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Poverty Presentation
1. INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE IN
HIGHER EDUCATION, BHOPAL
SESSION 2020-21
Assignment on
SOCIAL PROBLEM (POVERTY)
SUBMITTED TO -
DR. DEEPIKA GUPTA
Proffessor Dept. of Sociology
SUBMITTED BY-
MOHIT LILHARE
B.A Sociology (Hons) 2nd year
Roll no. 319430
2. I would like to express my special thanks to my professor Dr. Deepika Gupta as well as
our director Dr. vijayvargiya ,IEHE Bhopal who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful assignment on the topic social problem that is poverty.
I m really thankful to them who helped me in doing lots of research and I came
to know about so many things. Secondly I would like to thank my parents who helped me a
lot in finishing this assignment within the limited time.
I m making this assignment not only for marks but to also increase my
knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “ Mohit Lilhare” student of 2nd year Sociology
Honours has successfully completed their sociology assignment on the
topic “ social problem ( poverty)” under the guiudence of Dr. Deepika
Gupta .
Teacher Student
Dr. Deepika Gupta Mohit Lilhare
4. INDEX
Meaning of Social Problem
Defination
Characterstics of Social Problem
Defination f Poverty
Concept of Poverty
Types of Poverty
Poverty estimation in India
Causes of Poverty
Poverty alleviation programs in India
Government steps towards Poverty
Conclusion
5. MEANING OF SOCIAL PROBLEM
In terms of a minimum income required for subsistence, poverty has been defined as
an inability to gratify the physiological needs i.e, need for survival,safety and security.
Social problem tend to develop when we become neglectful and fail to see that serious
problems are developing between 1988 and 1993,for example ,the United states saw a
phenomenal increase in youth violence.
Social problems are behaviour patterns or conditions which arises from social
processes and are considered so objectionable or undesirable by many members of
society that they recognize that corrective policies are necessary to cope with them.
6. DEFINATION OF SOCIAL PROBLEM
“A social problems are men’s unfulfilled aspirations for welfare.” ( Paul Landis )
“Social problems involve actions or patterns of behaviour that are viewed by substantial number
of persons in the society as being deterious to the society or in the society or in violation of social
norms and about which ameliorative action is seen as both possible and desirable.” ( Herbert
Blummer)
“A social problem exists whenever we become conscious of a difficulty , a gap between our
preferences and reality.’’ ( carr )
“A social problem has been defined as a deviation from the social ideal remediable by group and
effort.” ( Walsh and Furfey)
7. CHARACTERSTICS OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS
1) All social problems are situation that have harmful consequences for the society.
2) All social problems are deviations from the ideal situation.
3) Social problem are caused by many factors.
4) All these factors are social in origin.
5) Social problems are interrelated.
6) Social problems affect every individuals of the society.
7) Social problems affect different individuals differently.
We have discussed that socials problems vary with time. Similarly , social problems in india have
changed with different historical phases. The major social problems in each of these phase
reflect the then existing social norms and values.
10. WHAT IS POVERTY ?
Poverty is about not having enough money to meet basic needs
including food, clothing and shelter. However, poverty is more,
much more than just not having enough money.
11. CONCEPT OF POVERTY
“These days there is a lot of poverty in the world, and that’s a scandal when we have so many
riches and resources to give to everyone. We all have to think about how we can become a little
poorer.” – Pope Francis
Poverty is a social problem which are built into a developing economy. These problems are
corelated and addressed jointly. Poverty line in India is defined in terms of per capita
household expenditure. The definition of poverty line has caused so much debate in the
country as estimates of per capita household expenditure have been unrealistic.
The NSS survey has pegged this average monthly spending by rural families in 2011-12 at
Rs.1,281.45 and by urban households at Rs.2,401.68.
12. DEFINATION OF POVERTY
Michael Harrington defined poverty with reference to ‘deprivation’.According to him,poverty
is the deprivation from those minimal levels of food,wealth,housing which are compatible
with the contemporary technology,belifs and values of particular society.
Milter and Roby said that poverty is simply regarded as ‘inequality’.From a sociological point
of view,this definition is more important in terms of the impact which inequality of income
has on the life situation and life chances of the poor.
Howard Becker said that “ in practice however,the poverty line is drawn on the basis of barest
minimum desirable nutritional standard of calorie intake.”
13. TYPES OF POVERTY
On the basis of social, economical and political aspects, there are different
ways to identify the type of Poverty:
1. Absolute poverty.
2. Relative Poverty.
3. Situational Poverty.
4. Generational Poverty.
5. Rural Poverty.
6. Urban Poverty.
14. ABSOLUTE POVERTY
Absolute Poverty is usually uncommon in developed countries.
Also known as extreme poverty or abject poverty, it involves the scarcity of basic food, clean
water, health, shelter, education and information. Those who belong to absolute poverty tend to
struggle to live and experience a lot of child deaths from preventable diseases like malaria,
cholera and water-contamination
It was first introduced in 1990, the “dollar a day” poverty line measured absolute poverty by the
standards of the world’s poorest countries. In October 2015, the World Bank reset it to $1.90 a
day. This number is controversial; therefore each nation has its own threshold for absolute
poverty line.
“It is a condition so limited by malnutrition, illiteracy, disease, squalid surroundings, high infant
mortality, and low life expectancy as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human decency.”
Said by Robert McNamara, the former president of the World Bank
15. It is defined from the social perspective that is living standard compared to the economic
standards of population living in surroundings. Hence it is a measure of income inequality. For
example, a family can be considered poor if it cannot afford vacations, or cannot buy presents
for children at Christmas, or cannot send its young to the university.
Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than
some fixed proportion of median income.
It is a widely in European Union the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and
most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators" used measure to ascertain poverty rates in
wealthy developed nations.
RELATIVE POVERTY
16. SITUATIONAL POVERTY
It is a temporary type of poverty based on occurrence of
an adverse event like environmental disaster, job loss and
severe health problem.
People can help themselves even with a small assistance,
as the poverty comes because of unfortunate event.
17. It is handed over to individual and families from one generation to
the one. This is more complicated as there is no escape because the
people are trapped in its cause and unable to access the tools
required to get out of it.
“It Occurs in families where at least two generations have been born
into poverty. Families living in this type of poverty are not equipped
with the tools to move out of their situation” (Eric Jensen, 2009).
GENERATIONAL POVERTY
18. RURAL POVERTY
It occurs in rural areas with population below 5,000. It is the area where there are
less job opportunities, less access to services, less support for disabilities and
quality education opportunities. People are tending to live mostly on the farming
and other menial work available to the surroundings.
The rural poverty rate is growing and has exceeded the urban rate every year
since data collection began in the 1960s. The difference between the two poverty
rates has averaged about 5 percent for the last 30 years, with urban rates near
10–15 percent and rural rates near 15–20 percent (Jolliffe, 2004).
19. URBAN POVERTY
It occurs in the metropolitan areas with population over 50,000. These are some
major challenges faced by the Urban Poor:
• Limited access to health and education.
• Inadequate housing and services.
• Violent and unhealthy environment because of overcrowding.
• Little or no social protection mechanism.
20. POVERTY ESTIMATION IN INDIA
Poverty estimation in India is carried out by NITI Aayog’s task force through the calculation of
poverty line based on the data captured by the National Sample Survey Office under the Ministry of
Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI).
based on the consumption expenditure Poverty line estimation in India is and not on the income
levels.
Poverty is measured based on consumer expenditure surveys of the National Sample Survey
Organisation. A poor household is defined as one with an expenditure level below a specific poverty
line.
head-count ratio. The incidence of poverty is measured by the poverty ratio, which is the ratio of the
number of poor to the total population expressed as a percentage.
22. Population Explosion: India’s population has steadily increased through the years. During the
past 45 years, it has risen at a rate of 2.2% per year, which means, on average, about 17 million
people are added to the country’s population each year. This also increases the demand for
consumption goods tremendously.
Low Agricultural Productivity: A major reason for poverty in the low productivity in the
agriculture sector. The reason for low productivity is manifold. Chiefly, it is because of fragmented
and subdivided land holdings, lack of capital, illiteracy about new technologies in farming, the use
of traditional methods of cultivation, wastage during storage, etc.
Colonial Exploitation: The British colonisation and rule over India for about two Centuries de-
industrialised india by ruining its traditional handicrafts and textile Industries. Colonial Policies
transformed india to a mere raw-material producer for European industries.
CAUSE OF POVERTY
23. Climatic Factors: Most of india’s poor belong to the states of Bihar, UP, MP,
Chhattisgarh, odisha, Jharkhand, etc. Natural calamities such as frequent floods,
disasters, earthquake and cyclone cause heavy damage to agriculture in these states.
Inefficient Resource utilisation: There is underemployment and disguised unemployment in the
country, particularly in the farming sector. This has resulted in low agricultural output and also led
to a dip in the standard of living.
Low Rate of Economic Development: Economic development has been low in India especially in
the first 40 years of independence before the LPG reforms in 1991.
Price Rise: Price rise has been steady in the country and this has added to the burden the poor
carry. Although a few people have benefited from this, the lower income groups have suffered
because of it, and are not even able to satisfy their basic minimum wants.
24. Unemployment : Unemployment is another factor causing poverty in India. The ever-
increasing population has led to a higher number of job-seekers. However, there is not enough
expansion in opportunities to match this demand for jobs.
Lack of Capital and Entrepreneurship: The shortage of capital and entrepreneurship results in
low level of investment and job creation in the economy.
Social Factors: Apart from economic factors, there are also social factors hindering the
eradication of poverty in India. Some of the hindrances in this regard are the laws of inheritance,
caste system, certain traditions, etc.
25. POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES
IN INDIA
Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP):
It was introduced in 1978-79 and universalized from 2 October, 1980, aimed at providing assistance to the
rural poor in the form of subsidy and bank credit for productive employment opportunities through
successive plan periods.
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana:
The JRY was meant to generate meaningful employment opportunities for the unemployed and
underemployed in rural areas through the creation of economic infrastructure and community and social
assets.
Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana:
The Indira Awaas Yojana (LAY) programme aims at providing free housing to Below Poverty Line (BPL)
families in rural areas and main targets would be the households of SC/STs.
26. Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):
The main objective of the scheme continues to be the generation of wage employment, creation of
durable economic infrastructure in rural areas and provision of food and nutrition security for
the poor.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005:
The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household. One-third of
the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. The central government will also establish
National Employment Guarantee Funds. Similarly, state governments will establish State
Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. Under the programme, if an
applicant is not provided employment within 15 days s/he will be entitled to a daily unemplo-
yment allowance
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana:
It will focus on fresh entrant to the labourmarket, especially labour market and class X and XII
dropouts.
27. Annapurna Scheme:
This scheme was started by the government in 1999–2000 to provide food to senior citizens who
cannot take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS),
and who have no one to take care of them in their village. This scheme would provide 10 kg of
free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. They mostly target groups of ‘poorest of
the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’.
National Rural Livelihood Mission: Aajeevika (2011):
It evolves out the need to diversify the needs of the rural poor and provide them jobs with
regular income on a monthly basis. Self Help groups are formed at the village level to help the
needy
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:
It aimed at direct benefit transfer of subsidy, pension, insurance etc. and attained the target of
opening 1.5 crore bank accounts. The scheme particularly targets the unbanked poor.
28.
29.
30. CONCLUSION
Global Multidimensional Poverty Index-2018 The released by the UN noted that 271 million
people moved out of poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 in India. The Poverty rate in the
country has nearly halved, falling from 55% to 28% over the ten-Year period. Still a big part of
the population in india is living Below the Poverty Line.
Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programs have helped
make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.
Despite rapid growth and development, an unacceptably high proportion of our population
continues to suffer from severe and multidimensional deprivation. Thus, a more comprehensive
and inclusive approach is required to eradicate poverty in India.
