The document discusses the concepts of inertial and non-inertial frames of reference and introduces the idea of pseudo forces, which are needed to modify Newton's laws in non-inertial frames. It categorizes pseudo forces into types such as centrifugal, Coriolis, and Euler forces and provides examples to illustrate their effects, including scenarios involving accelerating trains and merry-go-rounds. The Coriolis effect, resulting from Earth's rotation, causes moving objects to deflect differently in the northern and southern hemispheres.

2. Topic:

3.  Inertial and Non-Inertial Frame of References
 Why do we need Pseudo Force?
 Statement of Pseudo Force
 Types of Pseudo Force
 Scenarios Regarding Pseudo Force
 Pseudo Force For Linearly Accelerated Frame of
Reference
 Pseudo Force as an example of Centrifugal Force
 Coriolis Force
 Coriolis Force Effect
 Calculation of Coriolis Force

4. INERTIAL
Frame
• Body is at rest or moving with constant
velocity.
• Acceleration is zero.
• Newton Laws are Valid.
Non inertial
Frame
• Velociy is not constant.
• Acceleration is non zero.
• Newton Laws are not Valid

5. Newton's second law F = ma holds true only in
inertial Frame of reference.
However, there are many noninertial (that is,
accelerating) frames that one needs to consider,
such as elevators, merry-go-rounds, and so on.
So, Is there any possible way to modify Newton’s
laws so that they hold in noninertial frames?
 So, in this case, a new concept Pseudo force
is came into account.

6. Definition:
“ The force which converts non-inertial frame of reference to
an inertial frame of reference is called pseudo force.”
 A Pseudo force is also called a fictitious force, inertial
force or d’Alembert force.
 Pseudo force comes in effect when the frame of
reference has started acceleration compared to a non-
accelerating frame.

7. Pseudo forces are divided into four types in
accelerated frame of reference:
Pseudo Force By Linearly accelerated Frame
Centrifugal Force By Rotating Frame
Coriolis Force By Rotating Frame
Euler Force By Rotating Frame

8. For example, consider a ball hung from the roof of a train by means
of an inextensible string. If the train is at rest or is moving with a
uniform speed in a straight line the string will be vertical. A
passenger will infer that the net force acting on the ball is zero.
But,If the train begins to accelerate. For the passenger, there are
only two forces. But, the ball remains apparently in a state of
equilibrium (as long as the acceleration of the train is constant).
here, concept of pseudo force is required.

10.  Consider a ride on Merry-go round which is basically a
rotating reference frame. you also take this as your
reference frame.In an non-inertial frame you will feel a force
which is trying to throw you away from circular ride.This
force travels opposite to acceleration.In this case,this force
is known as centrifugal force(a type of pseudo force).

12. Definition:
“Coriolis Force is an fictitious
force(pseudo force) that acts on objects
that are in motion relative to rotating
reference frame.”
Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis
force is called the Coriolis effect.It is
caused by rotation of rotating body.

13. It is an apparent force.
Due to the rotation of the coordinate system (Earth);
It makes a moving object deflect from a straight line.

14. The Coriolis effect, which is a result of Earth’s
rotation, causes moving particles such a air to be
deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere
and to the left in Southern Hemisphere.

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