
on the ancient Egyptian
architecture
The Concept

5. The Concept of Pyramids
In his book
The Pyramids of Egypt
I. E. S. Edwards
In his book The Pyramids
Ahmed Fahkry
In a BBC Radio 2 discussion
Dr Faruk el Baz  the pyramidal shape was chosen to re
sist the wind
Opinions:
 a pyramid represents the slanting ray
s of the sun . the true pyramid was a
means by which the dead king could a
scend to heaven
 pyramid is a colossal benben, and so
also a sacred object . there must have
been a connection between the pyram
idal form and the sun cult’

6. Configuration Mechanism
01 02
03
0405
06
Construction
Stages
Stone
conveying
Pyramid
heart stones
The king's
chamberRoof
King's
room
Phase 1: King's Tomb
Phase II: The Queen's Room
Third stage: King's room and
lobby
- It has a flat roof at a height
of 6 meters from the floor
- two narrow openings were
created at the top directed
to stars
This gable roof distributes
the weight pressure of
the pyramid to the walls
of the king's chamber
the Egyptians used large
sleds that could be
pushed or pulled by
workers on wet sands
The stones cut in the
form of cubes up to a
height of about 1 meter or
1.5 meters
The king's chamber was
built with large stone
pieces weighing 4-7 tons
of red granite

7. 01
Stone conveying
02
Pyramid heart stones
03
Construction Stages

8. Architectural productions
 A large pyramid construction project could employ as many
as 100,000 individuals, working over the course of 20 years.
 They not only functioned as tombs for their kings, who were
seen as gods but were the focal point of a much larger
temple complex
 Priests and architects determined the location and came up
with the design

9. Means of expression

10. Means of expression
Projection rule
It was designed
based on the
proportions of the
golden ratio
Interior inscriptions
- There were writings to
help the spirit of the
king reach heaven
- These marks reflect
the standards and
names of the working
groups.
Tools used
- Strong ropes to pull
stones.
- Wooden plates with
wheels.
- Red sands for
writings and drawings
- chisels
- Granite hammers
Drawing Rules
- plan design, making all
the tunnels and voids
and working underneath
the pyramid itself.
- The chambers were
designed differently
based on the authority
position of the buried

11. Perception of
Design process

12. Perception of Design process
01 02
03
0405
06
Environment Climate
Religious
Nature of
Earth
Mundane
thinking
The
Economic
Potential
The area is made up of a thick
layer of limestone to bear the
heavy weight of pyramids
The Egyptian care to perform
his work and accomplish it
with great skill through taking
advantage of all previous
experiences
A clear expression of a
clear religious thought
and beliefs and rituals
taking place in these
establishments
Because of the nature of th
e climate they used stones
to resist external factors
Eternal life made him build
religious establishments (temple,
cemeteries) from more resistant
materials such as natural stones
- The stones were cut from the area
around the pyramid
- The outer cladding stones from the
Jebel Tora
- The granite stones from the Aswan
quarries were brought by the Nile River

13. Thank you

14. Group members
Omar Hamdy Eid
Mohamed Samir
Mahmoud Fayed
Ahmed Elshirbeny
Noran Abo El-enen
Noran Abo El-azm
Yara Khalifa
Nada Tarek
Nourhan El-sayed
Nourhan Megahed
Mariam Hossam
Yara Khaled
Yasmine Muhamed