Psychology 101 Paper 2 Reviewing the Classics!Critical Thinking.docxpotmanandrea
Psychology 101 Paper 2: Reviewing the Classics!
Critical Thinking Assignment
For this assignment, you will choose one of the three classic psychology experiment publications posted on BB. These classic articles all share a common theme of highlighting how behavior is influenced by different situations, including Conditioning, Imitation/Modeling, and Learned Helplessness. Reading these articles will tie well with material we cover regarding learning and behavior. Note that these articles are old. Therefore the language may also be old, as well as the format and style of the article.
For the article you choose to read, you will answer the corresponding questions asked below in a succinct/concise 2 page (typed, single spaced) paper. The questions you will answer are meant to be thought provoking - they will require you to give explanations ‘outside the box’.
THE 3 ARTICLES AND THEIR QUESTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM:
1. “Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models” by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963): This is one of the first classic experiments conducted to show how children learn simply by watching others, specifically through imitation and modeling. Children watched adults act aggressively toward a toy during this study, and researchers recorded each child’s behavior afterward. As you read about this study, notice the age of the children, the gender of the children and any effects gender had on the results, the different conditions of behavior, who performed the observable behavior, and other key components involved in this study. In your critical thinking paper, reflect on the study and discuss the questions presented below:
A. In your paper, describe the importance of this study. What were the key findings, and what did you learn? (6pts)
1. 3 points for explaining overall importance of the study. Here, the student should describe the big picture, what the results mean, and overall the reasons why this study was so famous.
2. 2 points for explaining the key findings (at least two key findings, 1 point per finding).
3. 1 point for explaining what the student learned.
B. Although the article was written years ago, do you think the findings are still applicable today? Explain why or why not. (5pts)
1. 1 point for saying yes or no.
2. 4 points for explaining the reason. The more thought-out the answer, the better the answer. If the student just gives one short reason to support their answer, then this will only be partial credit (2 or less points). If they have two or more reasons to support their answer, then this is getting closer to full credit (4 points).
C. Explain what similar situations exist today in an everyday real-world situation, and how these situations could be related to Bandura’s study. For example, there are many views about the relationship between video games and violence, violent movies and violent behavior, and other environmental influences that may encourage aggressive behavior of children. Make sure to connec ...
2 / 3
Discussion Board 2: Learning Styles/Personality
After reading Chapter 7: Strategic Learning and Studying & chapter 8: Test-Taking Skills and Strategies, and looking at the Learning Style Youtube clip in this module, I would like for you to answer the following questions in the Discussion Board:
1) What is your preferred learning style?
2) What is your preferred learning environment (sound, temperature, lighting, lecture vs. hands-on vs. discussion, working with others or not, etc.)?
3) What are some strategies (according to your learning style) you use to study?
Preferred Leaning Styles
Please respond to the following questions, use 12 front times new roman, proper citation 300 to 500 words
Collapse
1. Learning Styles - Discussion Board
1) What is your preferred learning style? I am definitely a kinesthetic learner. I can hear something or study something but will not feel comfortable with it until I have hands on experience with it.
2) What is your preferred learning environment (sound, temperature, lighting, lecture vs. hands-on vs. discussion, working with others or not, etc.)? My preferred learning environment is in a classroom setting with others. Working with other classmates on projects really seems to help me. Good lighting is always helpful.
3) What are some strategies (according to your learning style) you use to study? I like to take notes during instruction. Since that is not possible through online classes participating in the discussions with other classmates is also a good way to study and learn. Their perspective on a topic can be a different way at looking at something that I may not have learned on my own.
2. Learning Styles - Discussion Board
My proffered learning style is visual and kinesthetic. I like studying in a bright cold room because it is harder to get tired because we all know studying is tiring. I usually just were headphones and study alone as well. Strategies I use to study include reading the content over and over again, writing down notes on the material multiple times, and using flash cards to help me.
Required Resources Week 2
Required Text
Read from the course text, Applied project: Capstone in psychology:
a. Chapter 3: Between and Within Groups Research Designs
b. Chapter 6: Survey and Questionnaire Research
Book
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
· This is the manual of psychiatric diagnostic criteria used by mental health professionals.
Articles
Bauer, R.M. (2007). Evidence-based practice in psychology: Implications for research and research training.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(7), 685–694. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
· This article discusses the implications of evidence-based practice (EBP) for research and research training in clinical psychology. Bauer argues that EBP provides a useful framework for addressing some heretofore ig ...
Psychology 101 Paper 2 Reviewing the Classics!Critical Thinking.docxpotmanandrea
Psychology 101 Paper 2: Reviewing the Classics!
Critical Thinking Assignment
For this assignment, you will choose one of the three classic psychology experiment publications posted on BB. These classic articles all share a common theme of highlighting how behavior is influenced by different situations, including Conditioning, Imitation/Modeling, and Learned Helplessness. Reading these articles will tie well with material we cover regarding learning and behavior. Note that these articles are old. Therefore the language may also be old, as well as the format and style of the article.
For the article you choose to read, you will answer the corresponding questions asked below in a succinct/concise 2 page (typed, single spaced) paper. The questions you will answer are meant to be thought provoking - they will require you to give explanations ‘outside the box’.
THE 3 ARTICLES AND THEIR QUESTIONS TO CHOOSE FROM:
1. “Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models” by Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1963): This is one of the first classic experiments conducted to show how children learn simply by watching others, specifically through imitation and modeling. Children watched adults act aggressively toward a toy during this study, and researchers recorded each child’s behavior afterward. As you read about this study, notice the age of the children, the gender of the children and any effects gender had on the results, the different conditions of behavior, who performed the observable behavior, and other key components involved in this study. In your critical thinking paper, reflect on the study and discuss the questions presented below:
A. In your paper, describe the importance of this study. What were the key findings, and what did you learn? (6pts)
1. 3 points for explaining overall importance of the study. Here, the student should describe the big picture, what the results mean, and overall the reasons why this study was so famous.
2. 2 points for explaining the key findings (at least two key findings, 1 point per finding).
3. 1 point for explaining what the student learned.
B. Although the article was written years ago, do you think the findings are still applicable today? Explain why or why not. (5pts)
1. 1 point for saying yes or no.
2. 4 points for explaining the reason. The more thought-out the answer, the better the answer. If the student just gives one short reason to support their answer, then this will only be partial credit (2 or less points). If they have two or more reasons to support their answer, then this is getting closer to full credit (4 points).
C. Explain what similar situations exist today in an everyday real-world situation, and how these situations could be related to Bandura’s study. For example, there are many views about the relationship between video games and violence, violent movies and violent behavior, and other environmental influences that may encourage aggressive behavior of children. Make sure to connec ...
2 / 3
Discussion Board 2: Learning Styles/Personality
After reading Chapter 7: Strategic Learning and Studying & chapter 8: Test-Taking Skills and Strategies, and looking at the Learning Style Youtube clip in this module, I would like for you to answer the following questions in the Discussion Board:
1) What is your preferred learning style?
2) What is your preferred learning environment (sound, temperature, lighting, lecture vs. hands-on vs. discussion, working with others or not, etc.)?
3) What are some strategies (according to your learning style) you use to study?
Preferred Leaning Styles
Please respond to the following questions, use 12 front times new roman, proper citation 300 to 500 words
Collapse
1. Learning Styles - Discussion Board
1) What is your preferred learning style? I am definitely a kinesthetic learner. I can hear something or study something but will not feel comfortable with it until I have hands on experience with it.
2) What is your preferred learning environment (sound, temperature, lighting, lecture vs. hands-on vs. discussion, working with others or not, etc.)? My preferred learning environment is in a classroom setting with others. Working with other classmates on projects really seems to help me. Good lighting is always helpful.
3) What are some strategies (according to your learning style) you use to study? I like to take notes during instruction. Since that is not possible through online classes participating in the discussions with other classmates is also a good way to study and learn. Their perspective on a topic can be a different way at looking at something that I may not have learned on my own.
2. Learning Styles - Discussion Board
My proffered learning style is visual and kinesthetic. I like studying in a bright cold room because it is harder to get tired because we all know studying is tiring. I usually just were headphones and study alone as well. Strategies I use to study include reading the content over and over again, writing down notes on the material multiple times, and using flash cards to help me.
Required Resources Week 2
Required Text
Read from the course text, Applied project: Capstone in psychology:
a. Chapter 3: Between and Within Groups Research Designs
b. Chapter 6: Survey and Questionnaire Research
Book
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing.
· This is the manual of psychiatric diagnostic criteria used by mental health professionals.
Articles
Bauer, R.M. (2007). Evidence-based practice in psychology: Implications for research and research training.Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(7), 685–694. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
· This article discusses the implications of evidence-based practice (EBP) for research and research training in clinical psychology. Bauer argues that EBP provides a useful framework for addressing some heretofore ig ...
Concept of modern research methods ethics logic for Problem solution optimiza...Mohammad masum Anwar
Research can be defined as the
investigation of any problem and its solution finding
using continuous assessment of any situation by some
research instrument for running any system
consistently with the spatial and temporal
transformation. Our research will be done to find
optimum solution using logic and ethics and modern
social dynamic frame work where logic will be defined
as the reasoning or argument that can protect our
field of thought from errors and also our work more
correct , and ethics will be general study of morals
honesty , humanity and optimum solution will be that
solution that involved maximum number of dynamics
related to the research problem and solution.
Concept of personality and the equivalent tone scale
according to human behavior
What every teacher should know about cognitive researchStephanie Chasteen
From the Colorado Science Conference (Nov, 2011)
In the past few decades, we’ve gained a wealth of information about how people learn. The results of this cognitive and education research can help us become more effective teachers. In this interactive talk, we’ll explore some of the main findings of cognitive research in a language accessible to everybody, and discuss how they can be used in our teaching.
What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 3rd Edition Pasto...Schultzer
Full donwload : http://alibabadownload.com/product/what-is-psychology-foundations-applications-and-integration-3rd-edition-pastorino-test-bank/ What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 3rd Edition Pastorino Test Bank
Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation A Roadmap from Beginning.docxskevin488
Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Roadmap from Beginning to End
http://methods.sagepub.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/book/completing-your-qualitative-dissertation
Literature Reviews, Conceptual Frameworks, and Theoretical Frameworks: Terms, Functions, and Distinctions
http://journals.sagepub.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/doi/10.1177/1534484309332617
User: m.louidort7094
Password: Claire89
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Theoretical Framework
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework
file:///C:/Users/marce/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_Desjardins,%20F.%20J.%20(2010,%20July%2019).%20Theoretical%20framework%20[Video%20file].html%20(1).zip/Desjardins,%20F.%20J.%20(2010,%20July%2019).%20Theoretical%20framework%20[Video%20file].html
User: m.louidort7094
Password: Claire89
Research Skills for Psychology Majors: Everything You Need to Know to Get Started
Theories and Models in
Psychology
Why We Care About Theories
The goal of science is to develop and test theories. Science does a lot of other
things that don’t seem like they have anything to do with theory development, but
the bottom line is producing good theories.
Scientists and philosophers argue about what a theory really is, and what a good
theory looks like. Some of the formal definitions include:
“A set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed
relationships within a given domain of inquiry” (Stangor, 1998, p. 30).
“A formalized set of concepts that organizes observations and inferences
and predicts and explains phenomena” (Graziano & Raulin, 2000, p. 37).
There are many more definitions, but they generally come down to these basic
parts:
1. explain nature
2. predict events
3. tell us what to look for and how to look
4. tell us what our data mean
Theories explain why things are the way they are. Why does water become “hard”
at 0ºC? Chemical theories explain why compounds change state: what they are
made of (atoms, molecules, etc.) and how they respond to change in energy (tem-
perature). Why do people become racially prejudiced? Social psychology proposes
a dozen theories to explain various aspects of this complex event, for example, it
seems to reflect a cognitive bias that produces negatively valanced thoughts about
others for whom we have poorly articulated cognitive schemata. “Why?” is the
scientist’s mantra, and when you stop asking Why? it’s time to pack it in and turn
on the TV.
Good theories go beyond just answering Why? to being able to predict events
given the necessary information. A theory that explains why ice forms but can’t
predict when it will form has a problem. Psychological theories are better at
explaining why than at making predictions, in part because behavior is multiply de-
termined: it is the result of many complicated intersecting and interacting factors.
Ice is not as simple as it seems at first, either: how about predicting the formation
of ice from dirty water? salty water? .
Liberty Study Guide and Answers Homeworksimple.com_Part9.pdfHomework Simple
More info: https://www.homeworksimple.com
https://www.homeworksimple.com/downloads/theo-603-quiz-1/
1. Which of the following philosophers’ work was essentially a rebellion against the strict form of Presbyterianism/Calvinism of his youth?
2. Which philosopher is best known for seeing the existence of doubt as the ultimate proof of people’s existence?
3. What was the “social crisis” in Walter Rauschenbusch’s best-known work, Christianity and the Social Crisis?
4. According to Olson, what did Albrecht Ritchl believe about the deity of Christ?
5. Which of the following was considered a “vehemently suspect of heresy” by the Roman Catholic
Church?
6. Which of the following does Olson refer to as the “most influential” among mediating theologians
of the nineteenth century?
7. Which of the following suggested an exact date for creation?
8. Which view of the atonement did Horace Bushnell take?
9. Which of the following statements best describes I. A. Dorner’s concept of the immutability of
God?
10. According to Olson, what did Adolf Harnack mean by “the kingdom of God and its coming”?
11. When Alfred Loisy and George Tyrrell contributed to the Catholic dialog with Modernists, Loisy
and Tyrrell were:
12. Who said, “The Rock of Ages is more important than the age of a rock”?
13. Which of the following philosophers’ work was essentially an attempt to navigate a middle ground
between rationalism and empiricism, taking the best of both?
14. Who was famous for saying “when one cause sufficiently explains a phenomenon, more should
not be posited”?
15. How does Olson describe the relationship between modernism and liberalism?
16. Of which philosophy was Thomas Reid a representative?
17. Which Deist subtly underminded orthodox Christianity by insisting that no one should (or even
could) believe that which is ultimately mysterious?
18. Which of the following philosophers distinguished between the noumenal (things as they are)
and phenomenal (things as they appear to us) realms of reality?
19. Which of the following would Søren Kierkegaard most likely say?
20. When Pope Pius IX produced the “Syllabus of Errors,” he was intending to:
21. Which part of the human anatomy did William Paley use to make a case for intelligent design?
22. Which of the following adopted a dualist, accommodation model for understanding the
relationship between science and theology?
23. Which of the following statements best describes Charles Hodge’s theological method?
24. According to Dr. Cleaver’s video for week #2, how did Friedrich Schleiermacher handle the
problem of evil?
25. Why did Ernst Troeltsch say that there is no such thing as a pure religion?
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Neurotransmitters are found in the
Select one:
a. cell nucleus.
b. dendritic spines.
c. cell body.
d. synaptic vesicles.
e. mitochondria.
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What purpose or purposes are fulfilled by debriefing research subjects immediately after a psychological experiment?
Select one:
a. It helps the participants understand the reason(s) for the study, and the importance of the study.
b. It allows the researcher to understand how the participants were affected by the study, if at all.
c. It allows the researcher to share the completed study or experiment results with the participants.
d. It helps the researcher compare the participant responses from a different research study method than the one used in the actual study.
e. It helps the researcher determine how the participants should be compensated for their involvement in the study.
f. A and B
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If you close your eyes and touch a sharp object, your initial contact with the object involves which process(es)?
Select one:
a. Transduction
b. Parallel processing
c. Sensation
d. Both sensation and perception
e. Perception
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A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a
Select one:
a. theory.
b. confirmation bias.
c. schema.
d. mental reference.
e. heuristic.
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The key to understanding human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud, was to focus on _____ and the _____ level of the human mind.
Select one:
a. external factors; conscious
b. external psychologcial process, uncosncious
c. external factors; unconscious
d. internal psychological processes; unconscious
e. internal psychological processes; conscious
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Match each example to the correct principle of scientific thinking.
A study finds that graduate students prefer online courses to traditional courses, and three other studies by other researchers produces similar findings with a sample of graduate students from another school.
Answer 1
It is assumed that identical twins will tend to develop very similar personalities because they have the same DNA, suggesting that personality traits are inherited. At the same time, identical twins are usually raised in the same household, which could suggest that the development of personality is also due to environmental factors.
Answer 2
Supporters of psychics claim that because a person can make an accurate prediction, this individual is able to predict any future event and there is no other way to explain the accurate prediction. However, it would best to first consider the possibility that the "psychic" just had a lucky guess, or had pri ...
1. With respect to the fundamental attribution error, it turns out t.docxelliotkimberlee
1. With respect to the fundamental attribution error, it turns out that in other cultures, like those of Asia,
there's a/an _______ orientation to others that emphasizes interdependence.
A. individualistic
B. philosophical
C. collectivist
D. intrapersonal
2. The more people there are at the scene of an accident, the less likely it is that individuals will step up to
lend a hand. This phenomenon is referred to as
A. diffusion of interest.
B. antisocial behavior.
C. diffusion of responsibility.
D. crowd apathy.
3. According to your text, whether you're persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence
B. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
C. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
D. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
4. In the "teacher-learner" experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, ______ percent of the experimental
subjects eventually applied the "lethal" 450-volt shock to the "learner."
A. 35
B. 15
C. 2
D. 65
5. As discussed in your textbook, the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A. requires subjects to react to a series of black and white faces.
B. is based on a culture-free questionnaire.
C. has revealed that most people aren't prejudiced.
D. requires people to openly express and reveal their latent prejudices.6. Jason and Julia are preparing for a quiz in Psychology 101. Jason recites four reasons for seeking out a
social support network. Julia, who has top grades in the class, gives her nod of approval to all but one of
Jason's list. Which one is she most likely to reject?
A. Group members can help a participant with practical things like finding a new job.
B. Being a member of a social support network can help reduce a person's stress levels.
C. Being in a social support network helps a person learn how to win arguments.
D. Support group membership can help a participant feel valued by others.
7. Mandy has decided that she has no control over the aversive stimuli she encounters at work and at home
day by day. Thus, she has given up trying to make her life better. Psychologists would say Mandy's
worldview illustrates
A. emotion-focused coping.
B. problem-focused coping.
C. learned avoidant coping.
D. learned helplessness.
8. A popular talk show host, jovial and sharp-witted as usual, outlines his views on the death penalty,
taking time to consider both sides of the issue. As a long-time listener to that talk show, if you're swayed to
adopt the talk-show host's point of view, it will probably be due to
A. your temperament and character.
B. the character of the message.
C. your tendency to employ peripheral route processing.
D. the medium of the message (radio).
9. Four steps are involved in a person's decision to offer assistance in an emergency situation. The third
step is
A. deciding how to help.
B. appraisal of one's skills and experience in dealing with emergencies.
C. interpreting .
Intro to Psychology Exam 11. The behavioral research perspectiv.docxmariuse18nolet
Intro to Psychology
Exam 1
1. The behavioral research perspective is similar to the sociocultural research perspective because both focus on how behavior and mental processes are explained by:
A.internal factors such as genes
B.the external environment
C.memory systems
D.evolution
E.problem-solving skills and reasoning
2. Which of the following cortical areas is most closely associated with vision?
A.Frontal
B.Prefrontal
C.Temporal
D.Occipital
E.Parietal
3. The following are a description of__________________
-examining the relationship between 2 variables
-correlation coefficient (r) indicates the strength and direction of the relationship (-1 to +1)
-correlation does not imply causation
a. Correlational research
b. Behavioralism
c. Experimental research
d. Functionalism
4. The following are a description of__________________
-Wilhelm Wundt
-first psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
-goal: break down behavior(s) into component parts to better understand elemental components
-decision time experiments
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Behavioralism
d. Serotonin
5. The following are a description of__________________
-neuron is not stimulated
-membrane and ion pumps help maintain potential
-potential=-70mV
-more sodium(Na+) ions on outside and more potassium (K+) and large, negative proteins on the inside of cell membrane
a. attention
b. resting potential
c. serotonin
d. feature detectors
6. The following are a description of__________________
-William James (first American psychologist)
-started first American school of psych
-opposed structuralism; interested in why certain behaviors
-goal: understand the function of different behaviors
a. Functionalism
b. Psychoanalysis
c. consciousness
d. structuralism
7. What two disciplines had an influence on early psychology?
a. Anthropology and history
b. Biology and medicine
c. Philosophy and biology
8. Which psychologist was one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism?
a. William James
b. John B. Watson
c. G. Stanley Hall
d. Frued
9. What type of research is needed to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables?
a. Correlational studies
b. Longitudinal studies
c. Experimental studies
10. A positive correlation indicates that as one variable goes up, the other variable also ________________.
a. Goes up
b. Goes down
c. Stays the same
11. The first step in the scientific research method is to:
a. Form a testable hypothesis
b. Collect data
c. Perform statistical analysis
12. Out of the following correlations, which indicates the strongest relationship?
a. -0.95
b. 0.23
c. 0.79
13. Which type of neuron transmits information from the brain to the muscles of the body?
a. Sensory neurons
b. Interneurons
c. Motor neurons
14. Once an electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, it crosses the synapse via:
a. Terminal buttons
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Dendrites
15. Which area of the brain is associated with reasoning, motor skill.
What every teacher should know about cognitive scienceStephanie Chasteen
This is a presentation that I've given a few times for GK12 programs at CU, with some main messages on how people learn and a non-exhaustive look at findings from cognitive science, and how these ideas might apply to the classroom.
Concept of modern research methods ethics logic for Problem solution optimiza...Mohammad masum Anwar
Research can be defined as the
investigation of any problem and its solution finding
using continuous assessment of any situation by some
research instrument for running any system
consistently with the spatial and temporal
transformation. Our research will be done to find
optimum solution using logic and ethics and modern
social dynamic frame work where logic will be defined
as the reasoning or argument that can protect our
field of thought from errors and also our work more
correct , and ethics will be general study of morals
honesty , humanity and optimum solution will be that
solution that involved maximum number of dynamics
related to the research problem and solution.
Concept of personality and the equivalent tone scale
according to human behavior
What every teacher should know about cognitive researchStephanie Chasteen
From the Colorado Science Conference (Nov, 2011)
In the past few decades, we’ve gained a wealth of information about how people learn. The results of this cognitive and education research can help us become more effective teachers. In this interactive talk, we’ll explore some of the main findings of cognitive research in a language accessible to everybody, and discuss how they can be used in our teaching.
What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 3rd Edition Pasto...Schultzer
Full donwload : http://alibabadownload.com/product/what-is-psychology-foundations-applications-and-integration-3rd-edition-pastorino-test-bank/ What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 3rd Edition Pastorino Test Bank
Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation A Roadmap from Beginning.docxskevin488
Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Roadmap from Beginning to End
http://methods.sagepub.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/book/completing-your-qualitative-dissertation
Literature Reviews, Conceptual Frameworks, and Theoretical Frameworks: Terms, Functions, and Distinctions
http://journals.sagepub.com.proxy1.ncu.edu/doi/10.1177/1534484309332617
User: m.louidort7094
Password: Claire89
Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: Theoretical Framework
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/theoreticalframework
file:///C:/Users/marce/AppData/Local/Temp/Temp1_Desjardins,%20F.%20J.%20(2010,%20July%2019).%20Theoretical%20framework%20[Video%20file].html%20(1).zip/Desjardins,%20F.%20J.%20(2010,%20July%2019).%20Theoretical%20framework%20[Video%20file].html
User: m.louidort7094
Password: Claire89
Research Skills for Psychology Majors: Everything You Need to Know to Get Started
Theories and Models in
Psychology
Why We Care About Theories
The goal of science is to develop and test theories. Science does a lot of other
things that don’t seem like they have anything to do with theory development, but
the bottom line is producing good theories.
Scientists and philosophers argue about what a theory really is, and what a good
theory looks like. Some of the formal definitions include:
“A set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all, observed
relationships within a given domain of inquiry” (Stangor, 1998, p. 30).
“A formalized set of concepts that organizes observations and inferences
and predicts and explains phenomena” (Graziano & Raulin, 2000, p. 37).
There are many more definitions, but they generally come down to these basic
parts:
1. explain nature
2. predict events
3. tell us what to look for and how to look
4. tell us what our data mean
Theories explain why things are the way they are. Why does water become “hard”
at 0ºC? Chemical theories explain why compounds change state: what they are
made of (atoms, molecules, etc.) and how they respond to change in energy (tem-
perature). Why do people become racially prejudiced? Social psychology proposes
a dozen theories to explain various aspects of this complex event, for example, it
seems to reflect a cognitive bias that produces negatively valanced thoughts about
others for whom we have poorly articulated cognitive schemata. “Why?” is the
scientist’s mantra, and when you stop asking Why? it’s time to pack it in and turn
on the TV.
Good theories go beyond just answering Why? to being able to predict events
given the necessary information. A theory that explains why ice forms but can’t
predict when it will form has a problem. Psychological theories are better at
explaining why than at making predictions, in part because behavior is multiply de-
termined: it is the result of many complicated intersecting and interacting factors.
Ice is not as simple as it seems at first, either: how about predicting the formation
of ice from dirty water? salty water? .
Liberty Study Guide and Answers Homeworksimple.com_Part9.pdfHomework Simple
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1. Which of the following philosophers’ work was essentially a rebellion against the strict form of Presbyterianism/Calvinism of his youth?
2. Which philosopher is best known for seeing the existence of doubt as the ultimate proof of people’s existence?
3. What was the “social crisis” in Walter Rauschenbusch’s best-known work, Christianity and the Social Crisis?
4. According to Olson, what did Albrecht Ritchl believe about the deity of Christ?
5. Which of the following was considered a “vehemently suspect of heresy” by the Roman Catholic
Church?
6. Which of the following does Olson refer to as the “most influential” among mediating theologians
of the nineteenth century?
7. Which of the following suggested an exact date for creation?
8. Which view of the atonement did Horace Bushnell take?
9. Which of the following statements best describes I. A. Dorner’s concept of the immutability of
God?
10. According to Olson, what did Adolf Harnack mean by “the kingdom of God and its coming”?
11. When Alfred Loisy and George Tyrrell contributed to the Catholic dialog with Modernists, Loisy
and Tyrrell were:
12. Who said, “The Rock of Ages is more important than the age of a rock”?
13. Which of the following philosophers’ work was essentially an attempt to navigate a middle ground
between rationalism and empiricism, taking the best of both?
14. Who was famous for saying “when one cause sufficiently explains a phenomenon, more should
not be posited”?
15. How does Olson describe the relationship between modernism and liberalism?
16. Of which philosophy was Thomas Reid a representative?
17. Which Deist subtly underminded orthodox Christianity by insisting that no one should (or even
could) believe that which is ultimately mysterious?
18. Which of the following philosophers distinguished between the noumenal (things as they are)
and phenomenal (things as they appear to us) realms of reality?
19. Which of the following would Søren Kierkegaard most likely say?
20. When Pope Pius IX produced the “Syllabus of Errors,” he was intending to:
21. Which part of the human anatomy did William Paley use to make a case for intelligent design?
22. Which of the following adopted a dualist, accommodation model for understanding the
relationship between science and theology?
23. Which of the following statements best describes Charles Hodge’s theological method?
24. According to Dr. Cleaver’s video for week #2, how did Friedrich Schleiermacher handle the
problem of evil?
25. Why did Ernst Troeltsch say that there is no such thing as a pure religion?
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Neurotransmitters are found in the
Select one:
a. cell nucleus.
b. dendritic spines.
c. cell body.
d. synaptic vesicles.
e. mitochondria.
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What purpose or purposes are fulfilled by debriefing research subjects immediately after a psychological experiment?
Select one:
a. It helps the participants understand the reason(s) for the study, and the importance of the study.
b. It allows the researcher to understand how the participants were affected by the study, if at all.
c. It allows the researcher to share the completed study or experiment results with the participants.
d. It helps the researcher compare the participant responses from a different research study method than the one used in the actual study.
e. It helps the researcher determine how the participants should be compensated for their involvement in the study.
f. A and B
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If you close your eyes and touch a sharp object, your initial contact with the object involves which process(es)?
Select one:
a. Transduction
b. Parallel processing
c. Sensation
d. Both sensation and perception
e. Perception
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A mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world is called a
Select one:
a. theory.
b. confirmation bias.
c. schema.
d. mental reference.
e. heuristic.
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The key to understanding human behavior, according to Sigmund Freud, was to focus on _____ and the _____ level of the human mind.
Select one:
a. external factors; conscious
b. external psychologcial process, uncosncious
c. external factors; unconscious
d. internal psychological processes; unconscious
e. internal psychological processes; conscious
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Match each example to the correct principle of scientific thinking.
A study finds that graduate students prefer online courses to traditional courses, and three other studies by other researchers produces similar findings with a sample of graduate students from another school.
Answer 1
It is assumed that identical twins will tend to develop very similar personalities because they have the same DNA, suggesting that personality traits are inherited. At the same time, identical twins are usually raised in the same household, which could suggest that the development of personality is also due to environmental factors.
Answer 2
Supporters of psychics claim that because a person can make an accurate prediction, this individual is able to predict any future event and there is no other way to explain the accurate prediction. However, it would best to first consider the possibility that the "psychic" just had a lucky guess, or had pri ...
1. With respect to the fundamental attribution error, it turns out t.docxelliotkimberlee
1. With respect to the fundamental attribution error, it turns out that in other cultures, like those of Asia,
there's a/an _______ orientation to others that emphasizes interdependence.
A. individualistic
B. philosophical
C. collectivist
D. intrapersonal
2. The more people there are at the scene of an accident, the less likely it is that individuals will step up to
lend a hand. This phenomenon is referred to as
A. diffusion of interest.
B. antisocial behavior.
C. diffusion of responsibility.
D. crowd apathy.
3. According to your text, whether you're persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence
B. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
C. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
D. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
4. In the "teacher-learner" experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, ______ percent of the experimental
subjects eventually applied the "lethal" 450-volt shock to the "learner."
A. 35
B. 15
C. 2
D. 65
5. As discussed in your textbook, the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A. requires subjects to react to a series of black and white faces.
B. is based on a culture-free questionnaire.
C. has revealed that most people aren't prejudiced.
D. requires people to openly express and reveal their latent prejudices.6. Jason and Julia are preparing for a quiz in Psychology 101. Jason recites four reasons for seeking out a
social support network. Julia, who has top grades in the class, gives her nod of approval to all but one of
Jason's list. Which one is she most likely to reject?
A. Group members can help a participant with practical things like finding a new job.
B. Being a member of a social support network can help reduce a person's stress levels.
C. Being in a social support network helps a person learn how to win arguments.
D. Support group membership can help a participant feel valued by others.
7. Mandy has decided that she has no control over the aversive stimuli she encounters at work and at home
day by day. Thus, she has given up trying to make her life better. Psychologists would say Mandy's
worldview illustrates
A. emotion-focused coping.
B. problem-focused coping.
C. learned avoidant coping.
D. learned helplessness.
8. A popular talk show host, jovial and sharp-witted as usual, outlines his views on the death penalty,
taking time to consider both sides of the issue. As a long-time listener to that talk show, if you're swayed to
adopt the talk-show host's point of view, it will probably be due to
A. your temperament and character.
B. the character of the message.
C. your tendency to employ peripheral route processing.
D. the medium of the message (radio).
9. Four steps are involved in a person's decision to offer assistance in an emergency situation. The third
step is
A. deciding how to help.
B. appraisal of one's skills and experience in dealing with emergencies.
C. interpreting .
Intro to Psychology Exam 11. The behavioral research perspectiv.docxmariuse18nolet
Intro to Psychology
Exam 1
1. The behavioral research perspective is similar to the sociocultural research perspective because both focus on how behavior and mental processes are explained by:
A.internal factors such as genes
B.the external environment
C.memory systems
D.evolution
E.problem-solving skills and reasoning
2. Which of the following cortical areas is most closely associated with vision?
A.Frontal
B.Prefrontal
C.Temporal
D.Occipital
E.Parietal
3. The following are a description of__________________
-examining the relationship between 2 variables
-correlation coefficient (r) indicates the strength and direction of the relationship (-1 to +1)
-correlation does not imply causation
a. Correlational research
b. Behavioralism
c. Experimental research
d. Functionalism
4. The following are a description of__________________
-Wilhelm Wundt
-first psych lab in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
-goal: break down behavior(s) into component parts to better understand elemental components
-decision time experiments
a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Behavioralism
d. Serotonin
5. The following are a description of__________________
-neuron is not stimulated
-membrane and ion pumps help maintain potential
-potential=-70mV
-more sodium(Na+) ions on outside and more potassium (K+) and large, negative proteins on the inside of cell membrane
a. attention
b. resting potential
c. serotonin
d. feature detectors
6. The following are a description of__________________
-William James (first American psychologist)
-started first American school of psych
-opposed structuralism; interested in why certain behaviors
-goal: understand the function of different behaviors
a. Functionalism
b. Psychoanalysis
c. consciousness
d. structuralism
7. What two disciplines had an influence on early psychology?
a. Anthropology and history
b. Biology and medicine
c. Philosophy and biology
8. Which psychologist was one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism?
a. William James
b. John B. Watson
c. G. Stanley Hall
d. Frued
9. What type of research is needed to determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more variables?
a. Correlational studies
b. Longitudinal studies
c. Experimental studies
10. A positive correlation indicates that as one variable goes up, the other variable also ________________.
a. Goes up
b. Goes down
c. Stays the same
11. The first step in the scientific research method is to:
a. Form a testable hypothesis
b. Collect data
c. Perform statistical analysis
12. Out of the following correlations, which indicates the strongest relationship?
a. -0.95
b. 0.23
c. 0.79
13. Which type of neuron transmits information from the brain to the muscles of the body?
a. Sensory neurons
b. Interneurons
c. Motor neurons
14. Once an electrical impulse reaches the end of an axon, it crosses the synapse via:
a. Terminal buttons
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Dendrites
15. Which area of the brain is associated with reasoning, motor skill.
What every teacher should know about cognitive scienceStephanie Chasteen
This is a presentation that I've given a few times for GK12 programs at CU, with some main messages on how people learn and a non-exhaustive look at findings from cognitive science, and how these ideas might apply to the classroom.
Similar to Chapter 1 homework revised 11.24.13 (20)
1. Name:______________________________ Instructor:____________________ Grade: _________ LO: 30
1
Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13
Chapter 1
Conceptual Work Sheets for
Introduction
On the one hand, as you travel along the road to an under-standing of psychology, we recommend rote memorization of
the definitions and even the key features of the examples. But, on the other hand, we think you can reach your destination
more quickly, and have more fun along the way, if you also practice using the concepts, principles and definitions in
novel, original, creative ways. Then you can get feedback on how much further you have to go. Most students find
questions of this sort challenging but interesting. Many say that dealing with these questions is the first time they’ve had
to think since they’ve been in college, or grade school! They also say they’re happy to see how much they really enjoy
thinking.
(Just a little note – in this and future homework, the terms “response” and “behavior” will be used interchangeably)
Psychology—General Overview
Let’s start by defining psychology and taking a look at where the field began. Keep in mind that the definition given in the
book may be different from traditional definitions of psychology.
1. First, what is psychology? (1)
A. The study of the psyche
B. The study of the mind
C. The study of the body and its functions
D. The study of the philosophies of humanity
E. The study of behavior
2. Within which discipline did psychology first begin? (1)
A. Psychiatry
B. Medicine
C. Philosophy
D. Biology
E. Phrenology
3. Why do most modern psychologists object to defining psychology as “ the study of the mind?” (1)
A. Because “mind” is such a vague term
B. Because “mind” is only one aspect of behavior
C. They would substitute “psyche” for “mind”
D. Because “mind” implies soul, and most modern psychologists aren’t religious
The term mind is not precise; its definition varies depending on whom you ask. Behavior, on the other hand, can be
explicitly defined, observed, and measured.
Science—General Overview
Psychology is a science. Let’s look at some basic scientific principles that we will use in this class.
4. Which of the following defines science? (1)
A. The study of behavior
2. B. The study of research
C. The systematic classification of objects in the environment
D. The systematic study of how events are related to the production of other events
E. The manipulation of numbers in pursuit of ultimate truths about the universe
5. Science originated from men’s and women’s _______ the world around them (1)
A. Drawings of
B. Feelings about
C. Dependence on
D. Liking of
E. Observation of
6. What do we mean by “cause and effect”? (1)
A. One group of events sometimes produces the same outcome
B. We can’t tell if a group of events will produce an outcome or not
C. If all the conditions are there, the outcome is bound to occur
7. What is another term used for “cause and effect”? (1)
A. Determinism
B. Science
C. Analysis
D. Psychology
E. Application
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Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13
Psychology and Science
Now we will look at the field of psychology within the scientific framework.
8. How is the science of psychology like all other sciences? (1)
A. Psychologists wear white lab coats, just like other scientists
B. It uses numbers and formulas
C. Its subject matter is “caused”, as is that of other sciences
D. It started at about the same time as other sciences
E. It doesn’t assume determinism of events
9. What are the two main parts in the science of psychology? (1)
A. Analysis and application
B. Analysis and control
C. Application and prediction
D. Control and application
10. Which of the following describes the analysis feature of the science of psychology? (1)
A. Listing events as we see them
B. Answering the question, “Who?”
C. Assuming that all things are determined
D. Finding out and describing conditions that cause specific events.
E. The classification of objects in the environment into categories
11. Which of the following describes the applied feature of the science of psychology? (1)
A. Analysis of naturally occurring events
B. Observation of objects in the environment
3. C. Bringing together the needed conditions to produce desired outcomes
D. Bringing together outcomes to study their causes
E. The classification of causes discovered in analysis
12. Which of the following is an example of how analysis and applied psychology interact? (1)
A. Discovering in the lab that immediate reward is more effective in learning than delayed reward, and later using
these data to design a reading program for elementary school children.
B. Using tones rather than lights in the design of aircraft control panels, and designing a program using immediate
rewards for teaching reading
C. Discovering in the lab that shock reduces responding, and later finding that removal of shock increases
responding
D. Discovering a new measuring instrument in the lab, and later finding out that it measures the same thing as one
you have been using
E. All of the above.
13. The fact that people are not alike in many ways has provided the basis for a topic of study in psychology called: (1)
A. Analysis of variance
B. Group variability
C. Psyhotherapy
D. Evolution
E. Individual differences
14. What is more important in the study of psychology than differences in physical characteristics? (1)
A. Differences in brain size
B. Differences in body shapes
C. Differences in skills
D. Differences in galvanic skin responses
E. Differences in heredity
15. Another study area closely linked to skills and how they differ from person to person involves: (1)
A. How they got the skills
B. Behavioral genetics
C. History of psychology
D. Psychoanalysis
E. Blood typology
16. What is a “nativist”? (1)
A. A person born in a particular place, to which he or she is “native”
B. A person who believes that all things are learned
C. A person who dances in the full of the moon, and has a fetish for bones and shrunken heads
D. A person who believes that people are born with certain basic skills that can’t be acquired through learning
E. A person who believes that behavior can only be explained by the interaction of learning and inheritance.
17. Which of the following defines evolution? (1)
A. A change occurring periodically in governments
B. The fact that we came from chimpanzees
C. Changes that occur across generations in the ability of a type of animal to deal with its environment
D. Changes that occur within the lifetime of an animal that allow it to better deal with environment
E. Changes in the natural environment, brought about by the forces of nature over time.
18. The conflict many people have in terms of function and feeling centers around: (1)
A. Our politics and that of our parents
B. What we do, and how we feel about it.
C. Being who we are and wishing we were someone else.
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Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13
4. D. Having to do something.
E. The fact that studying is a drag and a bore.
19. Nature is always on our side. (1)
A. True
B. False
20. What have humans built to improve on nature? (1)
A. Margarine
B. Television
C. Weapons
D. Systems
E. Androids
21. “The placing of tasks, personnel, and machines into a unit to achieve a somewhat complex end result or function.”
This defines: (1)
A. Science
B. System
C. Personnel management
D. Application
E. Nature
22. Which of the following are issues regarding female-male, male-female roles that will be discussed in this book? (1)
A. How did the roles get to be the way they have been up to now?
B. What part does, and did, biology play in these roles?
C. Why should women get equal pay for equal work?
D. A&B
E. All of the above
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Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13
Conceptual Exercise
Ah, the first day of class, Jan thought, glancing around the chemistry lab, watching the students talking and handling
the equipment. Budding geniuses, no doubt…or mad doctors. She chuckled to herself. No matter. I just hope I can keep
them from maiming themselves too badly during the semester.
“Okay, group. Try and pry yourselves away from each other for a minute, and we’ll get started.” She paused as the
noise subsided, and the students drew their attention to her. A graduate student in chemistry, Jan had taught this lab course
for three semesters now, and was beginning to feel comfortable in her role as teacher.
“You and your lab partner,” she began, “are about to embark on the systematic study of how certain events are related
to the production of other events. Specifically, how certain chemicals react with others. And also, a bit of psychology, as
you’ll be able to witness firsthand how people react to frustration when their experiments fail to work out as they should.
We have paired you off because some of you are not as clumsy as others, so hopefully you can both help each other get
through the experiments with a minimum of mental damage…”
A student in the class, Juke Jackson, smiled and looked over at his lab partner, Jim Johnson. Juke had already met Jim
at football practice—he was an offensive guard, and a pretty good one.
“Now today,” Jan was saying, “we’re going to learn something I’m sure you’ve all been dying to know—how to bend
glass tubing. You’ll find this to be very valuable information, if not for passing this lab, then at least for amusing your
friends at parties. The first step is to light your Bunsen burner, and adjust the flame so that it’s small and blue, with a tiny
orangish tip…”
Jan walked around the lab, checking each student to make sure no one was on fire yet.
“Now, each of you pick up a piece of glass tubing from the table. Hold it with the pad, and place the middle over the
tip of the blue part of the flame…”
Juke watched his tubing in the flame and the insides clouded with condensation. He rolled it gently so all sides would
be evenly heated. “Now,” Jan continued, “once they’re real hot, take the other end with a pad, and bend it slowly around
5. to an ‘L’ shape, like this.” She demonstrated with a heated tube, bending it effortlessly into a right angle. “If you bend it
too fast, it’ll pinch off the middle, and the thing’ll be useless. And be careful not to touch the tubing…”
Juke was barely listening, concentrating on the glowing tube before his eyes, arcing it around slowly…
“Juke…look at this!” Jim handed him a thing that looked like a pretzel.
“Hey, Jim, that’s pretty coo—EEEAAAHH!”
His hand jerked from the thing like lightening, before he even knew what was happening, dropping to the floor with a
crash. The burning sensation spread slowly through his fingertips…
“Oh, hey man, I thought it was cooled off—hey Juke, I’m really sorry…” “S’okay…,” Juke winced. Yeah, he thought,
looking at Jim, this is going to be a great course.
Jan whirled around at the sound of breaking glass, and saw Juke holding his fingers. Wonderful, she thought. And the
semester’s only beginning.
1. By “…systematic study of how certain events are related to the production of other events…,” Jan was
referring to which of the following concepts? (1)
A. Biology
B. Psychology
C. Science
D. Determinism
2. Which of the following was Jan referring to when she said that “…some of you are not as clumsy as others…?”
(1)
A. Learning
B. Male-female, female-male roles
C. Determinism
D. Individual differences
E. Evolution
3. Juke’s jerking his hand away upon touching the hot glass tubing was an example of which of the following? (1)
A. Cause and effect
B. Determinism
C. Chance action
D. A & C
E. A & B
5
Revised by Jennifer Ward on 11/24/13
Thought Questions
1. Some people feel that our lives are pretty much ruled by chance, or fate—that what we do doesn’t matter. By the
same token, some believe that we can actively shape our lives and futures—that we are very much “in the driver’s
seat” on this trip. What do you think? Think of your reaction to the last major problem you faced. How does this
relate to the way you view your role in life? (Why did you react the way you did? Did your reaction have an effect
on the problem? How did this effect or lack of effect impact your future behavior?) (5)