Poverty has many negative effects and can perpetuate across generations. Children who grow up in poverty often face disadvantages in education and health that make it difficult to escape the cycle of poverty. They are more likely to fall behind in school and have worse educational and career outcomes. This in turn affects their ability to lift themselves and their own children out of poverty. Breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty requires addressing the root causes and improving access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunity.
This document summarizes unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and discusses its measurement and classification. It then lists several key causes of unemployment in India like rapid population growth, economic issues, changing technology, and illiteracy. The document also outlines some major effects of unemployment at both the individual level, like mental stress and poverty, and the social level, such as civil unrest and law and order problems. It proceeds to discuss several Indian government employment generation programs. In the conclusion, it recommends controlling population growth, improving education quality, developing more rural industries, and generating rural employment to help address unemployment.
The document discusses unemployment in India. It defines full employment and unemployment, noting that unemployment occurs when able and willing people cannot find work. It states that unemployment is typically higher in urban areas, among men, in the agriculture sector, and among the educated population. It classifies unemployment into voluntary, involuntary, cyclical, seasonal, frictional, structural, and disguised types. It provides employment and unemployment data for India from 1993-1994 to 2004-2005 and notes the current unemployment rate is around 9.4%. It also lists some key government initiatives to address unemployment like MGNREGA, SGSY, and PMEGP. Suggestions proposed include increasing access to credit, providing skills training, and reforming
This document discusses social and economic problems in Pakistan. It is presented by 5 members and introduces socio-economic problems as social problems (such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, unemployment, child labor, health problems) and economic problems (power crises, war on terrorism, declining exports, tumbling stock market, lack of tourism, loss of business). Each problem is then defined and explained in more detail with examples and statistics about their impact and causes. The conclusion calls for both government and citizens to play a role in creating positive change.
Good health has many benefits for Botswana's development including higher productivity from healthy workers who are rarely absent, healthy students who learn better and are rarely absent, and government savings from fewer healthcare costs and dependents. Poor health harms development by requiring more spending on healthcare leaving less for other sectors, increasing absenteeism and slowing production, and creating financial burdens when breadwinners cannot work due to illness. Maintaining population health is important for Botswana's development.
1) Marx rejected Malthus' theory that population growth itself caused poverty and famine. Instead, Marx argued that poverty under capitalism was caused by unequal distribution of wealth and lack of jobs, not overpopulation.
2) According to Marx, a well-ordered socialist society could support population growth through increased production and wealth, unlike capitalism which creates a "reserve army of labor" and unemployment.
3) Key differences between Marx and Malthus include Marx's view that poverty is caused by the contradictions of capitalism rather than natural population pressures, and his theory that technological changes under capitalism displace workers rather than Malthus' belief that population naturally outstrips food production.
The Demographic Transition Model, developed by Warren Thompson (1929), posits a shift from an agricultural, rural economy to an industrialized, urban society. A characteristic of this shift is an intermediate period of rapid population growth during which slowly declining fertility rates lag behind rapidly declining mortality rates. This presentation will explore the four stages of the Demographic Transition Model, the relationship between economic development and population growth, as well as the potential issues and shortfalls when applying this classic model to today’s developing countries.
Poverty is defined as lacking basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothing. It is caused by a lack of money, natural disasters, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and issues like drugs and alcohol. The major causes of extreme poverty are hunger, lack of access to healthcare, limited education, and insufficient clean water. Billions of people worldwide live in poverty, with millions dying each year due to lack of food, nutrition, and preventable health issues.
The document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty as lack of basic needs like food, shelter, access to healthcare and education. It outlines different types of poverty measurements and discusses factors contributing to poverty in India like unemployment, population growth, social inequalities, and lack of industrialization under British rule. Several government programs are mentioned as trying to address poverty. Statistics show over 25% of Indians live below the poverty line, with some states having much higher rates.
This document summarizes unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and discusses its measurement and classification. It then lists several key causes of unemployment in India like rapid population growth, economic issues, changing technology, and illiteracy. The document also outlines some major effects of unemployment at both the individual level, like mental stress and poverty, and the social level, such as civil unrest and law and order problems. It proceeds to discuss several Indian government employment generation programs. In the conclusion, it recommends controlling population growth, improving education quality, developing more rural industries, and generating rural employment to help address unemployment.
The document discusses unemployment in India. It defines full employment and unemployment, noting that unemployment occurs when able and willing people cannot find work. It states that unemployment is typically higher in urban areas, among men, in the agriculture sector, and among the educated population. It classifies unemployment into voluntary, involuntary, cyclical, seasonal, frictional, structural, and disguised types. It provides employment and unemployment data for India from 1993-1994 to 2004-2005 and notes the current unemployment rate is around 9.4%. It also lists some key government initiatives to address unemployment like MGNREGA, SGSY, and PMEGP. Suggestions proposed include increasing access to credit, providing skills training, and reforming
This document discusses social and economic problems in Pakistan. It is presented by 5 members and introduces socio-economic problems as social problems (such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, unemployment, child labor, health problems) and economic problems (power crises, war on terrorism, declining exports, tumbling stock market, lack of tourism, loss of business). Each problem is then defined and explained in more detail with examples and statistics about their impact and causes. The conclusion calls for both government and citizens to play a role in creating positive change.
Good health has many benefits for Botswana's development including higher productivity from healthy workers who are rarely absent, healthy students who learn better and are rarely absent, and government savings from fewer healthcare costs and dependents. Poor health harms development by requiring more spending on healthcare leaving less for other sectors, increasing absenteeism and slowing production, and creating financial burdens when breadwinners cannot work due to illness. Maintaining population health is important for Botswana's development.
1) Marx rejected Malthus' theory that population growth itself caused poverty and famine. Instead, Marx argued that poverty under capitalism was caused by unequal distribution of wealth and lack of jobs, not overpopulation.
2) According to Marx, a well-ordered socialist society could support population growth through increased production and wealth, unlike capitalism which creates a "reserve army of labor" and unemployment.
3) Key differences between Marx and Malthus include Marx's view that poverty is caused by the contradictions of capitalism rather than natural population pressures, and his theory that technological changes under capitalism displace workers rather than Malthus' belief that population naturally outstrips food production.
The Demographic Transition Model, developed by Warren Thompson (1929), posits a shift from an agricultural, rural economy to an industrialized, urban society. A characteristic of this shift is an intermediate period of rapid population growth during which slowly declining fertility rates lag behind rapidly declining mortality rates. This presentation will explore the four stages of the Demographic Transition Model, the relationship between economic development and population growth, as well as the potential issues and shortfalls when applying this classic model to today’s developing countries.
Poverty is defined as lacking basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothing. It is caused by a lack of money, natural disasters, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and issues like drugs and alcohol. The major causes of extreme poverty are hunger, lack of access to healthcare, limited education, and insufficient clean water. Billions of people worldwide live in poverty, with millions dying each year due to lack of food, nutrition, and preventable health issues.
The document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty as lack of basic needs like food, shelter, access to healthcare and education. It outlines different types of poverty measurements and discusses factors contributing to poverty in India like unemployment, population growth, social inequalities, and lack of industrialization under British rule. Several government programs are mentioned as trying to address poverty. Statistics show over 25% of Indians live below the poverty line, with some states having much higher rates.
Causes of-poverty-presentation-on-poverty-poverty-in-pakistan by salim sahilazanahmadlangah
Poverty is a widespread global issue, with over 3 billion people living on less than $2 per day. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of access to basic needs, while relative poverty means having a low income compared to others in one's society. Poverty traps people in a cycle of poor health, lack of education, and lost opportunities that is then passed on to future generations. Some of the major causes of poverty include lack of economic growth, political instability, natural disasters, and lack of access to education, healthcare, and other resources. Addressing poverty requires tackling its complex social and economic roots.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty as the inability to afford basic human needs like food, shelter and education. Poverty has been a long-standing problem in India and was intense during the colonial era. There are two concepts of poverty - absolute poverty refers to inability to consume a minimum number of calories, while relative poverty compares income levels. Rural poverty affects agricultural laborers and the landless, while urban poverty affects slum dwellers. Government measures to reduce poverty include rural employment programs, training for self-employment, subsidized food and loans for small businesses.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and provides statistics on poverty rates. Some key facts presented include that as of 2005, 85.7% of the population lives on less than $2.50 per day and 27.5% were below the poverty line in 2004-2005. Rural poverty rates in some states are higher than in some of the world's poorest countries. The document also examines various causes of poverty in India such as British colonial policies, unemployment, population growth, and the caste system. It concludes by noting that poverty alleviation is expected to improve over the next 50 years as the middle class grows.
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Development included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
The document defines and discusses different types of poverty. The United Nations defines poverty as the inability to access opportunities and basic human needs like food, water, shelter, and education. The World Bank sees poverty as lacking well-being in multiple dimensions like income, health, education, and security. Absolute poverty refers to deprivation of basic needs and is measured as living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day. Relative poverty measures income inequality within a society. Common indicators used to measure poverty include the headcount ratio of those below the poverty line and the poverty gap reflecting resources needed to eliminate poverty.
Poverty is defined as a lack of basic human needs like food, shelter, and clothing. It can be measured through relative poverty, which is a lack of resources relative to a society, and absolute poverty, which is a lack of resources to satisfy basic physical needs. India's poverty rate has declined from 45% in the 1990s to 22% in 2011-2012 according to government estimates, though poverty remains a significant problem, especially in rural areas and certain states. Poverty is caused by issues like overpopulation, unemployment, underdevelopment, and low economic growth. The government has implemented various programs aimed at poverty alleviation and increasing employment opportunities in rural areas.
Poverty is defined as lacking the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Over 736 million people live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than $1.90 per day. Poverty is both a lack of income and access to necessities like healthcare, education, clean water and shelter. It often persists across generations as impoverished families cannot afford education or their children must work instead of attending school. Ending poverty requires addressing its underlying causes like lack of infrastructure, education, economic opportunity and natural disasters. Alleviating poverty sustainably may involve improving access to resources and making lives self-sufficient.
This document discusses unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and outlines the main types: demand deficient, frictional, structural, and voluntary. It then examines the causes of unemployment in India including large population, lack of skills, and slow private investment. The impacts are also explored such as increased poverty and crime. The government has implemented initiatives to address unemployment like rural development programs, self-employment training schemes, and employment guarantee programs. Solutions involve improving education, expanding employment services, and promoting full employment.
This document discusses unemployment in South Africa. It begins by defining unemployment as having no job despite being able and willing to work. There are four main types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, and institutional. Causes of unemployment include poor governance, corruption, lack of job creation, and catastrophic events. Effects of unemployment include psychological issues, poverty, substance abuse, health problems, and negative family impacts. The document presents statistics on unemployment rates in South Africa and innovative solutions such as reorienting education, volunteering, entrepreneurship, and community work.
The document discusses several individualistic theories of poverty: biogenetic theory, which claims intelligence explains poverty; culture of poverty theory, which argues the poor have dysfunctional values; and human capital theory, which asserts lack of education causes poverty. Each is critiqued for ignoring structural factors like inequality, discrimination, and lack of opportunity that impact poverty beyond individual choices or attributes. While education and skills are important, success depends more on access to social and cultural capital like networks, privilege, and converting human capital into well-paying jobs.
Durkheim studied suicide rates across different societies to understand its causes. He hypothesized that suicide was influenced by social, not individual, factors. His research found higher suicide rates among groups with less social integration, like Protestants and unmarried individuals. He concluded there were three types of suicide based on social attachment: altruistic from too much attachment, egoistic from too little, and anomic during times of social change and uncertainty.
Social problem is an unexpected situation which hinders to lead normal life in a society. Social problem is a multidimensional problem. Social problem are created by various reasons.
Bangladesh is attacked by various social problems.
The document discusses two social psychological theories of aggression: social learning theory and deindividuation theory. Social learning theory proposes that aggression can be learned through observation and modeling of others' aggressive behavior. Deindividuation theory suggests that reduced self-awareness in crowds can lead to disinhibition and increased aggression due to feelings of anonymity. Empirical evidence is presented supporting both theories, though some studies have found inconsistencies. The document also examines situational factors that may contribute to institutional aggression, such as those found in prisons.
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes 5 stages of population change based on birth and death rates as a country develops. It has been useful for predicting population changes and comparing countries' development. However, it has limitations as it was based on the UK's experience and does not account for factors like migration, war, or variations in development paths across countries. It also does not provide timescales and can oversimplify complex population dynamics.
This ppt is showing the Indian poverty and some characteristics, types and below poverty line data on indian base it also cover types of poverty which found in india.
Unemployment has been a serious issue in Bangladesh for a long time. Historically, the British administration neglected establishing industries in Bangladesh, contributing to unemployment after their departure. Currently, unemployment rates in Bangladesh are around 3.7% according to ILO estimates, ranking it 12th in the world for increasing unemployment. The major causes of unemployment include lack of industrial development and disguised unemployment in agriculture. The effects of unemployment include poverty, rural to urban migration, and underdevelopment. Different types of unemployment discussed are involuntary, structural, and long-term unemployment. Unemployment rates from 2003-2017 ranged from 2.5-8.4% and remain a significant problem hampering Bangladesh's development.
Educational dropout is one of the major problems in India and for the whole world itself. This article presents the problem of girl’s educational dropout of Himachal Pradesh in India. The literacy rate (LR) of the state is very excellent up to 82.80%. But the discrepancy of male and female LR goes up to 13.60% and this discrepancy creates a foremost problem with the overall LR of this state. Work has been done to find out the reasons for the most minuscule LR of female as compared to male. So that some suggested measure can be taken to improve the LR of the female in Himachal Pradesh.
This document defines and describes poverty. It notes that poverty refers to a lack of material possessions or money needed to meet basic needs like food, water, shelter and healthcare. Absolute poverty means deprivation of basic human needs, while relative poverty is defined within a particular society or location. The document then discusses characteristics of poverty like hunger, lack of education, poor housing, and causes and effects like unemployment, stress, and increased risk of violence and human trafficking. It provides statistics on poverty rates in Pakistan and solutions like employment generation, government spending transparency, and developing agriculture and industry.
Poverty in India is defined as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. Factors contributing to poverty include precarious livelihoods, exclusion, physical limitations, gender inequality, insecurity, social problems, weak community organizations, and limited capabilities. Characteristics of poverty in India include poor health, hunger, low levels of education, and inadequate housing. Steps proposed to address poverty include increasing employment, raising wages, sustaining social programs, providing paid leave, reforming the criminal justice system, investing in childcare and education, and reforming immigration policies.
Causes of-poverty-presentation-on-poverty-poverty-in-pakistan by salim sahilazanahmadlangah
Poverty is a widespread global issue, with over 3 billion people living on less than $2 per day. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of access to basic needs, while relative poverty means having a low income compared to others in one's society. Poverty traps people in a cycle of poor health, lack of education, and lost opportunities that is then passed on to future generations. Some of the major causes of poverty include lack of economic growth, political instability, natural disasters, and lack of access to education, healthcare, and other resources. Addressing poverty requires tackling its complex social and economic roots.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty as the inability to afford basic human needs like food, shelter and education. Poverty has been a long-standing problem in India and was intense during the colonial era. There are two concepts of poverty - absolute poverty refers to inability to consume a minimum number of calories, while relative poverty compares income levels. Rural poverty affects agricultural laborers and the landless, while urban poverty affects slum dwellers. Government measures to reduce poverty include rural employment programs, training for self-employment, subsidized food and loans for small businesses.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and provides statistics on poverty rates. Some key facts presented include that as of 2005, 85.7% of the population lives on less than $2.50 per day and 27.5% were below the poverty line in 2004-2005. Rural poverty rates in some states are higher than in some of the world's poorest countries. The document also examines various causes of poverty in India such as British colonial policies, unemployment, population growth, and the caste system. It concludes by noting that poverty alleviation is expected to improve over the next 50 years as the middle class grows.
This includes complete notes needed for the chapter Development included in CBSE Class X Curriculum.
The notes are prepared by topper of CBSE who scored A1 in Social Science and a 10 CGPA.
The document defines and discusses different types of poverty. The United Nations defines poverty as the inability to access opportunities and basic human needs like food, water, shelter, and education. The World Bank sees poverty as lacking well-being in multiple dimensions like income, health, education, and security. Absolute poverty refers to deprivation of basic needs and is measured as living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day. Relative poverty measures income inequality within a society. Common indicators used to measure poverty include the headcount ratio of those below the poverty line and the poverty gap reflecting resources needed to eliminate poverty.
Poverty is defined as a lack of basic human needs like food, shelter, and clothing. It can be measured through relative poverty, which is a lack of resources relative to a society, and absolute poverty, which is a lack of resources to satisfy basic physical needs. India's poverty rate has declined from 45% in the 1990s to 22% in 2011-2012 according to government estimates, though poverty remains a significant problem, especially in rural areas and certain states. Poverty is caused by issues like overpopulation, unemployment, underdevelopment, and low economic growth. The government has implemented various programs aimed at poverty alleviation and increasing employment opportunities in rural areas.
Poverty is defined as lacking the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. Over 736 million people live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than $1.90 per day. Poverty is both a lack of income and access to necessities like healthcare, education, clean water and shelter. It often persists across generations as impoverished families cannot afford education or their children must work instead of attending school. Ending poverty requires addressing its underlying causes like lack of infrastructure, education, economic opportunity and natural disasters. Alleviating poverty sustainably may involve improving access to resources and making lives self-sufficient.
This document discusses unemployment in India. It defines unemployment and outlines the main types: demand deficient, frictional, structural, and voluntary. It then examines the causes of unemployment in India including large population, lack of skills, and slow private investment. The impacts are also explored such as increased poverty and crime. The government has implemented initiatives to address unemployment like rural development programs, self-employment training schemes, and employment guarantee programs. Solutions involve improving education, expanding employment services, and promoting full employment.
This document discusses unemployment in South Africa. It begins by defining unemployment as having no job despite being able and willing to work. There are four main types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, and institutional. Causes of unemployment include poor governance, corruption, lack of job creation, and catastrophic events. Effects of unemployment include psychological issues, poverty, substance abuse, health problems, and negative family impacts. The document presents statistics on unemployment rates in South Africa and innovative solutions such as reorienting education, volunteering, entrepreneurship, and community work.
The document discusses several individualistic theories of poverty: biogenetic theory, which claims intelligence explains poverty; culture of poverty theory, which argues the poor have dysfunctional values; and human capital theory, which asserts lack of education causes poverty. Each is critiqued for ignoring structural factors like inequality, discrimination, and lack of opportunity that impact poverty beyond individual choices or attributes. While education and skills are important, success depends more on access to social and cultural capital like networks, privilege, and converting human capital into well-paying jobs.
Durkheim studied suicide rates across different societies to understand its causes. He hypothesized that suicide was influenced by social, not individual, factors. His research found higher suicide rates among groups with less social integration, like Protestants and unmarried individuals. He concluded there were three types of suicide based on social attachment: altruistic from too much attachment, egoistic from too little, and anomic during times of social change and uncertainty.
Social problem is an unexpected situation which hinders to lead normal life in a society. Social problem is a multidimensional problem. Social problem are created by various reasons.
Bangladesh is attacked by various social problems.
The document discusses two social psychological theories of aggression: social learning theory and deindividuation theory. Social learning theory proposes that aggression can be learned through observation and modeling of others' aggressive behavior. Deindividuation theory suggests that reduced self-awareness in crowds can lead to disinhibition and increased aggression due to feelings of anonymity. Empirical evidence is presented supporting both theories, though some studies have found inconsistencies. The document also examines situational factors that may contribute to institutional aggression, such as those found in prisons.
The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) describes 5 stages of population change based on birth and death rates as a country develops. It has been useful for predicting population changes and comparing countries' development. However, it has limitations as it was based on the UK's experience and does not account for factors like migration, war, or variations in development paths across countries. It also does not provide timescales and can oversimplify complex population dynamics.
This ppt is showing the Indian poverty and some characteristics, types and below poverty line data on indian base it also cover types of poverty which found in india.
Unemployment has been a serious issue in Bangladesh for a long time. Historically, the British administration neglected establishing industries in Bangladesh, contributing to unemployment after their departure. Currently, unemployment rates in Bangladesh are around 3.7% according to ILO estimates, ranking it 12th in the world for increasing unemployment. The major causes of unemployment include lack of industrial development and disguised unemployment in agriculture. The effects of unemployment include poverty, rural to urban migration, and underdevelopment. Different types of unemployment discussed are involuntary, structural, and long-term unemployment. Unemployment rates from 2003-2017 ranged from 2.5-8.4% and remain a significant problem hampering Bangladesh's development.
Educational dropout is one of the major problems in India and for the whole world itself. This article presents the problem of girl’s educational dropout of Himachal Pradesh in India. The literacy rate (LR) of the state is very excellent up to 82.80%. But the discrepancy of male and female LR goes up to 13.60% and this discrepancy creates a foremost problem with the overall LR of this state. Work has been done to find out the reasons for the most minuscule LR of female as compared to male. So that some suggested measure can be taken to improve the LR of the female in Himachal Pradesh.
This document defines and describes poverty. It notes that poverty refers to a lack of material possessions or money needed to meet basic needs like food, water, shelter and healthcare. Absolute poverty means deprivation of basic human needs, while relative poverty is defined within a particular society or location. The document then discusses characteristics of poverty like hunger, lack of education, poor housing, and causes and effects like unemployment, stress, and increased risk of violence and human trafficking. It provides statistics on poverty rates in Pakistan and solutions like employment generation, government spending transparency, and developing agriculture and industry.
Poverty in India is defined as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. Factors contributing to poverty include precarious livelihoods, exclusion, physical limitations, gender inequality, insecurity, social problems, weak community organizations, and limited capabilities. Characteristics of poverty in India include poor health, hunger, low levels of education, and inadequate housing. Steps proposed to address poverty include increasing employment, raising wages, sustaining social programs, providing paid leave, reforming the criminal justice system, investing in childcare and education, and reforming immigration policies.
Poverty and health . Social and preventive pharmacySusmitaGhosh94
Poverty and poor health are related worldwide. Poverty increases the risk of poor health as the poor lack access to healthcare, nutrition, clean water and education. This traps communities in an ongoing cycle of poverty and illness. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of basic necessities, while relative poverty compares one's economic status to others in their community. Poverty is caused by unemployment, lack of education, overpopulation and more. It affects societies through issues like homelessness and crime, and individuals' health through malnutrition and disease. Reducing poverty requires increasing employment, education, healthcare access and awareness of issues like family planning.
The document discusses poverty in India, including its causes, types, and government programs to address it. It defines poverty and notes that many Indians still live below the poverty line despite economic growth. The main causes of poverty discussed are lack of good jobs, education, conflict, lack of infrastructure, healthcare access, and overpopulation. The types of poverty described are absolute, relative, situational, generational, rural, and urban. The document also outlines several major Indian government programs aimed at reducing poverty, employment generation, and increasing access to resources for poor communities.
This document discusses poverty from historical and future perspectives. It outlines four dimensions of poverty: material limit, psychological damage, social exclusion, and political powerlessness. Historically, capitalism led to more poverty as serfs were cast out of feudal systems and had to find work. While some gains have been made against absolute poverty, inequality remains a huge problem. To fully address poverty, both economic and political systems will need significant reform to provide justice, opportunity and basic needs for all people.
This document is a term paper submitted for an Introduction to Sociology course analyzing the social causes of poverty. It begins with an introduction and methodology section describing the focus groups and data collection process. The descriptive results section then analyzes various social factors that can contribute to poverty, such as overpopulation, lack of education, unemployment, corruption, poor governance, and natural disasters. It discusses how these economic, political, and external factors can create and perpetuate poverty. The paper concludes by discussing potential roles for society in helping to decrease poverty.
POVERTY AND THEORIES USED TO EXPLAIN POVERTYDevine Espante
This document discusses different aspects and definitions of poverty. It begins by defining poverty as a lack of financial resources to meet basic needs. The World Bank further describes poverty as lacking access to food, shelter, healthcare, education, jobs and security. Global poverty lines are mentioned as measuring those living below $1.90, $3.20 and $5.50 per day. Statistics on global poverty rates and the countries with the most extreme poverty are provided. The document also discusses different types of poverty including situational, generational, absolute, relative, urban and rural poverty. Finally, it briefly outlines some major theories for explaining poverty, such as classical, neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxian approaches.
The document discusses the definition and causes of poverty. It defines poverty as lacking basic needs like food, shelter, healthcare, education and job opportunities. According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die daily due to poverty. The poorest 40% of the world's population accounts for only 5% of global income, while the richest 20% accounts for three-quarters of it. Causes of poverty include overpopulation, unequal distribution of resources, lack of education and employment opportunities, and environmental issues. Children who grow up in poverty often face health and developmental problems. The document recommends addressing poverty through providing food, healthcare, shelter, education, and helping victims start self-sustaining projects.
The document discusses the definition and causes of poverty. It defines poverty as lacking basic needs like food, shelter, healthcare, education and job opportunities. According to UNICEF, 22,000 children die daily due to poverty. The poorest 40% of the world's population accounts for only 5% of global income, while the richest 20% accounts for three-quarters of it. Causes of poverty include overpopulation, unequal distribution of resources, lack of education and employment opportunities, and environmental issues. Children who grow up in poverty often face health and developmental problems. The document recommends addressing poverty through providing food, healthcare, shelter, education, and helping victims start self-sustaining projects.
This document defines and discusses poverty. It notes that poverty is a lack of resources for a minimum standard of living. The main causes of poverty include unemployment, inflation, poor resource management, corruption, and lack of education. There are two types of poverty: absolute poverty which is a lack of basic needs, and relative poverty which is having fewer resources than others in one's society. Effects of poverty include poor health, lack of education, and increased crime. The document then discusses poverty in the Philippines, noting statistics on poverty rates and solutions to reduce poverty such as job creation, government spending transparency, debt cancellation, and zakat.
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This document discusses poverty, including its definition, types, causes, and effects. It also examines strategies to reduce poverty. Poverty is defined as a lack of material goods or money. There are two main types: absolute poverty involving basic needs, and relative poverty comparing living standards within a society. Major causes include lack of education, disease, and limited economic opportunities. Effects are on both individuals, like poor health, and societies, such as less economic growth. Recommended solutions involve both short-term actions like job creation, and long-term investments in education, healthcare, and sustainable development. The ultimate goal is to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty.
This document outlines the key points about poverty that learners should understand after a lesson. It defines poverty and differentiates between absolute and relative poverty. Chronic poverty is discussed as poverty that is passed down through generations. Characteristics of poverty mentioned include those living in rural areas, women, low levels of education, and high population growth. The effects of poverty discussed are limited life choices, negative health impacts, limited economic opportunities, decreased productivity, and increased domestic violence. Learners are assigned an activity to analyze poverty in their communities and suggest solutions.
This document discusses poverty and its causes. It notes that poverty refers to when basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter are not fulfilled. Common causes of poverty include lack of education and opportunity, overpopulation, natural disasters, and unemployment. The negative effects of poverty include dependence on others, poor nutrition, lack of career choice, stress, and low living standards. Solutions proposed are increasing job opportunities, improving transparency in social spending, and reforming education.
This document discusses topics related to poverty, unemployment, and gender discrimination. It specifically covers poverty, including definitions of absolute and relative poverty, characteristics of poverty such as health, hunger, education and housing issues. Causes of poverty mentioned include lack of economic growth, natural disasters, and socioeconomic disparities. Effects include intergenerational poverty and lack of opportunities to improve quality of life. The document also discusses poverty in Pakistan, noting that over 58 million Pakistanis live below the poverty line. Key causes of poverty in Pakistan are identified as government policies, corruption, inflation, smuggling, overpopulation, unemployment, and security issues. Methods for reducing poverty focus on increasing access to basic needs like food, healthcare and education, as well
Assignment on Poverty Alleviation in BangladeshRejul Khan
The document defines and discusses poverty from several perspectives. It notes that poverty involves lack of basic needs like food, shelter, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, involving deprivation of basic needs, or relative, defined based on economic inequality in a given location. The document also classifies poverty into income poverty, involving insufficient funds, and non-income poverty, where quality of life is poor despite some money due to lack of services and security. It provides statistics on poverty in Bangladesh, finding around 31% of the rural population suffers from chronic poverty with inadequate consumption and nutrition. The top reasons for poverty in Bangladesh are identified as rapid population growth and corruption among high-level officials.
This document discusses poverty in India, its causes, effects, and measures to address it. It notes that poverty is defined as a lack of basic necessities for survival. Major causes of poverty in India include high population growth, illiteracy, unemployment, and low agricultural productivity. Effects include lagging economic development, high starvation deaths, disease spread, and social issues. The poverty cycle is difficult to escape from due to lack of jobs or low income leading to illiteracy and struggling to find work. While poverty levels decreased from 37% to 22% between 2004-2005 and 2011-2012, some states saw increases. Measures to reduce poverty focus on employment generation, education, using resources efficiently, microfinancing, self
Poverty is the lack of basic necessities like food, water, shelter, education and healthcare. Third world countries, located mostly in Africa, Asia and Latin America, have high rates of poverty. Four factors that cause poverty in third world countries are income inequality, conflicts, natural disasters, and lack of education and healthcare access. Poverty has major impacts like hunger, lack of sanitation, high birth rates, unemployment, and social issues. Bangladesh is used as an example, with 13% of its 165 million people living below $2 per day. Reducing poverty requires job creation, income redistribution, skills training, and microcredit programs.
This document provides an overview of poverty in Pakistan. It defines poverty, discusses types of poverty such as absolute and relative poverty. It also outlines factors that affect poverty like economic growth and inequality. Causes of poverty mentioned include lack of education, materialism, large-scale imports, and division of agricultural land. Effects of poverty include increased disease, low birth weight, stress, and homelessness. The document concludes with proposed solutions to poverty such as ensuring basic human rights, redistributing land and resources, and canceling debt in developing countries.
The document discusses poverty in Pakistan, defining it as not having enough money to meet basic needs like food, clothing, and shelter. It identifies several causes of poverty in Pakistan, including lack of education, unemployment, overpopulation, lack of infrastructure, and natural disasters. The effects of poverty are also outlined, such as lack of food and nutrition, child labor, lack of education, and homelessness. Finally, some remedies to overcome poverty in Pakistan are proposed, like equal distribution of resources, promoting industrialization, prevalence of education, and providing job opportunities.
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2. INTRODUCTION
ETYMOLOGY
The word poverty comes from old French Poverte (Modern French:pauvrete),
from Latin paupertas from pauper(poor).
DEFINITION
Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well- being, and comprises many
dimensions.it includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods
and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low
levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation,
inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and
opportunity to better one’s life.
MAJOR TYPES OF POVERTY
There are two major types of poverty:
ABSOLUTE POVERTY
RELATIVE POVERTY
Absolute Poverty
Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or abject poverty is “a condition
characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe
drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and
information. It depends not only on income but also an access to services.
Figure 1
3. World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in the
households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has
decreased in each region of the world since 1990.
Table 1
REGION $1 per day $1.25 per
day
1990 2002 2004 1981 2008
East Asia
and
Pacific
15.40% 12.33% 9.07% 77.2% 14.3%
Europe
and
central
Asia
3.60% 1.28% 0.95% 1.9% 0.5%
Latin
America
and the
Caribbean
9.62% 9.08% 8.64% 11.9% 6.5%
Middle
East and
north
Africa
2.08% 1.69% 1.47% 9.65 2.7%
South
Asia
35.04% 33.44% 30.84% 61.6% 36%
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
46.07% 42.63% 41.09% 51.5% 47.5%
WORLD 52.2% 22.4%
Graph defined on poverty1
Define by world bank in 2015
4. Figure 2
Relative Poverty
“Relative poverty refers to individuals or groups lack of resources when
compared with that of other members of the society – in other words, their
relative standard of living.”
Figure 3
SOME OTHER TYPES OF POVERTY
There are some other types of poverty:
General poverty
Cyclical poverty
Collective poverty
Case poverty
Concentrated collective poverty
General Poverty
General poverty refers to the existence of poverty in almost all the sectors of
economy. As in case of Pakistan 21.0% population is much poor.
$1 $1.08 $1.25
$1.90
1 9 9 0 L IN E 2 0 0 1 L IN E 2 0 0 8 L IN E 2 0 1 5 L IN E
WOR LD BAN K GLOBAL POVERTY LIN E:
THRESHOLD IN DAILY INCOM E PER
PER SON
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
5. Cyclical Poverty
Cyclical poverty refers to poverty that may be widespread throughout a
population, but its occurrence itself is of limited duration.
Collective Poverty
Collective poverty involves a relatively permanent insufficiency of means to
make safe basic needs of life.
Concentrated Collective Poverty
Cities or regions neglected by industry and in areas where agriculture or
industry is inefficient and cannot complete profitably, there are found victims
of concentrated collective poverty.
6. CAUSES OF POVERTY
There are many causes of poverty which are as follows:
INFLATION
NEPOTISM
WARFARE
NATURAL DISASTERS
BAD CHARACTERS AND MORALS
LANDIORDISM
INTERNAL RIOTS AND PROTESTS
BACKWARD AGRICULTURALSECTOR
LACK OF EDUCATION
Some of are describe below:
INFLATION:
High rate of inflation is a reason of poverty. Due to inflation much amount of money is not
enough to purchase much amount of goods and services. Rate of inflation is 13.3%.
Figure 4
NEPOTISM:
Nepotism means the murder of talent and abilities. It refers to the employment opportunities
not according to the worth. If population is poor but is talented it remains poor due to
nepotism.
WARFARE:
Millions of people have been displaced due to warfare. They have lost their jobs, their
homes, and even their families and thus now live in poverty.
7. NATURAL DISASTERS:
The main cause of poverty is natural disasters. Haiti Earthquake (2010). It led to over
200,000 deaths, 2 million homeless and 3 million people in need of emergency aid.
Figure 5
BAD CHARACTERS AND MORALS:
Bad character that breeds poverty is especially rooted in laziness, misuse of money and
resources, misuse of loss and opportunities. Evil tendencies, habitual practice of bad habits,
bribery, robbery and other forms of crime, will always hinder progress and promote poverty.
LANDIORDISM:
Ignorant but landlords control our whole economy. They have no sense of social welfares.
In government they take those actions that are in their personal interests.
INTERNAL RIOTS AND PROTESTS:
There are countries where lack of proper law and order contributes to poverty. This is
because there cannot be proper environment for business or work in places of no law and
order. Many countries in Africa. Middle east, suffer from poverty due to communal
violence, terrorism etc.
BACKWARD AGRICULTURAL SECTOR:
In agriculture sector people have adopted just subsistence farming styles. They are not
farming according to the commercial patterns. Sometimes due to natural calamities and use
8. of backward techniques of production, there is reduction in production and it decreases the
income of poor farmers.
LACK OF EDUCATION:
Lack of education is also a cause of poverty. Education is one which has enabled many
people to overcome poverty. Government should provide scholarships to those who belong to
poor families.
Figure 6
PHYSICAL DISABILITY:
Many people get disabled due to accidents and some of them get it from birth. They cannot
perform well in the job or even make a better business man. So those with physical disability
would be unable to generate income and may become poor.
ILL HEALTH:
If one develops ill health, then it would be difficult to perform their jobs. So, one needs to
take care of health to live better and perform well.
POOR ENVIRONMENT:
We are unconsciously frozen in your poor prison. Nothing motivates or challenges you to
make progress in such a place. Several nice, good, and innovative things do not fit into the
degraded surroundings.
100 students enter school
40 make it through the final year
28 pass and matriculate
4 students enter higher
education
1 graduate
9. DISCRIMINATION:
In India, as in many other part of the world, groups of people suffer discrimination because
of their age, race, religion and gender.
Figure 7
POOR GOVERNANCE:
Instable government and instability in the policies of government is another cause of
poverty. Every government remains fail to establish such policy that leads to reduce poverty.
Figure 8
why people
are poor?
because they
lack choices
why do they
lack choices?
because they
lack freedom
and
capabilities
why do they
lack
capabilities?
weak
governance
and weak
institutions
sole parents
26%
couple with
children
15%
single aged
persons
7%
single without
children
24%
couple without
children
9%
aged couples
5%
all households
14%
PROPORTIONS OF PEOPLE FROM EACH
HOUSEHOLD TYPE LIVING IN POVERTY
10. EFFECTS OF POVERTY
The effects of poverty are serious…..not only are these poor infants are more likely to be
irritable or sickly, they are also more likely to die before their first birthday. Children raised in
poverty tend to loss school more often because of illness.
There are many effects but some of these are written below:
EDUCATION
According to Donald Hirsch, advisor to the joseph Rowntree:
“Only 14 percent of the variation in a child’s performance can be
attribute to school quality. “This means that a child/s background
has a very important effect on their performance in school. It is
very difficult to perform well in the school for the children who
come from low income families. According to department for
education statistics by the end of primary school meals are
estimated to be almost three terms behind their more affluent
peers.
child grows up in
poverty
is significantly
disadvantaged
in education
and skills
struggles to
get job
Fail to
escape the
poverty
cycle
family in
poverty
11. EFFECT OF POVERTY ON CHILDREN
Family income appears to be more strongly related to children ability and achievements than
to their emotional outcomes. Children who live in extreme poverty suffer the worst outcomes.
Chances of mal-nutrition
Due to poverty, there is a lack of proper
parenting. Even parents cannot afford for
healthy diet for their children. Hence in
countries with poverty, we can notice
children with mal-nutrition and related
diseases.
Life threatening diseases
Many diseases can be prevented by
vaccination during the childhood. These
vaccinations are quite expensive. So poor
parents cannot afford them, hence their child trend to suffer those diseases.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
less than hs higher school some colleges colleges
Chart Title
black hispanic white
Figure 9
12. Lack of education
Children from poor families are often discourage to get education. Instead their parents push
them to do some job to increase the expenses. So the children can be deprived to proper
education.
Orphanage
Many parents take devose due to poverty. Hence the children become orphan as neither of the
parent wish to care them.
Pessimistic
Wealth is a type of strength and can be act as a morale booster. Hence we can see the children
who face poverty are more pessimist.
Child devilment
Children living in poverty usually have poor health behavior and are more sensitive to mental
illness as they grow older. Children living in constant poverty also show the worse cognitive
development, less ability to solve a problem and acquire less intelligence, compared to children
from higher socio/economic backgrounds .children who are poor are often unable to
participate in social ,leisure and celebratory activities, which can negatively effect their self -
esteem and friendship. They may feel less able to take less advantage of learning opportunities
in school, which can eventually hurt their future employment prospects.
CRIME
The .Edinburgh study of youth transitions and crime found that poverty had a significant and
direct effect on people/s likelihood to engage in violence at age 15. Young people living in a
family where the head of the household was unemployed were also more likely to participate
in criminal behavior. Even poor individuals with low- risk backgrounds were more likely to
POVERTY
FAMILY
CHILD
Figure 10
13. engage in violence. This means that for certain types of young people, living in a poor
household increase their risk of engaging in violence beyond what one would expect.
LOW SOCIAL MOBILITY
Children born in poverty are also more likely to grow up to be poor. For example, poor
teenagers in Britain in the 1970’s are twice as likely to be poor as adults, while poor teenagers
in the 1980/s are four times as a likely to remain poor. When parents cannot find suitable
work, they are unable to provide their children with necessary attention and resources. They
ultimately make it more difficult for them to build a better life for their children in the future.
EXTRA SOCIAL SPENDING
When adults are unable to meet their full potential in society, they contribute less productively
to the economy. They often receive payment benefits and reduced text revenues, which
necessitates extra social spending. The joseph Rowntree foundation estimates that child
poverty costs the United Kingdom at least £25 billion a year. This includes £12 billion a year
on public spending on services that alleviate the immediate effects of poverty. The remaining
£13 billion accounts for the annual costs of below average employment rates.
CORRUPTION
Poverty encourage corruption. People try to make money in all the illegal means to become
rich in doing so those in power or official jobs can engaged in corruption.
14. Figure 11
LACK OF HAPPINESS
A society happiness directly linked with wealth. So we can expect that the ia fro, poor society is
less happier than the families from rich society.
15. Interventions on poverty
(National/ International)
Intervention:
Intervention comes from the Latin word meaning to come between “or” interrupt.
Intervention is the process of interference by a state in another’s affairs.
The process of interference of country in reducing the poverty affairs of another country is
termed as poverty intervention .
National Intervention:
The interventions which are takes on a country level are called national interventions. the national
intervention taken by Pakistan and China are explained below:
A review of income, poverty, macroeconomic and political conditions in Pakistan
and China
Rural poverty trends:
Poverty data for china and Pakistan are presented in table 1. As noted earlier, around one-third on
the total rural population of china was living in 1978, below the poverty line. The corresponding
rural population, living below the poverty line, in Pakistan, was also approximately 33%.In 1978
rural poor in china 250 million. In 1978, was more than three times the total rural population of
Pakistan and 13 times of its poor population. Rural poverty in the late 1970s could be much lower
in Pakistan then in China, if one threshold level is used for the two countries.
Urban poverty trends:
Table 1 also presents data on urban poverty, for both china and Pakistan. Urban poverty, in china,
didn’t draw much attention prior to the 1990s. The rate of urban poverty, measure by income level
was around 2% before 1990s the rate increase up to 7% in 1999. It was declined in 2002 up to 3%.
However, the situation in urban Pakistan is different. In 1978, urban poverty in Pakistan was as
16. high as 26%, it declined to 15% by 1989, but, like rural poverty there was a surge in urban poverty
in the 1990s, and it reached the level of about 25% in 1994. In 2006 urban poverty declined to
13%. At present it could be even higher the number of urban poor’s in Pakistan around 8 to 10
millions.
Incidence of Rural and Urban Poverty in China and Pakistan, 1978-2005
China Pakistan
Rural Poverty Urban Poverty Rural Poverty Urban Poverty
1978 32.9 NA 32.5 25.9
1980 27.1 NA NA NA
1981 24.3 NA NA NA
1982 17.5 NA NA NA
1983 15.2 NA NA NA
1984 11.1 NA NA NA
1985 11.9 NA 25.9 21.2
1986 12.0 2.0 NA NA
1987 11.1 2.2 NA NA
1988 10.4 2.4 18.3 15.0
Source: For China , China Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statistical Publishing House, Various
year): for Pakistan, Economic Survey of Pakistan (1997-98 to 2006-07).
UNDERSTANDING CHINA’S PROGRESS AGAINST POVERTY
Poverty Reforms:-
During the first phase of rural reforms (1978-1985), the household responsivity system (HRS) was
introduced,in which equitable land was allocated to millions of individual farmers, with remuneration linked to output.
Because of the opening of Chinese market, and the sharp increase in prices agricultural products.Consequently,rural
poor population declined from 33% to 11% in 1984.
Table 2
Per Capital Income and Incidence of Rural Poverty in China
Year Per Capital Income Poverty Rate Gini-coefficient
1978 220 32.9 0.21
1984 522 11.1 0.26
1989 674 12.4 0.30
1995 846 7.6 0.34
2000 1,169 3.7 -
2005* 2.5
Source: China Statistical Yearbook (Various Issues).
* Number taken from CDRF (2007)
Around the 1980s rural dwellers were allowed to move to small towns only. Township and village Enterprises
(TVEs) were encouraged,and they became initial drivers of china’s economic growth. This form of labor mobility
called leave the land, but not the village”[Fei(1989)].
Table 3
Composition of Rural Income in China by Productive Activities (%)
Year Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector Other Incomes
1980 78.2 10.1 0 11.7
17. 1990 74.4 10.3 11 4.2
1995 63.2 18.2 12.4 6.2
2001 49.2 22.5 22.6 5.7
Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2003.
However the tenurial status of rural farm households has markedly changed during the last three decades.
The proportion of owner-operated farms increased from 55 percent in 1980 to 78 percent in 2000.whereas the
proportion of farms operated by tenants declined over time. Today a large rural population no access to land and
cultivates a small piece of land.
Table 4
Distribution of Landownership in Pakistan
1972 1980 1990 2000
Gini-coefficient 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66
%of Landless Households -- 63.0 62.0 63.3
% Share of Holdings < 5 Acres
(a) Households
(b) Land
47.3
5.4
NA
NA
54.4
11.4
61.2
14.8
% Share of Holding 50 + Acres
(a) Households
(b) Land
3.3
22.4
NA
NA
2.8
34.0
2.0
29.7
Source: World Bank (2007).
Table 5
Percentage Distribution of Farms by Size and Type of Tenure
Owner Owner-cum-tenant Tenant
Size of Farm (acres) 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000
<5 70.7 78.8 83.0 8.9 5.8 4.1 20.4 17.0 12.9
5 to < 12.5 45.1 59.0 70.1 22.0 15.8 12.4 32.9 25.2 17.5
12.5 < 25 46.0 58.7 67.6 28.0 22.3 18.6 26.0 18.9 13.8
25 to < 50 50.0 62.9 73.2 32.0 23.8 17.9 18.0 13.3 8.9
50 and more 62.7 72.7 78.7 28.4 20.5 15.4 8.9 6.8 5.9
All Farm 55.0 68.8 77.6 19.0 12.4 8.4 26.0 18.8 14.0
Source: Malik(2005).
18. International Interventions:
Interventions taken on international levels such as by UNESCO,IMF and WB are called
international interventions.
The Effect of Monetary Fund and World Bank on Poverty
World Bank
Structural adjustment, as measured by the number of adjustment loans from IMF and World Bank , reduces the
growth elasticity of poverty reduction. The poor benefit less from output expansion in countries with many
adjustment loans than in countries with few adjustment loans.
Structure.
When the international monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank arrive in southern, corporate
profits go up, but so do poverty and suffering. Decades of promises that just a little more short-
terms pain will bring long-term can have exposed the IMF and world Bank as falls profits
whose mission is to protect those who already control to much wealth and power
A report published today by the world development Movement(WDM) shows that the
international monetary fund`s (IMF) new poverty reduction strategies are acting as barriers to
policies benefiting the world’s poorest people
Many developing countries suffered… sustained increases in prosperity, accompanied by
dramatic increases in inequality and child poverty…Underthe auspices underthe auspices the
IMF and world Bank adjustment programs.
In country after country, structural adjustment programs(SAPs) have reversed the development
success of the 1960s and 1970s with millions sliding into poverty every year. Even the world
Bank had to accept that (SAPs) have failed the poor, with a special burden falling on women
and children. Yet togetherwith the IMF it still demands that developing country persist with
SAPs
They report data on 155 spells for 65 developing countries.The spells are quite short, and so I interpret them more as
cyclical fluctuation in mean consumption and poverty rather than as long run tendencies in growth and poverty
reduction. Table 1 gives the descriptive statistics for all the data:
Table 6
Descriptive Statistics on Variable Used
Change in Mean Initial Initial Adjustment
Poverty Consumption Gini Poverty Loans per
Growth Rate year
Mean 6.0% -1.1% 39.5 41.2 0.62
Median -0.1% 0.0% 39.5 36.3 0.50
Std. Dev. 31.5% 11.1% 11.1 29.6 0.60
Observations 149 155 155 154 150
Results on Adjustment Leading and Poverty Reduction
19. If there are no adjustment loans and inequality is very low, then poverty is extremely elastic with respect to growth.
China 1990-92 is an extreme a highly unequal country receiving adjustment loans sees no effect of growth or
contraction on poverty. Colombia in 1995-96 is an example of a country that roughly fit in this cell.
Table 7
Poverty elasticities with respect to growth for different Gini coefficients and
adjustments loan intensity
Average number of adjustment loans per year
during survey spell
GINI coefficient 0 0.5 1
30 -3.8 -2.7 -1.7
45 -2.9 -1.9 -0.9
60 -2.1 -1.0 0.0
We can understand Mexico’s poverty-growth elasticity as reflecting its high inequality and its receipt of adjustment
loans. Thailand’s near zero poverty-growth elasticity could be rationalized as a consequence of its high adjustment
intensity and its relatively average rate of inequality. Indonesia fits the story with a slightly below average elasticity
associated with low inequality but relatively less adjustment lending. Russia is an outlier, with a high elasticity despite
an extraordinary high number of adjustment loans per year.
Table 8
Growth, poverty, and adjustment lending in currency crises
Country Spell Mean
Growth
Rate of Change of
Poverty
Poverty with
growth
elasticity
Indonesia 96-99 -4.3% 7.5% -1.73
Mexico 89-95 -1.9% 1.5% -0.81
Russia 96-98 -0.6% 1.3% -0.16
Thailand 96-98 -1.8% -0.2% 0.10
While there are many problems with the comparability and accuracy of such statistics,seems to consistently be that
the urban informal sector is large. It seems likely that the rural informal sector would be even larger.
Table 9
Estimates of size of urban informal sector as percent of urban employment in
developing countries
Country Year Percent
Argentina 1995 46
Bennie 1992 48
Bolivia 1995 58
20. Botswana 1996 19
Brazil 1995 48
Cameroon 1993 57
Chile 1995 45
Colombia 1995 52
Costa Rica 1955 40
Ways of Reducing Poverty
Poverty reduction, or poverty alleviation, is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian,
that are intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Many economists have made
strategies to reduce poverty, time to time.
In the Modern Era, there are still 780 million people who can’t even fulfill the basic needs of
their life. Following are some ways through which we can reduce poverty at a great level:
(Global Partnership for Education, 2016)How can education
reduce poverty?
Investing in education yields significant development benefits;
Education reduces poverty, boosts economic growth and increases income. It increases a person's
chances of having a healthy life, reduces maternal deaths, and combats diseases such as HIV and
AIDS. Education can promote gender equality, reduce child marriage, and promote peace. In
sum, education is one of the most important investments a country can make in its people and its
future.
Educational Ways through which we can reduce poverty
There are many educational ways through which poverty can be reduced by an effective
rate.Some of them are following ;
Education reduces poverty
171 million people could be lifted out of extreme poverty if all children left
school with basic reading skills. That’s equivalent to a 12% drop in the world
total.
Absolute poverty could be reduced by
30% from learning improvements
outlined by the Education Commission.
21. Education increases individual earnings
Education increases earnings by roughly 10% per each additional year of schooling.
For each $1 invested in an additional year of schooling earnings increase by $5 in
low-income countries and $2.5 in lower-middle income countries.
Education reduces economic inequalities
If workers from poor and rich backgrounds received the same education, disparity
between the two in working poverty could decrease by 39%
Education promotes economic growth
Educational attainment explains about half of the difference in growth rates between
East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa between 1965 and 2010.
In 2050, GDP per capita in low-income countries would be almost 70% lower than it
would be if all children were learning.
Increasing tertiary attainment by one year on average would increase sub-Saharan
Africa’s long-term GDP by 16%.
Education helps save the planet*
*What does that have to do with poverty? Hear us out…
Overall climate change and the resulting increased frequency of natural disasters and
reduced agricultural output could cast as many as 122 million people into poverty by
2030.
The creation of green industries will rely on high-skilled, educated workers.
Agriculture contributes 1/3 of all greenhouse gas emissions. Primary and secondary
education can provide future farmers with critical knowledge about sustainability
challenges in agriculture.
People of an Educated Society
22. Control Population
“Population trends and dynamics can have an enormous effect on prospects for poverty reduction
and sustainable development. Poverty is influenced by – and influences – population dynamics,
including population growth, age structure, and rural-urban distribution. All of this has a critical
impact on a country’s development prospects and prospects for raising living standards for the
poor. Investments in better health, including reproductive health, are essential for individual
security and for reducing mortality and morbidity, which in turn improve a country’s
productivity and development prospects.”i
Ways of Reducing Population
Following are some ways through which we can reduce population;
ii
Example of Country with Uncontrolled Population ; India
The problem of increasing population in India has become a matter of deep concern. India is one
of the most populous countries of the world, in which over 17 % of the total population of the
world resides.
The present population of India is over 1.22 billion. Though the population of India is second
largest in the world, it is still increasing at a rapid speed. Studies suggest that India will become
WOMEN
EMPOWERMENT SPREAD AWARENESSEducation
PROVIDING
INCENTIVESLEGISLATIVE ACTIONS Eradicate
poverty
MEDICAL
FACILITIES DELAYED MARRIAGESDevelopment
23. the country with largest population within few
decades. The constant surge in population can
be seen by analyzing the data of past 3-4
decades.
i 2014
Author: UNFPA
ii 10 Effective Ways to ControlPopulation by CSS Forum.
Developed Country with Controlled Population; China
One Child Policy (1978-2014)
The most significant population planning system in the world was China's one-child policy, in
which, with various exceptions, having more than one child was discouraged. Unauthorized
births were punished by fines, although there were also allegations of illegal forced abortions and
forced sterilization. As part of China's planned birth policy, (work) unit supervisors monitored
the fertility of married women and may decide whose turn it is to have a baby.
Two Child Era (2014-present)
In November 2014, the Chinese government allowed its people to conceive a second child under
the supervision of government regulation.
On October 29, 2015, the ruling Chinese Communist Party announced that all one-child policies
would be scrapped, allowing all couples to have two children. The change was needed to allow
24. a better balance of male and female children, and to grow the young population to ease the
problem of paying for the aging population.
More Philanthropic Work
EVERY MUSLIM MUST GIVE IN CHARITY
The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: "Every Muslim has to give in charity." The
people then asked: "(But what) if someone has nothing to give, what should he do?" The Prophet
replied: "He should work with his hands and benefit himself and also give in charity (from what
he earns)." The people further asked: "If he cannot find even that?" He replied: "He should help
the needy who appeal for help." Then the people asked: "If he cannot do (even) that?" The
Prophet said finally: "Then he should perform good deeds and keep away from evil deeds, and
that will be regarded as charitable deeds." - Sahih Al-Bukhari, Volume 2, Hadith 524
Charity in Islam
Zakat, the giving of alms to the poor and needy, is one of the five pillars of Islam (the others are
declaration of faith, prayer, fasting in Ramadan and Hajj). It is obligatory upon every adult
Muslim of sound mind and means.
The individual must own a specific amount of wealth or savings (after living costs, expenses
etc). This is referred to as Nisaab and is the threshold at which Zakat becomes payable. The
amount of Zakat to be paid is 2.5% of Nisaab .
36
34
22
24
22
18
17
15
13
12 12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1952 1970 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013
Births per 1000 people
25. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,A great Charitable Organization
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), also known as the Gates Foundation, is a private
foundation founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the
largest private foundation in the US, holding $38 billion in assets [4]. The primary aims of the
foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to
expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in
Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill and Melinda Gates, and Warren
Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive
Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.
To Leave Behind Your Personal Greed
For the reduction of poverty, we must focus on leaving behind our personal greed.Islam has also
prohibited us from having any kind of greed in our mind as well as our heart.
Muhammad (P.B.U.H) once said;
On the authority of Ibn ‘Abbâs, peace and blessing of Allah be upon him , said: I heard the
Messenger of Allah (SAW) saying, “If a son of Adam had a valley full of gold, he would desire
to have two. Nothing can fill his mouth except the dust (of his grave). Allah turns with mercy to
him who turns to Him in repentance.” [al-Bukhari (6437) and Muslim (1049)]
Funding from1994 to Presesnt
Non Program Grants United States Global Development Global Health
26. THE ROLE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN REDUCING POVERTY
“Poverty reduction is not only about meeting our basic needs, it’s also about participation,
influence and power.” Hanna Hallin, President of LSU 2007–2009.
More than 500,000,000 young people live in poverty. World Youth Report 2005.
“The number of people worldwide aged 12–24 years has reached 1.3 billion, the largest in
history. It is also the healthiest and best educated – a strong base to build on in a world that
demands more than basic skills.” Paul Wolfowitz; President World Bank Group 2005–2007
(World development report 2007)
Even though many poverty reduction strategies mention the needs of young people, they are
limited in their analysis of the situation of youth and lack consideration of differences in young
people’s realities. Unicef – The United Nations Children’s Fund (Youth participation in Poverty
Reduction Strategies and National Development Plans)
"If all young people can access work, we can help eradicate poverty," says Rafael, 19. Living in
Argentina, he is a participant in the Walmart Social Retail Training initiative, a NEO-associated
project carried out in partnership with the Walmart Foundation.
Self-employment also offers young people opportunities to effect positive change within their
communities. In Jordan, 24-year-old social entrepreneur Mariam says, "I was from a household
that made no income. I started very small, and now my project, Ibda’a, trains women from my
community and disabled people, helping them generate income independently." Mariam is a
2012 Fellow of BADIR, a YouthActionNet® national partner and an initiative of IYF, Starbucks,
and M.H. Alshaya, Co.
𝐸𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒′
𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑁𝑜 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑃𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦