This document discusses methods for soil exploration, including test pits, auger borings, wash boring, percussion drilling, probing, and geophysical methods. Soil exploration involves investigating subsurface conditions through sampling and in-situ tests to determine suitable foundation types and design parameters. The location, number, depth and spacing of explorations must provide reliable data while minimizing costs.
Effect of expansive soils on buildings and its preventionSailish Cephas
This document discusses expansive soils and their effects on building structures. It defines expansive soils as soils that swell when water is added and shrink when drying out, due to minerals like montmorillonite that absorb water. Common expansive soils in India include black cotton soils. When the moisture content of expansive soils changes, it can cause problems like cracking in buildings due to uneven swelling or shrinkage. Solutions discussed include replacing expansive soil, compacting or chemically stabilizing soil to reduce swelling, and using moisture barriers to control moisture variation.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
methods of sub-surface exploration, methods of boring, number, location and d...Prajakta Lade
This document discusses methods of subsurface exploration for geotechnical engineering projects. It describes various boring methods like auger boring, wash boring, percussion boring, and rotary drilling used to investigate subsurface soil and rock conditions. The number, location, and depth of borings depends on the type and size of the structure, with minimum depths provided for different foundation types like shallow and deep foundations. Subsurface exploration is important to evaluate soil properties, groundwater levels, and other geological factors for foundation design and construction.
The document discusses various drilling methods used for extracting samples from the ground including percussion drilling, auger drilling, rotary drilling, cable tool drilling, and air core drilling. Percussion drilling involves repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy bit attached to rope to break up the earth. Auger drilling uses a helical screw that is rotated into the ground to lift cuttings up the borehole. Rotary drilling applies high-speed rotation and downward thrust to drilling rods with a cutting bit to drill through rock and soil. Cable tool drilling also involves repeated lifting and dropping but of a drill stem to force a bit into the ground. Air core drilling uses compressed air to remove cuttings made drilling unconsolidated ground with steel or tungsten
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
This document discusses methods for soil exploration, including test pits, auger borings, wash boring, percussion drilling, probing, and geophysical methods. Soil exploration involves investigating subsurface conditions through sampling and in-situ tests to determine suitable foundation types and design parameters. The location, number, depth and spacing of explorations must provide reliable data while minimizing costs.
Effect of expansive soils on buildings and its preventionSailish Cephas
This document discusses expansive soils and their effects on building structures. It defines expansive soils as soils that swell when water is added and shrink when drying out, due to minerals like montmorillonite that absorb water. Common expansive soils in India include black cotton soils. When the moisture content of expansive soils changes, it can cause problems like cracking in buildings due to uneven swelling or shrinkage. Solutions discussed include replacing expansive soil, compacting or chemically stabilizing soil to reduce swelling, and using moisture barriers to control moisture variation.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
1. Plate load tests are conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil and settlement under a given load by applying loads to circular or square steel plates embedded in an excavated pit.
2. The test setup involves excavating a pit below the depth of the proposed foundation, placing the test plate with a central hole at the bottom, and applying load using a hydraulic jack while measuring settlement.
3. The results provide the subgrade modulus, ultimate bearing capacity divided by a safety factor to determine the safe bearing capacity, and insight into foundation behavior and allowable settlement for design.
methods of sub-surface exploration, methods of boring, number, location and d...Prajakta Lade
This document discusses methods of subsurface exploration for geotechnical engineering projects. It describes various boring methods like auger boring, wash boring, percussion boring, and rotary drilling used to investigate subsurface soil and rock conditions. The number, location, and depth of borings depends on the type and size of the structure, with minimum depths provided for different foundation types like shallow and deep foundations. Subsurface exploration is important to evaluate soil properties, groundwater levels, and other geological factors for foundation design and construction.
The document discusses various drilling methods used for extracting samples from the ground including percussion drilling, auger drilling, rotary drilling, cable tool drilling, and air core drilling. Percussion drilling involves repeatedly lifting and dropping a heavy bit attached to rope to break up the earth. Auger drilling uses a helical screw that is rotated into the ground to lift cuttings up the borehole. Rotary drilling applies high-speed rotation and downward thrust to drilling rods with a cutting bit to drill through rock and soil. Cable tool drilling also involves repeated lifting and dropping but of a drill stem to force a bit into the ground. Air core drilling uses compressed air to remove cuttings made drilling unconsolidated ground with steel or tungsten
Grouting involves injecting a slurry or liquid into soil or rock to fill voids and fractures. There are three main modes of grouting: permeation where grout flows freely into voids, compaction where grout remains intact and exerts pressure, and hydraulic fracturing where grout rapidly penetrates fractured zones. Grouting is used for applications like seepage control, soil stabilization, and vibration control. Common grout materials include suspensions of cement and water, emulsions of asphalt and water, and chemical solutions. Injection methods include permeation, compaction, jet, and soil fracture grouting. Proper planning of the grouting process including ground investigation, hole pattern, and sequencing is
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
The document discusses shear strength of discontinuities in rock masses. It introduces concepts like shear strength of planar surfaces, shear strength of rough surfaces, Barton's estimate of shear strength which relates shear strength to joint roughness coefficient (JRC) and joint compressive strength (JCS). It discusses estimating JRC and JCS in the field and how these parameters are influenced by scale. It also summarizes the shear strength of filled discontinuities and the influence of water pressure on shear strength.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Types of samplers used in soil samplingAna Debbarma
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
1. The document discusses Karl Terzaghi's principle of effective stress, which states that the stress on a soil is equal to the total stress minus the pore water pressure.
2. It then provides objectives and scope for a case study on evaluating Terzaghi's theory through consolidation tests. Materials used include remolded soil samples from various locations.
3. The document outlines Terzaghi's assumptions for his consolidation theory and provides his equations for calculating bearing capacity of strip, square, and circular footings. It also briefly reviews several literature sources analyzing consolidation and settlement prediction.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
This document provides information on the standard penetration test (SPT), including the instruments, procedures, corrections, and applications. It describes that the SPT is commonly used to evaluate the in-situ properties of cohesionless soils. The key instruments are a split spoon sampler, drive-weight assembly with a 63.5 kg hammer, and cathead. The procedure involves drilling a borehole, driving the sampler with the hammer, and recording the number of blows to penetrate each 15 cm interval. Corrections are made to account for overburden pressure, dilatancy effects, and hammer energy efficiency. The SPT provides useful correlations to estimate properties like relative density, friction angle, and strength.
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
The document discusses soil compaction for construction projects. It defines soil compaction as mechanically increasing the density of soil to make the ground surface suitable for development like buildings and roads. There are four main types of compaction effort: vibration, impact, kneading, and pressure. Proper compaction is important as it increases load-bearing capacity, prevents settling, and provides stability. The document also discusses different soil types and their properties, as well as basic principles and methods for field compaction.
1. Grouting is a process of injecting fluid materials like cement into subsurface soils or rocks to fill pores and fissures.
2. There are different types of grouting materials and methods depending on the permeability and structure of the soil or rock.
3. Grouting is used for ground improvement on construction projects, fixing anchors, repairing defects, and other applications.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
Dynamic compaction is a technique developed in the 1960s that involves repeatedly dropping a large weight from a crane onto the ground to compact soils for construction projects like roads, airports, and buildings. The weight can range from 6 to 172 tons and is dropped from heights of 10 to 40 meters to densify soils to depths of 3 to 12 meters depending on the weight and soil properties. It is conducted in multiple phases with progressively closer spacing of impacts and is effective on both saturated and dry granular soils for reclamation projects with variable soil conditions.
This document discusses the group index method for flexible pavement design. It begins by defining group index as a number from 0-20 assigned to soil based on physical properties like particle size, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Lower values indicate better soil quality. Group index is determined mathematically using a provided equation or graphically. Required data for design includes group index, traffic volume, and flexible pavement structure. Total thickness is selected from a chart based on group index and traffic volume. Thickness of sub-base is also from a chart based only on group index. Remaining thickness is allocated to base and surface courses. An example problem demonstrates calculating group index and designing pavement layers.
The document discusses the constant head permeability test method for determining the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of soils in the laboratory. It defines permeability and the factors that influence it. It describes Darcy's Law and the equation used to calculate permeability from measured values. The purpose and significance of measuring permeability is explained. The test method, apparatus, procedure, calculations, analysis and results are outlined.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Day 2 d coring & core analysis and reservoir geologyDr. Arzu Javadova
This document discusses core laboratory processing and analysis techniques. It covers topics such as core receipt and cutting, CT scanning, gamma ray logging, plugging, slabbing, photography, and special handling considerations for difficult rock types like unconsolidated cores, carbonates, and shales. It provides details on various core analysis techniques and recommendations to minimize core damage during handling and transportation.
This document describes an experiment to prepare core plugs from rock core samples. The objectives are to determine physical properties of the rock like porosity and permeability. The procedure involves slabbing the core, drilling plugs from the core using a core plugging machine, and analyzing the plugs through routine and special core analysis. Routine analysis provides properties for reservoir evaluation while special analysis gives information on multiphase flow and wettability. The results of core analysis are used to improve hydrocarbon recovery and production predictions.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
This document discusses different types of in-situ soil tests used for subsurface exploration, including penetrometer tests. It describes the standard penetration test (SPT), which involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the soil using blows from a hammer. It also discusses the static cone penetration test (SCPT) and dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT), which measure soil resistance during penetration. SPT values are corrected based on overburden pressure and dilatancy. DCPT can identify soil variability but is not suitable for cohesive soils or depths with rod friction. SCPT and DCPT provide continuous resistance profiles without boreholes.
The document discusses shear strength of soils. It defines shear strength as the soil's resistance to shearing stresses and deformation from particle displacement. Shear strength depends on cohesion between particles and frictional resistance, as modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Laboratory tests like direct shear and triaxial shear tests are used to determine the shear strength parameters (c, φ) that describe a soil's failure envelope.
The document discusses shear strength of discontinuities in rock masses. It introduces concepts like shear strength of planar surfaces, shear strength of rough surfaces, Barton's estimate of shear strength which relates shear strength to joint roughness coefficient (JRC) and joint compressive strength (JCS). It discusses estimating JRC and JCS in the field and how these parameters are influenced by scale. It also summarizes the shear strength of filled discontinuities and the influence of water pressure on shear strength.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Types of samplers used in soil samplingAna Debbarma
There are two types of soil samples:
1. Disturbed samples - The natural structure of the soil is modified or destroyed during sampling.
2. Undisturbed samples - The natural structure and properties of the soil remain preserved.
Soil sampling devices include open drive samplers, piston samplers, and rotary samplers. Open drive samplers use thin-walled tubes that are pushed into the soil to collect undisturbed samples. Piston samplers also use thin-walled tubes but have a piston inside to prevent excess soil from entering and maintain sample integrity. Rotary samplers have an outer rotating barrel and inner stationary tube to collect annular ring samples.
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
1. The document discusses Karl Terzaghi's principle of effective stress, which states that the stress on a soil is equal to the total stress minus the pore water pressure.
2. It then provides objectives and scope for a case study on evaluating Terzaghi's theory through consolidation tests. Materials used include remolded soil samples from various locations.
3. The document outlines Terzaghi's assumptions for his consolidation theory and provides his equations for calculating bearing capacity of strip, square, and circular footings. It also briefly reviews several literature sources analyzing consolidation and settlement prediction.
This document provides an overview of slope stability and analysis. It defines different types of slopes as natural, man-made, infinite and finite. Common causes of slope failure like erosion, seepage, drawdown, rainfall, earthquakes and external loading are described. Key terms used in slope stability are defined, including slip zone, slip plane, sliding mass and slope angle. Types of slope failures are identified as face/slope failure, toe failure and base failure. Methods for analyzing finite slope stability, like Swedish circle method, Bishop's simplified method and Taylor's stability number are introduced. Infinite slope analysis is described for cohesionless, cohesive and cohesive-frictional soils. Example tutorial problems on slope stability calculations are
This document provides information on the standard penetration test (SPT), including the instruments, procedures, corrections, and applications. It describes that the SPT is commonly used to evaluate the in-situ properties of cohesionless soils. The key instruments are a split spoon sampler, drive-weight assembly with a 63.5 kg hammer, and cathead. The procedure involves drilling a borehole, driving the sampler with the hammer, and recording the number of blows to penetrate each 15 cm interval. Corrections are made to account for overburden pressure, dilatancy effects, and hammer energy efficiency. The SPT provides useful correlations to estimate properties like relative density, friction angle, and strength.
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
The document discusses soil compaction for construction projects. It defines soil compaction as mechanically increasing the density of soil to make the ground surface suitable for development like buildings and roads. There are four main types of compaction effort: vibration, impact, kneading, and pressure. Proper compaction is important as it increases load-bearing capacity, prevents settling, and provides stability. The document also discusses different soil types and their properties, as well as basic principles and methods for field compaction.
1. Grouting is a process of injecting fluid materials like cement into subsurface soils or rocks to fill pores and fissures.
2. There are different types of grouting materials and methods depending on the permeability and structure of the soil or rock.
3. Grouting is used for ground improvement on construction projects, fixing anchors, repairing defects, and other applications.
1. The document discusses the key parameters to consider during the preliminary investigation and design of a bridge, including location, type of structure, traffic needs, hydraulic conditions, foundation exploration, and more.
2. Key factors that influence the bridge design include economics, traffic needs, navigability, aesthetics, soil/foundation conditions, hydraulic parameters like river flow and scour potential. Proper investigation of these ensures the selection of the most suitable bridge location and type.
3. The preliminary investigation involves collecting topographic data, aerial images, preliminary soil exploration to inform the final design parameters like bridge type, width, span arrangement, pier and abutment design, and loading standards. Thorough investigation is needed to make
Dynamic compaction is a technique developed in the 1960s that involves repeatedly dropping a large weight from a crane onto the ground to compact soils for construction projects like roads, airports, and buildings. The weight can range from 6 to 172 tons and is dropped from heights of 10 to 40 meters to densify soils to depths of 3 to 12 meters depending on the weight and soil properties. It is conducted in multiple phases with progressively closer spacing of impacts and is effective on both saturated and dry granular soils for reclamation projects with variable soil conditions.
This document discusses the group index method for flexible pavement design. It begins by defining group index as a number from 0-20 assigned to soil based on physical properties like particle size, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Lower values indicate better soil quality. Group index is determined mathematically using a provided equation or graphically. Required data for design includes group index, traffic volume, and flexible pavement structure. Total thickness is selected from a chart based on group index and traffic volume. Thickness of sub-base is also from a chart based only on group index. Remaining thickness is allocated to base and surface courses. An example problem demonstrates calculating group index and designing pavement layers.
The document discusses the constant head permeability test method for determining the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of soils in the laboratory. It defines permeability and the factors that influence it. It describes Darcy's Law and the equation used to calculate permeability from measured values. The purpose and significance of measuring permeability is explained. The test method, apparatus, procedure, calculations, analysis and results are outlined.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
Day 2 d coring & core analysis and reservoir geologyDr. Arzu Javadova
This document discusses core laboratory processing and analysis techniques. It covers topics such as core receipt and cutting, CT scanning, gamma ray logging, plugging, slabbing, photography, and special handling considerations for difficult rock types like unconsolidated cores, carbonates, and shales. It provides details on various core analysis techniques and recommendations to minimize core damage during handling and transportation.
This document describes an experiment to prepare core plugs from rock core samples. The objectives are to determine physical properties of the rock like porosity and permeability. The procedure involves slabbing the core, drilling plugs from the core using a core plugging machine, and analyzing the plugs through routine and special core analysis. Routine analysis provides properties for reservoir evaluation while special analysis gives information on multiphase flow and wettability. The results of core analysis are used to improve hydrocarbon recovery and production predictions.
This document contains questions from a 7th semester civil engineering examination on environmental engineering and design of sewer systems. It asks students to calculate runoff coefficients and stormwater quantities based on land use data. It also asks questions on sewer design principles like hydraulic formulas, velocity calculations, sewer appurtenances, and house drainage design. Additional questions cover wastewater characterization through BOD tests and conventional wastewater treatment plant processes and units.
Geological site investigation for Civil Engineering FoundationsDr.Anil Deshpande
Aim to introduce Preliminary geological Investigations for fulfilling knowledge about geological need to determine engineering properties of foundation rocks and check the suitability & feasibility of site wherein selection of site plays a crucial role to avoid future implications in civil engineering projects.
Assessment of subsurface shallow gas expressionsMahmoud Hossam
at Netherlands Offshore F3 Block, in the Dutch Central Graben of the North Sea.
Graduation Project to Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science.
Cairo University, June 27, 2015
The document summarizes research on a blast hole slotting system that aims to reduce coal loss and dilution during coal mining blasts. A field trial at a mine site demonstrated that blast holes slotted with the system had 58% less fragmentation below the blast hole toe compared to unslotted holes. This indicates the slots help direct fractures radially and protect the underlying coal seam. Further testing is still needed to directly quantify the system's ability to reduce coal loss in cast blasting situations. The research provides promising results that the slotting technology could improve coal recovery while maintaining fragmentation in open cut coal mining.
The document is a template for reporting exploration results and mineral resources and reserves estimates according to the JORC Code. It includes criteria and explanations for sampling techniques, drilling, data analysis, geological interpretation, resource/reserve estimation, classification, auditing and reporting on various aspects of the exploration project. The level of detail required in reporting will depend on the type and quality of the available data and level of study undertaken for the project.
The document provides information on site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purpose of site investigations which include selecting foundation type, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlement, and determining groundwater levels. The typical steps of a subsurface exploration program are outlined, including assembling structure information, conducting reconnaissance, preliminary borings, and detailed borings. Methods of soil and rock sampling are described along with tools used. Standards for boring depth and spacing are provided based on structure type and soil conditions. Finally, components of a geotechnical investigation report are summarized.
This document provides an overview of site investigation procedures for determining subsurface soil conditions. It discusses the purposes of site investigations, which include selecting foundation types, evaluating load capacity, estimating settlements, and determining potential foundation problems. The exploration program aims to determine soil stratification and engineering properties through borings, samples, and field tests. Standard procedures are outlined for boring depth and spacing, soil and rock sampling methods, groundwater level determination, and field strength tests like SPT, CPT, and PLT.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 5Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of formation evaluation techniques including: mud logging to analyze drill cuttings; coring to obtain formation samples; open-hole logging using tools to measure electrical, acoustic, and radioactive properties; logging while drilling to obtain logs in real-time; formation testing to obtain pressure and fluid samples; and cased-hole logging for production monitoring and reservoir analysis. The goal of formation evaluation is to interpret measurements taken inside the wellbore to characterize reservoirs and quantify hydrocarbon reserves in the surrounding rock.
The document discusses various rock mass classification systems used in rock engineering. It introduces Terzaghi, Stini, and Lauffer's early classification systems from the 1940s-1950s. It then focuses on more commonly used modern systems like the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) developed by Deere, the Rock Structure Rating (RSR) developed by Wickham et al, and the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system. The document provides details on how to calculate and apply these different rock mass classification ratings which are used to evaluate rock mass quality and aid in rock engineering design.
This document provides specifications for broken brick coarse aggregate for use in lime concrete. It outlines:
- The general quality requirements for the broken bricks, including that they must be well-burnt and free of impurities.
- The physical requirements for the aggregate, including specifications for grading, bulk density, impact value, water absorption, and soluble matter content.
- The sampling methods to be used.
It also includes appendices describing the test methods for determining water absorption and soluble matter content of the aggregate.
The document discusses various rock mass classification systems used in rock engineering. It describes the objectives and benefits of rock mass classification, which include identifying significant parameters that influence rock mass behavior, dividing rock masses into quality classes, providing quantitative design guidelines, and improving site investigations. Several historical classification systems are outlined, including the Rock Load Classification, Stand-Up Time Classification, RQD, RSR, RMR, and Q-System. Each system uses different parameters to evaluate rock mass quality based on factors like strength, discontinuities, water conditions and others. Rock mass classification provides an empirical design approach and common framework for communication between engineers and geologists.
The process of determining the layers of natural soil deposits that will underlie a proposed structure and their physical properties is generally referred to as site investigation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis and quantification of grain size in various dhp copper tubes manufac...Rautomead Limited
Abstract. Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) Copper tubes are frequently used in numerous
industrial and household applications. To ensure the acceptability of DHP copper tubes prepared by
various industrial processes, the quality of the DHP copper tubes must be evaluated and one of the
best ways to do so is to examine the microstructure and metallography and quantify grain size. In
this paper the authors considered the average grain size of copper tube samples made traditionally
as well as by the planetary rolling and CastTube process. Because of the small thickness of the
CastTube samples, in certain circumstances traditional methods of grain counting were not
plausible and a new procedure for grain counting needed developed. This paper is about the
development and evaluation of grain sizes in continuously cast tube samples using both the
planimetric procedure (ASTM E112) and a new method, which will be herby, referred to as the
“total grain counting method”. This paper also concludes that there is a large difference in the grain
size of tubes with different manufacturing methods.
"A Review of the Settlement of Stone Columns in Compressible Soils"Remedy Geotechnics Ltd
This document summarizes a review of stone column settlement performance in compressible soils. It presents a new database of settlement improvement factors (n) calculated from over 20 case studies of stone column-improved ground. The database shows that n, a measure of settlement reduction, is generally predicted well by Priebe's improvement factor method. Additionally, n reflects the construction method, with dry bottom feed columns consistently outperforming other methods. The discussion considers how the stone column friction angle and construction technique affect settlement.
PanTerra offers high-precision core goniometry services using an advanced core goniometer they developed to better analyze fracture orientation in cores. This provides real-time, on-site structural analysis of fractures up to 6 feet long with applications in understanding geological history, optimizing well placement, and assessing fracture contribution to flow. The core goniometry system logs structural and sedimentary planes in cores with 0.2mm precision and can measure features not visible on borehole images.
This document provides information about the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Field Vane Shear Test (FVST) including:
- A brief history and standard procedures for conducting SPTs according to ASTM standards.
- Factors that influence SPT N-values and the need for corrections.
- How SPT N-values can be converted and used to estimate soil properties like internal friction angle and undrained shear strength.
- Applications of SPT N-values including liquefaction analysis, bearing capacity calculations, and settlement estimates.
- While newer tests exist, SPT is still widely used due to its low cost, ability to provide soil samples, accumulated database, and ability to estimate
This document outlines a master's project that aims to apply 2-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) to map bond strain and stress distribution in concrete pull-out specimens. Eleven concrete specimens with varying bar diameters and fiber contents were tested. 2D-DIC analysis was used to find displacement fields from images taken during testing, which were then used to calculate strain and stress distributions. Results showed good agreement between 2D-DIC displacements and measurements from LVDT sensors. Strain contours were mapped for two selected specimens.
Faculty of applied arts "Design standards" أسس تصميم كلية فنون تطبيقيةYasmine Bannoura
أسس تصميم كلية فنون تطبيقية
Faculty of applied arts "Design standards"
Design standards for faculties and study spaces + workshops & spaces for arts faculties
4 star hotels design standards for architects & architecture students
planning standards + design standards for every hotel area and sector
أسس تصميم فندق
الإسكان العشوائي في مصر و تجربة تطوير مساكن العشش Yasmine Bannoura
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2. Contents:
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Rock mass classification
3.1 Design methods
3.2 Objective
3.3 Benefits
3.4 Rock mass classification systems
4. Definition of core recovery
5. Core recovery use
5.1 Civil engineering
5.2 Geological area.
6. Factors that affects TCR
6.1 geological factors
6.2 technical factors6.2
7. Method of taking the core sample
3. 8. Problems occurred through taking the sample
9. Calculation method of core recovery
10. Measurement examples
11. Core recovery results
12. Conclusion
13. References
Contents:
4. 1. Abstract
• In this research, we‟ll discuss that the basic core recovery function is to determine
the initial state of the soil and rock mass strength, which in turn is related to many
technical and geological factors that affect it Obtaining results by analyzing the
sample resulting from drilling to different depths.
• These samples are used to discover soil problems and calculateTCR then we could
Concludesthe values of RQD.
5. 2. Introduction
• Site investigation is the process of the collection of information, the
considerationof data, calculation, and reportingwithout which the risks in the
ground beneath the site that cannot be known. So, there are a lot of methods of
boring and sampling depend on the soil type, Then testing, Engineering analysis
and finally geotechnical reports.
• UndisturbedSamplingof Rock (Rock Coring) is one of sampling methods
tends to know the rock quality and it‟s important to calculatethe FractureState.
It‟s A number of indices can be used for quantitative description of the fracture
state of the rock mass as determined from boreholecores. These are Total Core
Recovery, Solid Core Recovery, Rock Quality Designation and FractureIndex.
• These indices should be used whenever possibleto supplementthe description of
discontinuities in rock core. The measurement of these indices should followthe
measurement of TCR and is based on the definition of solid core
6. 3. Rock mass classification
3.1 Design methods (18)
In rock engineering, one can distinguish three design strategies: analytical,
empirical, and numerical. Empirical, i.e. rock mass analysis, methodsare
commonly used in feasibility studies and pre-design research, and sometimes also
in the final design.
3.2 Objectives (1 )
1. Identify the most significant parameters that influence a rock mass‟s behavior.
2. Divide a particularformulation of rock mass into groups of similar behavior-
varying qualityrock mass classes.
7. 3. Provide a basis for understandingthe propertiesof each type of rock mass
4. Relate the rock conditionsfaced at one locationto the conditionsand experiences
witnessed at others
5. Drive quantitative data and engineering guidelines
6. Provide common communication ground between engineers and geologists
3.3 Benefits (1 )
1. Improve the standard of site investigations by asking for minimum input data as
criteria for the classification.
2. To have quantitative information for the purposesof design.
3. Enablingbetter judgement of engineering and more effective communication on a
project.
4. Provide an understandingbasis for the characteristics of each rock mass
8. 3.4 Rock mass classification systems (22)
1. Systems For Tunneling:
- Rock Mass Rating (RMR). - Mining Rock Mass Rating (MRMR).
- Q-System .
2. Other Systems :
- New Austrian tunneling method (NATM). - Size Strength classification.
3. System For Slope engineering:
- Slope Mass Rating (SMR). - Q- Slope.
- Rock Mass Classification System for Rock Slopes .
- Slope Stability Probability Classification (SSPC).
4. Earliersystems : (22)
- Rock load classification method - Stand-up time classification
- Rock Quality Designation - Rock StructureRating (RSR)
9. • The total core recovery(TCR) is defined as the proportion of core recovered
to the total length of the drilled run. The core run is the length reported by the
drilleras the actual depth penetrated. The TCR includesboth the solid core and
the non-solid (or non-intact)core. ( )
• The recovery is measured in the field using a tape measure and the records are
made as lengths (not calculatedas ratios), and it's expressed as a percentage on
the boreholelog. ( )
4. Definition of core recovery
• This value may exceed 100% if core drilled during the previous run is recovered
in the run described. may generally be anticipated that weak rock and fracture
zones are most likely to be present in the sections of core not recovered. (1 )
• Although this index gives littleinformation on the characterof the material its
measurement is required in the logging of cores recovered from rocks, soils and
made ground such as concreteand brickwork. ( )
10. • Poor core recovery is thereforeindicative of poorrock mass strength. This
parameter is considerablyaffected by the quality of drilling and drilling tools
used. (1 )
• When recording the core recovery in any drill run, the core should be
reassembled as far as is possible, as many drillers tend to spread the core out in
the core box which gives a misleading impression of the recovery. Wherever
possible the logger should indicatethe probablereasons for core loss. (1 )
4. Definition of core recovery
11. 5. Core recovery use
1. Civil Engineering
It is used to determine foundation
depth by making site samples and
to determine the propertiesof
rocky soil and its spaces (3)
2. Geological area
It is used to determine the physical
and chemical propertiesof the rocky
soils and the formation of rocky soil
layers ( )
Fig. (1) Core Recovery
12. Fig. (2) E.g. drilling equipment
Fig . (3) Example steps to drill
13. 6. Factors that affect TCR
6.1 Geological factors ( )
1. soft friable ground due to alteration, weathering or leaching
2. unconsolidatedmaterials & unexpectedfault zones
3. broken ground with clay infill
4. solublecomponentsremoved by unsuitableflushing medium
5. high frequency of discontinuities per meter
6. cavities induced by karstic weathering alongjoints and faults and also
mining (stopes and caved zones)
14. 6.2 Technical factors ( )
1. The following list presents a summary of some of the factors that could
contributeto either low recovery or to badlybroken core, even in good
ground conditions:
2. bent inner tubeso that:
(a)the core will not travel up the tubeand will be subject to grinding;
(b) it rotateswith the outertubeagain disturbingand grinding the core;
and
(c) it fails to seat properlyin the outerbarrel resulting in total core loss
3. core spring missing, displaced, damaged, worn or not lubricated
4. vibration induced by poor equipment, insecure rig mountings and hole
deviation
5. blocked waterways
6. inexperienced drilleror drillerchasing productionbonus.
6. Factors that affect TCR
15. 7. Method of taking the core sample (6)
The main unit that used in core drilling is the core run and this is the distance
drilled from one removal of core from the barrel to the next.
Normally a run will extend for the full length of the core barrel (usually 3 m).
Usually because the drill bit is clogged and is not cuttingthe in situ rock, the
drillermay terminate a core run short of the full length of the barrel.
The materialsthat pass up into the core barrel may be dividedinto :(10)
• Solid core pieces 100mm or more in length, called sticks
• Solid core less than 100mm length, called pieces
• Fragments of core (not full cylindrical sides)
16. Additional materials may
have been lostfrom
previouscore runs
including:(10)
The core stump left from
the previous run.
Material droppedfrom the
core barrel while its
previous withdrawal.
Cuttings that settled when
drilling fluid circulation
stopped.
Fig (4): Core recovery example and RD computation (from FHWA-IF-02-034) (7)
17. 8. Types of core
drilling:(1)
(a) Single Tube Core Barrel .
(b) Rigid Type DoubleTube
Core Barrel .
(c) Swivel Type DoubleTube
Core Barrel .
Fig (5): Types of core drilling(1)
18. 9. Problems occurred through taking the sample
During taking core sample, errors can be induced by : (23)
1. Errors occurred in the estimation of true sample length due to measurement of
intersection angles and depths
2. The selection of unsuitablesample intervals concerningchanges in mineralogy, host
lithology, metallurgy, etc.
3. If core is lost in a mineralized interval or broken and disturbed, it presents 3 main
problems:
(i) Depth and thickness estimation is difficult for specific lithological or grade zones in
the overall mineralized zone.
(ii) Accurate estimation of the grade is impossible.
(iii) Accurate determination of tonnage factor is impossible.
19. 10. Calculation method of core recovery
Assuming that depth measurement and blockinghas been donecorrectlyand
checked
Core recover can be determined using the total core recovery (TCR) parameter,
which is defined as:
Total Core Recovery (TCR): (17)
It is the total length of the core recovered expressed as a percentage of the core run
length
Which used to :
1. Identify the amount of loss and the depth at which it occurs.
2. Then the losses is recorded using a tag such as “ Assessed Zones of Core Loss”
(AZCL).
20. 3. Recording ALL (AZCL) will allow correctionsto the actual depthsof the recovered
core and thus the true depth of any logging observations. (13) Fig1
But, this hides the fact that the qualityof the core may be poor and the measurement of
solid core
Recovery (SCR) is more accurate(13)
Fig 6: illustration of
core measurement (16)
24. 11. Core recovery results
Fig. (9) Calculation example of core recovery ( )
25. 12. Conclusion
• Core recovery is a simple step, But it's necessary because it lets the civil
engineer identify the soil and its faults, and then we were able to identify the
soil's properties.
26. 13. References:
1. British standard bs 5930:1999 code of practice for site investigations.
2. BIENIAWSKI, Z. T. "Engineering Classification of Jointed Rock Masses". TRANS. OF THE
SAICE, Vol. 15, No. 12, 1973.4
3. Core recovery and quality: important factors in mineral resource estimation a. E. Annels and s. C.
Dominy - Technical note .
4. C. DOMINY, A. E. ANNELS, G. F. JOHANSEN and B. W. CUFFLEY: „General considerations of
sampling and assaying in a coarse gold environment‟, Appl. Earth Sci. (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B),
2000, 109, 145–167
5. Commission on Recommendations on Site Investigation Techniques. "Recommendations on Site
Investigation Techniques". INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ROCK MECHANICS. Final Report
July 1975.
6. Drilling and sampling of soil and rock, Pdhonline course c250 (4 pdh) 2012 instructor: john poullain,
pe pdh online | pdh center.
27. 7. DEERE, D.U. "Technical Description of rock cores". ROCK MECH. ENG. GEOL. Vol. 1, pp. 16 - 22.
8. Forensic excavation of rock masses: a technique to investigate discontinuity persistence - Original
paper - j. Shang1,4 • s. R. Hencher1,2,3 • l. J. West1 • k. Handley .
9. Geostatistical evaluation of rock quality designation & its link with fracture frequency – iamg 2015 –
germany.
10. Geotechnical descriptions of rock and rock masses by william l. Murphy - Technical report gl-85-
geotechnical laboratory department of the army waterways experiment station
11. Guide to rock and soil descriptions - geotechnical engineering office - civil engineering and
development department - the government of the hong kong - special administrative region
12. J. ERICKSON: „Geologic data collection and recording‟, 288-313: 1992, „Mining engineering
handbook‟, 2nd edn, Littleton, Society of Mining Engineers
13. Measurement of total core recovery; dealing with core loss and gain s. Valentine1 & d. Norbury2 -
Technical note
14. N. BARNTON, W. E. BAMFORD, C. M. BARTON et al.: „Suggested methods for the quantitative
description of discontinuities in rock masses‟, J. R
28. 15. Proceedings of the symposium on exploration for rock engineering / johannesburg / november 1976.
Page 71 - 86 a guide to core logging for rock engineering core logging committee of the south africa section of
the association of engineering geologists
16. Re-evaluation of rock core logging for the prediction of preferred orientations of karst in the Kuala
Lumpur Limestone Formation, Autho rHareyaniZabidi Michael HenryDe Freitas
17. Rock and Soil Descriptions for Engineering PurposesIntroductory Course on Core Logging - 8 July
2017 - The geological society of London, Registered charity, No. 210161
18. Rock mass characterization of the printzsköld and fabian orebodies at the malmberget mine - sraj u.
Banda - Technical report - luleå university of technology department of civil, environmental and natural
resources engineering 2013
19. Rock quality designation (rqd) after twenty years by don u. Deere consultant gainesville, florida
32608 and don w. Deere geotechnical engineer rocky mountain consultants, inc. Longmont, colorado
80501, 1989
20. Smemining engineering handbook - third edition volume one edited by peter darling published by
society for mining, metallurgy, and exploration, inc.
29. 21. Soil and rock description in engineering practice david norbury consultant;director, david
norbury limited, reading, uk.
22. Technical assistance for improvement of capacity for planning of road tunnels- japan sri lanka
guideline for rock mass classification system february 2018 road development authority (rda)
japan international cooperation agency (jica)
23. Technical description of rock cores for engineering purpose, D. U. Deere, ” rock mechanics and
engineering geology, vol. 1, no. 1, 1963, pp. 16-22
24. The rock quality designation rqd index in practice , D.u. Deere & d. W. Deere –1988
25. Working party report of the Geological Society Engineering Group of Great Britain. "The logging of
rock core for engineering purposes". QUART. J.E.G. 1970, Vol. 3, No.