sociology of poverty

1. WELCOME TO MY PRESENTATION
TOPIC: CHALLENGES IN
POVERTY ALLEVIATION

2. Presented By-
UMME SALMA TULI
ROLL: 113
Course No:402
4th year, 7th semester, 9th batch
Department of Sociology
University of Dhaka

3. Introduction
Poverty means a situation in which man can not enjoy the basic needs
of life. Most of the people in Bangladesh are very poor. They lead very
miserable life due to poverty. However, this poverty can be alleviated
to some extent. Our lands should be cultivated scientifically. Scientific
method and modern farming should be introduced. The high birth rate
should be controlled. More employment opportunities should be
created. Some other measures may be taken to remove poverty. These
animal husbandry, crop diversification, fisheries, poultry raising,
horticulture, dairy farming etc. All these things will go a long way to
alleviate poverty.

5. Types of Poverty
 Absolute Poverty
It is the extreme kind of poverty involving the chronic lack of basic food, clean water,
health and housing. People in absolute poverty tend to struggle to live and experience a
lot of child deaths from preventable diseases like malaria, cholera and water-
contamination related diseases. This type is usually long term in nature, and often
handed to them by generations before them. This kind of poverty is usually not common
in the developed world.
Relative Poverty
This kind is usually in relation to other members and families in the society. For
example, a family can be considered poor if it cannot afford vacations, or cannot buy
presents for children at Christmas, or cannot send its young to the university. Even
though they have access to government support for food, water, medicine and free
housing, they are considered poor because the rest of the community have access to
superior services and amenities.

6.  Situational Poverty (Transitory)
People or families can be poor because of some adversities like earthquakes,
floods or a serious illness. Sometimes, people can help themselves out of this
situation quickly if they are given a bit of assistance, as the cause of their
situations was just one unfortunate event.
Generational or Chronic Poverty
This is a more complicated type and we will see a detailed example here. This is
when poverty is handed over to individuals and families from generations before
them. In this type, there is usually no escape from it, as people are trapped in its
causes and have no access to tools that will help them get out of it.

7. Present Status of Poverty in Bangladesh
 The GDP growth rate of Bangladesh is 7.1% and per capita GDP is $1465
(FY-2016). Increasing of GDP improves standard of living and quality of life
of citizens. But income distribution gap is increasing between rich and poor.
Gini coefficient shows income inequality between the rich and poor citizens
of a country. Gini coefficient of 2016 is 0.39 in our country. In 2014, this
coefficient of Bangladesh was 0.31. Because of increasing imbalanced
distribution of income; in 2016, Gini coefficient also increases; it is
0.39. Because of unequal distribution of income, income gap is getting wider
between rich and poor. Rich become richer day by day but the poor people
become poorer and confine themselves in poverty trap.

9. Vicious Cycle of Poverty
 This is a phenomenon used often by economic scientists. It simply means poverty
begets poverty. It is a concept that illustrates how poverty causes poverty and
traps people in poverty unless an external intervention is applied to break the
cycle.

10. Poverty Alleviation
 Poverty Alleviation is a set of measures, both economic and humanitarian that are
intended to permanently lift people out of poverty. Poverty reduction largely as
result of overall economic growth. Poverty alleviation also involves improving the
living conditions of people who are already poor. Rural development academy
organizing training and applied research program in order to alleviate poverty and
to improve socio economic condition.

11. Alleviation of Poverty

13. Poverty Elimination
 Poverty reduction occurs largely as a result of overall economic growth. Food shortages were
common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such
as nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation methods. The dawn of industrial revolution led
to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed
world. World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th century. In 1820, 75% of humanity
lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001, only about 20% did.
 Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of economic
freedoms. Financial services, notably savings, can be made accessible to the poor through
technology, such as mobile banking. Inefficient institutions, corruption, and political
instability can also discourage investment. Aid and government support in health, education,
and infrastructure helps growth by increasing human and physical capital.

14. Poverty Avoidance
 Poverty cannot be completely eradicated, as it largely caused by human
factors. Over the past years there has been a lot of Poverty Alleviation
Programs designed to break the cycle of poverty in many households and
communities in the world. The result is remarkable, but there is still a lot to
be done.
Poverty alleviation involves the strategic use of tools such as education,
economic development, health and income redistribution to improve the
livelihoods of the worlds poorest by governments and internationally
approved organizations. They also aim at removing social and legal barriers
to income growth among the poor.

15. Poverty Avoidance
 Poverty cannot be completely eradicated, as it largely caused by human
factors. Over the past years there has been a lot of Poverty Alleviation
Programs designed to break the cycle of poverty in many households and
communities in the world. The result is remarkable, but there is still a lot to
be done.
Poverty alleviation involves the strategic use of tools such as education,
economic development, health and income redistribution to improve the
livelihoods of the worlds poorest by governments and internationally
approved organizations. They also aim at removing social and legal
barriers to income growth among the poor.

16. Poverty Mitigation

17. Methods Used at Reducing Poverty
 1. Education
Quality education empowers people to take advantage of opportunities
around them. It helps children get knowledge, information and life skills
they need to realize their potential. Training teachers, building schools,
providing education materials and breaking down that prevent children
from accessing education are important features of poverty alleviation
programmes.
2. Health, food and water
Many programs aim at feeding kids at school and providing health
services as well. This encourages parents to send the children to school
and keep them there. If children have food to eat, and are healthy, they can
learn and respond to the needs of the programme.

18. Rate of Unemployment and
Underemployment
 3. Provision of skills and Training
The youth and able-to-work in the communities are provided skills
to help with farm work or other economic activity, which helps them
earn money to make a living and take care of their families.
4. Income redistribution
It is important that the government extends its development
programs such as roads, bridges, and other economic facilities to
rural areas, to make it easy for goods and services and farm produce
to move to and from the farming communities.

19. Alleviation Program
 Micro Credit: Micro-credit is known as an effective tool in poverty
alleviation. Micro credit programs extend small loans to very poor people
for self employment projects that generate income for their survival,
allowing them to care for themselves and their families. Developed over
the past twenty years, micro credit is now considered as one of the most
effective tools that we used to fight poverty. The successful use of the
micro credit is considered as a victory for the disadvantaged segments

21. Empowerment
The empowerment of women has relatively recently become
a significant area of discussion with respect to development
and economics. Women and men experience poverty
differently, they hold dissimilar poverty reduction priorities
and are affected differently by development interventions
and poverty reduction strategies. Feminization of poverty
policies aimed to reduce poverty have begun to address poor
women separately from poor men.

23. Nature of unemployment and Underemployment
in developing countries
 Dr. David Korten analysis the evoluation of the NGO’s sector in Bangladesh
within the framework of the four Generation of NGO’s.
 Ist Generation: NGO’s put emphasis on relief and rehabilitation work (1971-72).
 2nd Generation: Development efforts of NGO’s are aimed towards community
development (1973-75) with a number of sectoral activities.
 3rd Generation: This is known as sustainable system development where the
NGO’s extend the breath of their programs, enormity sustainability through
under taking large-scale program, complementing the national development
system and involving various organization and institutions.
 4th Generation: Which entirely depends on the development phase of NGO’s in
realizing their vision of society characterized by strong people’s movements.

25. NGO steps for Poverty Alleviation

26. Challenges Faced by Govt. and NGOs in
Conducting Those Programmes

27. To be cont……
 Lack of Funds: NGOs are expressing difficulty in finding sufficient, appropriate
and continuous funding for their work. They find accessing donors as challenging
as dealing with their funding conditions. They perceive there to be certain cartels
of individuals and NGOs that access donor funds. They have limited resource
mobilization skills and are often not looking for funds that are available locally,
preferring to wait for international donors to approach them. There is a high
dependency of donors and a tendency to shift interventions to match donor
priorities. There is a lack of financial, project and organizational sustainability.

28. Cont..
Poor Governance was recognized within the sector as a whole, within the NGO
Council and within individual NGOs. Knowledge of good governance varied widely,
with some regions indicating very little understanding of why NGOs are required to
have Boards or what their roles and functions should be. Many other participants
explained that it is difficult to achieve good governance with founders who wished to
own their NGOs for their own purposes.
Absence of Strategic Planning: Few NGOs have strategic plans which would enable
them to have ownership over their mission, values and activities. This leaves them
vulnerable to the whims of donors and makes it difficult to measure their impact over
time.
Poor Networking was identified as a major challenge.

29. To be continued
 Poor Communications: NGOs also recognize that there is very poor
communication within the sector. The majority of NGOs have little or no access to
reliable email and internet connections, they receive almost no literature on
development issues and are generally out of touch with
issues of global, regional and national importance.
 Limited Capacity: NGOs recognize that many of them have limited technical and
organizational capacity. Few NGOs are able or willing to pay for such capacity
building. Weak capacity was identified in fundraising, governance, technical areas
of development, and leadership and management.
 Political Interference: In some regions, in particular South Rift and North
Eastern, NGO leaders identified the interference of local politicians and civic
leaders as a major hindrance to their work.

30. Some Remedial Measures and Recommendation of the
Govt.
 Universal primary education should be ensured.
 Some sectors should be created so that the poor people may invest their money.
 The poor people should be motivated for self employed.
 The rate of interest should be decreased.
 The poor people should be encouraged for self employment avoiding begging.
 A new procedure may be increased to target people.
 The loan repayment system must be consistent.
 Male participants should be invited by female sides.

31. Conclusion
The scope for enhancing remittances should be explored with all
seriousness. This would require solving problems being currently faced
in the countries which are major destinations for Bangladesh migrant
workers, finding new markets, and upgrading the skill of the migrants
which could increase per capita remittance.
The need for expanding social safety net programmes, the allocation
for which has been falling as proportion of the total budget since fiscal
year 2008-9, cannot be over emphasised. At the same time, the
government has to ensure that the programmes are truly targeted to the
poor and prevent leakages. The leakages occur in the form of selection
of beneficiaries who are not entitled, exclusion of those who are
entitled, and outright misappropriation.

32. THANK YOU