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PS SESSION : ELBOW WRIST AND HAND EXAMINATION PART 2
This document provides guidance on evaluating the wrist and hand through history taking and physical examination. It outlines the complex anatomy of the wrist and hand and lists common conditions that may present. The history should explore the chief complaint, past history, mechanisms of injury, and specific symptoms. The physical exam involves inspection, palpation, and assessment of range of motion and strength. Key aspects of the exam are outlined, including tests for certain conditions. Differential diagnoses are provided for various wrist, hand, and finger presentations.
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PS SESSION : ELBOW WRIST AND HAND EXAMINATION PART 2
- 1. EVALUATION OF WRIST &HAND DR. UTKARSH SHAHI ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPAEDICS
- 2. INTRODUCTION: Hand andWrist Series of complex, delicately balanced joints Function is integral to every act of daily living Most active portion of the upper extremity The least protected joints Extremely vulnerable to injury Difficult and complex examination Diagnosis often vague If no fracture = “wrist strain or sprain” Bilateral comparison useful
- 3. BONY ANATOMY Phalanges:14 Sesamoids: 2 Metacarpals: 5 Carpals Proximal row: 4 Distal row: 4 Radius and Ulna
- 6. ANATOMY Muscles /Tendons Volar wrist- 6 Dorsal wrist- 9 6 compartments Volar hand- 10 Dorsal hand- dorsal interossei Nerves - 3 Median Ulnar Radial Arteries - 2
- 7. WRIST AND HANDCONDITIONS Injury and mechanical derangement. Congenital and developmental abnormalities. Infection and inflammation. Arthritis and rheumatic disorders. Metabolic and endocrine disorders. Tumours and lesions that mimic them. Neurological disorders and muscle weakness.
- 8. HISTORY TAKING PATIENT DETAILSCHIEF COMPLAINTS HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS PAST HISTORY FAMILY HISTORY PERSONAL HISTORY TREATMENT HISTORY NEGATIVE HISTORY
- 9. HISTORY 4 principlemechanisms of injury Throwing Weight bearing Twisting Impact
- 10.
- 11. PAIN Site Time andmode of onset Severity or Intensity Character or Nature Progression Referred pain Aggravating factors Relieving factors Any diurnal variation Any seasonal variation
- 12. PAIN The extentof reference is governed by a number of factors. The depth of the structure beneath the skin. The position of the structure within the dermatome. The severity of the lesion
- 13. SITES OF PAINAND COMMON PATHOLOGY Dorsal pain Ganglion (#1 cause of dorsal pain) Extensor tendonitis (overuse) Kienbach’s Disease Volar Pain Ganglion Flexor tendinitis Carpal tunnel syndrome Thumb CMC joint arthritis Radial pain Thumb CMC DJD DeQuervain’s tendinitis Scaphoid fracture Ulnar pain EXT carpi ulnaris tendinitis Synovitis Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
- 14. REFERRED PAIN Referredpain can be due to: Herniated cervical discs Osteoarthritis Brachial plexus outlet syndrome Elbow and shoulder entrapment syndrome
- 15. DEFORMITY Site Associated Symptoms • Neurological •Vascular • Articular Amount of disability Time of Onset • Congenital • Developmental • Acquired Correctability • Completely correctable • Partially correctable • Incorrectable
- 16.
- 17. SWELLING Site Shape Size Firstnotice Associated Symptoms •Pain •Pressure •Neurological •Vascular •Articular Progression Any other swelling Reducibility Any discharge •If present •Duration •Regular or intermittent •Character of discharge
- 18.
- 19. INSTABILITY Time of Onset •Congenital •Developmental •Acquired Frequency •Singleepisode •Recurrent Aggravating factors Associated symptoms •Pain •Disability •Neurovascular Reducibility •Reducible •Irreducible Associated Illness
- 20.
- 21. LOSS OF FUNCTION Modeof onset • Sudden • Gradual Duration • Congenital • Chronic • Acute Involved region and function(s) Progression Associated features
- 22. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS 1. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
- 23. DIFFERENTIALS IN WRIST Wrist Instability Scapholunate Ligament Injury & DISI Lunotriquetral Ligament Injury & VISI SLAC (Scaphoid Lunate Advanced Collapse) CIND (carpal instability nondissociative) Lunate Dislocation (Perilunate dissociation) Wrist Conditions Ulnar Variance TFCC Injury Ulnocarpal Abutment Syndrome Ulnar Styloid Impaction Syndrome Kienbock's Disease Preiser's Disease (Scaphoid AVN) Gymnast's Wrist (Distal Radial Physeal Stress Syndrome)
- 24. DIFFERENTIALS IN HAND Hand Deformities Intrinsic Minus Hand (Claw Hand) Intrinsic Plus Hand Boutonniere Deformity Swan Neck Deformity Mallet Finger Jersey Finger Quadrigia Effect Lumbrical Plus Finger Hand Trauma Scaphoid Fracture Hook of Hamate Fracture Pisiform Fracture Base of Thumb FX Metacarpal FX MCP Dislocations Phalanx Dislocations Phalanx FX Digital Collateral Ligament Injury Thumb Collateral Ligament Injury
- 25. DIFFERENTIALS IN HAND Tendon Conditions De Quervain's Tenosynovitis Trigger Finger Extensor Tendon Injuries Sagittal Band Rupture (traumatic extensor tendon dislocation) Snapping ECU Flexor Tendon Injuries Intersection Syndrome Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendinitis Median Neuropathies Carpal Tunnel Syndrome AIN Compressive Neuropathy Pronator Syndrome Ulnar Neuropathies Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome Radial Neuropathies PIN Compression Syndrome Radial Tunnel Syndrome Wartenberg's Syndrome
- 26. DIFFERENTIALS IN HAND Congenital Hand Cleft Hand Symphalangism Camptodactyly Clinodactyly Syndactyly Poland Syndrome Apert Syndrome Polydactyly of Hand Macrodactyly (local gigantism) Constrictive Ring Syndrome Streeter's Dysplasia Congenital Thumb Thumb Hypoplasia Congenital Trigger Thumb Congenital Clasped Thumb Tumors of the hand Ganglion Cysts Epidermal Inclusion Cyst Anomalous Extensor Tendon Giant Cell Tumor of Tendon Sheath Melanoma
- 27. OTHER DIFFERENTIALS INWRIST AND HAND Vascular Occlusion Vascular Evaluation of the Hand Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome Raynaud's Syndrome Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's disease) Frostbite Arthritic conditions Basilar Thumb Arthritis DIP and PIP Joint Arthritis Wrist Arthritis Dupuytren's Disease Nail Bed Nail Bed Injury Infections Herpetic Whitlow Paronychia Felon Dog and Cat Bites Human Bite Pyogenic Flexor Tenosynovitis Deep Space & Collar Button Infections Atypical Mycobacterium Infections Fungal Infections
- 28.
- 29. PHYSICAL EXAM -GENERAL Develop a standard routine Alleviate the patient's fears Adequate exposure - bilateral Compare both sides
- 30. GENERAL EXAMINATION Vitals •Pulse •Blood Pressure •RespiratoryRate •Temperature Consciousness Orientation Comfort level Position of Patient Height and Weight General Appearance Pallor Icterus Clubbing Cyanosis Pupillary Reaction Lymphadenopathy Dexterity Anything specific
- 31.
- 32. REGIONAL EXAMINATION • InspectionLOOK •PalpationFEEL • Active/Passive movement • Strength TestingMOVE • Shortening or Lengthening • Range of Motion • Regional measurements MEASURE • Depends upon specific region in considerationSPECIAL TESTS
- 33. INSPECTION Observe upperextremity as patient enters room Examine hand in function Deformities Attitude of the hand
- 34. INSPECTION Palmar Surface Creases Thenar and Hypothenar Eminence Arched Framework Hills and Valleys Web Spaces
- 35. CASCADE SIGN Assureall fingers point to scaphoid area when flexed at PIPs
- 36. INSPECTION OF DORSALHAND AND WRIST Hills and Valleys Height of metacarpal heads Finger nails Pale or white=anemia or circulatory Spoon shaped=fungal infection Clubbed=respiratory or congenital heart Deformities
- 37. GANGLION Cystic structurethat arises from synovial sheath Discrete mass Dull ache Dorsal or Volar aspect
- 38. BOUTONNIERE DEFORMITY Tearor stretch of the central extensor tendon at PIP Note: unopposed flexion at PIP Extension at DIP Trauma or inflammatory arthritis
- 39. SWAN NECK DEFORMITY Contraction of intrinsic muscles (trauma, RA) NOTE: Extension at PIP
- 40. OSTEOARTHRITIS Heberden’s nodes: DIPBouchard’s nodes: PIP
- 41. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS MCPswelling Swan neck deformities Ulnar deviation at MCP joints Nodules along tendon sheaths
- 42. MALLET FINGER Hyperflexioninjury Ruptured terminal extensor mechanism at DIP Incomplete extension of DIP joint or extensor lag Treatment: stack splint
- 43. DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURES Palmaror digital fibromatosis Flexion contracture Painless nodules near palmar crease Male> Female Epilepsy, diabetes, alcoholism
- 44. PALPATION OF WRISTDORSUM Radial Styloid Scaphoid 1st MC/Trapezium jt Lunate Lister’s Tubercle Ulnar Styloid TFCC Triquetrum Pisiform Hook of Hamate Guyon’s Tunnel
- 45. RADIAL STYLOID ANDSCAPHOID BONE PALPATION Radial styloid
- 46. SCAPHOID FRACTURE Painful,swollen wrist after a fall Tenderness in snuffbox High frequency of nonunion and avascular necrosis Initial x-rays often unremarkable
- 47. 1ST MC/TRAPEZIUM JOINTPALPATION
- 48.
- 49. KIENBOCK’S DISEASE Idiopathicosteonecrosis of lunate Stress or compression fracture of the lunate Disruption of blood supply with collapse and secondary fragmentation Pain and stiffness of the wrist in the ABSENCE of TRAUMA
- 50. SCAPHOLUNATE DISSOCIATION Diagnosisoften missed Pain, swelling, and decreased ROM Pressure over scaphoid tuberosity elicits pain Greatest pain over dorsal scapholunate area, accentuated with dorsiflexion X-ray shows widening of scapholunate joint space by at least 3 mm
- 51. ULNAR STYLOID ANDLISTER’S TUBERCLE PALPATION Ulnar styloid
- 52.
- 53. TRIQUETRUM FRACTURE 2ndmost common carpal fracture Fall onto outstretched hand with wrist in dorsiflexion and ulnar deviation Swelling and tenderness over the dorsal ulnar aspect of the wrist
- 54. PALPATION OF HANDBONE Metacarpals- 5 Phalanges - 14 Palpate for swelling, tenderness Assess for symmetry
- 55. PALPATION : SOFTTISSUE 6 Dorsal Compartments Transport extensor tendons 2 Palmar Tunnels Transport nerves Arteries Flexor tendons
- 56. 1ST DORSAL COMPARTMENT Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis Radial border of Anatomic Snuff Box Site of stenosing tenosynovitis De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis Finkelstein’s Test
- 57. DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis Inflammationof EXT Pollicis Brevis and ABD Pollicis Longus tendons Tenderness - 1st Dorsal Compartment Finkelstein’s Test
- 58. 2ND DORSAL COMPARTMENT Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Make fist—becomes prominent
- 59. INTERSECTION SYNDROME (SQUEAKERWRIST) Similar to DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis Peritendinitis related to bursal inflammation at the junction of the 1st and 2nd dorsal compartments Overuse of the radial extensor of wrist
- 60. 3RD DORSAL COMPARTMENT Extensor Pollicis Longus Ulnar side of Anatomic Snuff Box Can rupture secondary to Colles’ Fracture or Rheumatoid Arthritis Extensor Pollicis Longus Tenosynovitis
- 61. 4TH DORSAL COMPARTMENT Extensor Digitorum Communis and Extensor Indicis Palpate from the carpus to the metacarpophalangeal joints Frequent site of ganglion cysts
- 62. 5TH DORSAL COMPARTMENT Extensor Digiti Minimi May become involved in rheumatoid arthritis May be subject to attrition Friction due to dorsal dislocation of the ulnar head Synovitis
- 63. 6TH DORSAL COMPARTMENT Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendinitis -repetitive wrist motion or snap of wrist May dislocate over the styloid process of the ulna Seen with Colles’ fracture with associated fracture of the distal ulnar styloid Audible snap
- 64. EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARISTENOSYNOVITIS & SUBLUXATION 6th Dorsal Compartment Second most common site of tenosynovitis (after DeQuervain’s) Common in racket and rowing sports Pain and tenderness with ulnar deviation Suspect subluxation when clicking on ulnar side of forearm
- 65. PALPATION: PALMAR ASPECT Pisiform and Hamate Tunnel of Guyon Ulnar Artery Carpal Tunnel Flexor Carpi Radialis Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- 66.
- 67. HAMATE HOOK FRACTURE Frequently misdiagnosed as tendonitis or sprain Pain, swelling, and tenderness over hypothenar eminence Suspect when patient complains of painful griping and swinging
- 68. TUNNEL OF GUYON Depression between pisiform and hook of hamate Contains ulnar nerve and artery Site of compression injuries unusually tender if pathology is present
- 69. ULNAR NERVE COMPRESSION Tunnel of Guyon Seen in direct or repetitive trauma, fractures of hamate or pisiform, or sports related Operating a jackhammer repetitive power gripping (ex. Cycling) Pain, weakness, paresthesias in ulnar sensory distribution
- 70. CARPAL TUNNEL Deepto palmaris longus Contains median nerve and finger flexor tendons Most common overuse injury of the wrist
- 71. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME Entrapment of the median nerve Phalen’s and Tinel’s Test 2 point discrimination Symptoms Aching in hand and arm Nocturnal or AM paresthesias “Shaking” to obtain relief
- 72. CARPAL TUNNEL TESTS Neurologic exam Median nerve sensation and motor Phalen’s Test: both wrists maximally flexed for 1 minute Tinel’s Test
- 73. VOLAR FLEXOR TENDONS SUPERFICIALGROUP Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus Flexor carpi radialis
- 74. PALPATION: PALM OFHAND Thenar Eminence 3 muscles of thumb Atrophy seen in carpal tunnel syndrome Hypothenar Eminance 3 muscles of little finger Atrophy with ulnar nerve compression Palmar Aponeurosis Dupuytren’s Contracture
- 75. PALPATION OF FINGERS Finger Flexor Tendons Trigger Finger- sudden audible snapping with movement of one of the fingers Extensor Tendons Tufts of Fingers Felon- local infection Paronychia- hangnail infection
- 76. RANGE OF MOTION Active range of motion Passive range of motion if unable to actively move joint Bilateral comparison To determine degrees of restriction
- 77. RANGE OF MOTION:WRIST Flexion Extension Radial deviation Ulnar deviation Ulnar deviation is greater than radial
- 78. RANGE OF MOTION:FINGERS Flexion/extension at MCP, PIP, DIP Tight fist and open Do all fingers work in unison Abduction/Adduction at MCP Spread fingers apart and then back together
- 79. RANGE OF MOTION:THUMB Thumb flexion/extension at MCP and IP Touch pad at base of little finger Thumb Abduction/Adduction at carpometacarpal joint Opposition Touch tip of thumb to tip of each finger
- 81. SPECIALTEST Tap/Percussion Test MP Torsion/Grind/CompressionTest Transverse Compression Test Finkelstein Test Phalen Test Tinel's Sign Test (Radial & Ulnar Nerve) Bunnel Littler Test Murphy's Sign Test Valgus (Ulnar) Stress Test Varus (Radial) Stress Test Froment's Sign Test Digital Allen's Test Long Finger Flexion Test
- 82. DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis Inflammationof EXT Pollicis Brevis and ABD Pollicis Longus tendons Tenderness - 1st Dorsal Compartment Finkelstein’s Test
- 83. CARPAL TUNNEL TESTS Neurologic exam Median nerve sensation and motor Phalen’s Test: both wrists maximally flexed for 1 minute Tinel’s Test
- 84.
- 85. NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION Muscle tests: Wrist EXTENSION C6 FLEXION C7 Fingers EXTENSION C7 FLEXION C8 ABDUCTION T1 ADDUCTION T1
- 86. Sensation Testing Dorsal handRadial hand
- 87.