The document discusses poverty, defining it as a condition where people's basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. It describes poverty in terms of absolute and relative theories, and defines the poverty line as the cutoff point for per capita expenditure needed to satisfy basic needs. The document lists common reasons for poverty such as war, disease, lack of education, unemployment and natural disasters. It proposes remedies such as economic development, population control, education development, and social security measures. Finally, it notes the serious effects of poverty on children's health.
Improving the Measurement of Poverty
By
Rebecca M. Blank
Mark H. Greenberg
1. Introduction
2. The Problem: An Out-of-Date Measure of Poverty
3
. An Improved Measure, Based on the Recommendations of the NAS Panel
4. Making Specific Choices for the New Poverty Measure
5. Recommendations Regarding How to Implement the Approach
6. An Example of What This Might Mean for the Poverty Rate
7. Conclusion
Appendix: Detailed Calculations for the Recommended New Poverty Measure
References
Improving the Measurement of Poverty
By
Rebecca M. Blank
Mark H. Greenberg
1. Introduction
2. The Problem: An Out-of-Date Measure of Poverty
3
. An Improved Measure, Based on the Recommendations of the NAS Panel
4. Making Specific Choices for the New Poverty Measure
5. Recommendations Regarding How to Implement the Approach
6. An Example of What This Might Mean for the Poverty Rate
7. Conclusion
Appendix: Detailed Calculations for the Recommended New Poverty Measure
References
Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Ext...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
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Causes of poverty in world A Lecture by Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agri Extension KPK/Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
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T h e J o u r n a l o f D e v e l o p i n g A r e a s
Volume 48 No. 4 Fall 2014
INTERACTIONS AMONG POVERTY, ACCESS TO MODERN ENERGY SOURCES, AND GENDER IN NIGERIA
Fidelis O. Ogwumike
University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Uche M. Ozughalu
University of Nigeria, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
This study examines the interactions among poverty, access to modern energy sources and gender in Nigeria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression technique are used. The 2010 Nigeria Living Standard Survey data set obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics is used. The findings of the study show, among other things, that contrary to what happens in many countries of the world, both incidences of poverty and lack of access to modern energy sources are more pronounced among male-headed households than among female-headed households. The logistic regression estimates show, among other things, that poverty reduces the odds in favor of having access to modern energy sources and while female headship of household reduces the odds in favor of being in poverty, it increases the odds in favor of having access to modern energy sources. The forgoing should serve as invaluable guide to the Nigerian government and policy makers.
JEL Classifications:
D10, I32, J16, Q43, R20
Keywords:
Poverty, Modern Energy Sources, Gender, Logit Model, Nigeria
Corresponding Authorâs Email Address:
[email protected]
INTRODUCTION
A major socio-economic problem plaguing Nigeria is poverty. In recent times poverty has become pervasive in Nigeria. Associated with the poverty problem in Nigeria is the gross inadequacy in access to modern energy sources. Most Nigerian households use inferior/environmentally harmful sources of energy for cooking and lighting (National Bureau of Statistics, 2005). The use of such inferior sources of energy - like firewood, charcoal, crop residue, animal waste and sawdust - causes environmental pollution which ultimately leads to reduction in health status and productivity.
Both poverty and access to energy sources have gender dimension. Women are said to be more vulnerable to poverty than men. Despite the great role women play in nation-building, they do not receive commensurate economic reward. It is noteworthy that the great role women play in the development process is clearly ref.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), NiĆĄ, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called âsmallâ because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other  chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Â
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules -Â a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.Â
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to âburnâ the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP.  Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 â 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : Â cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
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What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. MEANING
Poverty is a major social problem Condition where
people's basic need for food, clothing and shelter are
not being met. poverty is generally of two type.
Absolute Theory
Relative Theory
5. POVERTY LINE
It refers to the cut off point in terms of precipitate
expenditure incurred by the people to satisfy basic
needs. The precipitate expenditure is above it is
considered as above poverty line (APL)and the
precipitate expenditure is below it is considered as
below poverty line (BPL)
6. DEFINITION POVERTY
â a wake â up call to every one who cares about global
povertyâ
Jacquellinefuller
7. Reasons for poverty
ï War
ï Disease
ï Lack of Education
ï Fires
ï Accidents
ï Unemployment
ï Natural disaster
ï Physical and Mental disability
8. Remedial Measures of Poverty
ï Economic development
ï Population control
ï Development of Education
ï Removal of Personal disabilities
ï Comprehensive social security Measures.
9. Effects of Poverty
The effect of Poverty are serious.childern who grow
up in poverty suffer more persisted, Frequent and
severe health problem than do children who grow
up under better financial circumstances.
