This document describes a study examining the protective effect of the adenosine receptor agonist granisetron on neuropathic pain induced by chemotherapy in mice. Mice were given vincristine sulfate to induce neuropathic pain, then treated with granisetron or a vehicle for 5 days. Granisetron treatment dose-dependently reduced mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia compared to the vehicle, indicating it effectively treated the chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in mice. The results suggest adenosine receptor agonists may provide a new approach for treating neuropathic pain.
The document summarizes an experiment evaluating the synergistic analgesic effect of combining an opioid (pethidine) and non-opioid (nimesulide) analgesic in mouse models of pain. The experiments found that the combination of pethidine and nimesulide produced significantly enhanced analgesic activity compared to either drug alone in tail flick, hot plate, and acetic acid induced writhing tests. This indicates the combination exhibits synergism in reducing pain. Future studies with more animals are needed to further understand the mechanism and potential therapeutic utility of such opioid-nonopioid combinations.
This document discusses the evaluation of analgesic agents. It begins by classifying pain based on its source, location, duration and type. It then describes the neural mechanisms of pain transmission, including the different types of nerve fibers involved and modulation that occurs in the nociceptive pathway. The document discusses various chemical mediators involved in pain signaling and transmission to higher brain centers. It also covers endogenous opioid peptides and opioid receptors, and describes various in vitro and in vivo tests used to evaluate potential analgesic agents.
Austin Journal of Neurological Disorders & Epilepsy is an open access journal, publishes manuscripts related to the aspects of the nervous system and brain. Austin Journal of Neurological Disorders & Epilepsy would cover ground braking studies on clinical, translational, molecular, cellular, and systemic aspects of neurology, neurophysiology, and pharmacological, neurochemistry including causes, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the central nervous system.
The editors welcome original research, review, case reports, clinical images, rapid communication, perspectives, editorial.
This document summarizes pain physiology and the evaluation of analgesics. It discusses the definition of pain, pain pathways, endogenous opioid peptides, and types of analgesics. Methods for evaluating analgesics include in vitro tests like receptor binding assays and in vivo tests using various pain models in animals. Acute pain models include thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli. Chronic pain models examine neuropathic pain and cancer pain. While no single model perfectly mimics human pain, animal models remain important for assessing analgesic drug activity.
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Preclinical screening methods of Sedative and hypnotics by syedMubasheer syed
This document discusses preclinical screening methods for sedative and hypnotic drugs. It describes physiology of sleep and the basic pharmacology of sedative-hypnotics. In vivo screening methods are outlined, including open field tests to measure sedation and hole board tests or combined open field tests to measure sedation and curiosity. Tests to measure hypnotic effects include potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time and experimental insomnia in rats. In vitro screening methods like EEG registration in conscious cats and automated rat sleep analysis are also summarized. The document provides an overview of preclinical tests used to characterize new sedative and hypnotic compounds.
Pentazocine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, was tested for its analgesic effects using a tail flick analgesiometer in rats. Rats were divided into two groups - one treated with saline (control) and one treated with pentazocine. Tail flick latency was measured before and after treatment. Pentazocine significantly increased tail flick latency and percentage analgesia at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-treatment compared to controls, demonstrating its narcotic analgesic effects. Pentazocine is believed to relieve pain through agonism of kappa receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems with fewer side effects than mu receptor agonists like morphine.
The document summarizes an experiment evaluating the synergistic analgesic effect of combining an opioid (pethidine) and non-opioid (nimesulide) analgesic in mouse models of pain. The experiments found that the combination of pethidine and nimesulide produced significantly enhanced analgesic activity compared to either drug alone in tail flick, hot plate, and acetic acid induced writhing tests. This indicates the combination exhibits synergism in reducing pain. Future studies with more animals are needed to further understand the mechanism and potential therapeutic utility of such opioid-nonopioid combinations.
This document discusses the evaluation of analgesic agents. It begins by classifying pain based on its source, location, duration and type. It then describes the neural mechanisms of pain transmission, including the different types of nerve fibers involved and modulation that occurs in the nociceptive pathway. The document discusses various chemical mediators involved in pain signaling and transmission to higher brain centers. It also covers endogenous opioid peptides and opioid receptors, and describes various in vitro and in vivo tests used to evaluate potential analgesic agents.
Austin Journal of Neurological Disorders & Epilepsy is an open access journal, publishes manuscripts related to the aspects of the nervous system and brain. Austin Journal of Neurological Disorders & Epilepsy would cover ground braking studies on clinical, translational, molecular, cellular, and systemic aspects of neurology, neurophysiology, and pharmacological, neurochemistry including causes, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the central nervous system.
The editors welcome original research, review, case reports, clinical images, rapid communication, perspectives, editorial.
This document summarizes pain physiology and the evaluation of analgesics. It discusses the definition of pain, pain pathways, endogenous opioid peptides, and types of analgesics. Methods for evaluating analgesics include in vitro tests like receptor binding assays and in vivo tests using various pain models in animals. Acute pain models include thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical stimuli. Chronic pain models examine neuropathic pain and cancer pain. While no single model perfectly mimics human pain, animal models remain important for assessing analgesic drug activity.
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Preclinical screening methods of Sedative and hypnotics by syedMubasheer syed
This document discusses preclinical screening methods for sedative and hypnotic drugs. It describes physiology of sleep and the basic pharmacology of sedative-hypnotics. In vivo screening methods are outlined, including open field tests to measure sedation and hole board tests or combined open field tests to measure sedation and curiosity. Tests to measure hypnotic effects include potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time and experimental insomnia in rats. In vitro screening methods like EEG registration in conscious cats and automated rat sleep analysis are also summarized. The document provides an overview of preclinical tests used to characterize new sedative and hypnotic compounds.
Pentazocine, a kappa opioid receptor agonist, was tested for its analgesic effects using a tail flick analgesiometer in rats. Rats were divided into two groups - one treated with saline (control) and one treated with pentazocine. Tail flick latency was measured before and after treatment. Pentazocine significantly increased tail flick latency and percentage analgesia at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-treatment compared to controls, demonstrating its narcotic analgesic effects. Pentazocine is believed to relieve pain through agonism of kappa receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems with fewer side effects than mu receptor agonists like morphine.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of calcium channel blockers cinnarizine and nifedipine alone and in combination with antiepileptic drugs sodium valproate and carbamazepine in seizure models. The study found that cinnarizine and nifedipine alone showed anticonvulsant effects. When combined with sodium valproate, cinnarizine and nifedipine significantly increased protection against seizures compared to sodium valproate alone. Specifically, the combination of cinnarizine and sodium valproate showed 100% protection against maximal electroshock seizures, while nifedipine and sodium valproate showed 100% protection against p
This document discusses screening methods for antiepileptic drugs. It defines epilepsy as a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. It describes various in vitro and in vivo screening methods including using hippocampal brain slices and isolated brain cells to study drug effects on neuronal firing and calcium/potassium channels. Commonly used in vivo models involve electrically or chemically inducing seizures and measuring a drug's ability to reduce seizure severity or increase seizure threshold. The kindling model uses daily electrical stimulation of brain regions to gradually induce more severe seizures over time.
This document provides an overview of various screening methods for analgesics, including animal models and in vitro techniques. It describes models of acute, chronic, cancer, and neuropathic pain using thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Animal models involve tests like the hot plate test, tail flick test, formalin test, and Randall Selitto test. The document also discusses the roles of VIP, PACAP, and nociceptin in modulating pain and their potential as analgesic targets.
This document discusses various animal models used to study epilepsy and evaluate potential new antiepileptic drugs. It describes models that induce seizures chemically or electrically, as well as genetic models with spontaneous seizures. The maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure tests are commonly used for initial drug screening. Kindling models involve repeated subconvulsive stimulation to induce recurrent seizures and evaluate drugs' effects on epileptogenesis. No single model fully represents the spectrum of human epilepsy, so multiple models are needed to evaluate different aspects of potential new treatments.
This document summarizes screening methods for central and peripheral analgesics. For central analgesics, it describes in vivo methods like Haffner's tail clip, hot plate, tail immersion, and formalin tests that assess response to painful stimuli in mice and rats. For peripheral analgesics, it discusses writhing tests using acetic acid or phenylquinone in mice, Randall-Selitto testing in inflamed rat paws, and duodenum distension in rats to measure visceral pain responses. The document provides classifications and examples of different classes of central and peripheral analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action.
Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, was evaluated for its analgesic activity and compared to diclofenac in a rodent model. Rats were divided into groups receiving fluoxetine, diclofenac, or a control. Fluoxetine showed significant analgesic effects in the hot plate test, indicating central activity, but was less effective than diclofenac. While fluoxetine has analgesic properties, further studies are needed to determine if it could be an effective analgesic for humans with chronic pain.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Behavioural sensitisation to mk 801 is dose-dependent andjoaomarcos2013
The study investigated the effects of MK-801 dose and environmental context on the development of behavioural sensitization in male rats. In experiment 1, rats were administered varying doses of MK-801 or saline daily for 7 days and locomotor activity was measured. Only the 0.25 mg/kg dose produced robust sensitization upon challenge after withdrawal. In experiment 2, rats treated with 0.25 mg/kg MK-801 either in their home cage or a novel test cage both developed equal sensitization, indicating context did not modulate the effect. The results show MK-801 sensitization displays an inverted-U dose response and is independent of the environmental context during drug exposure.
Pharmacological screening of analgesic activityBiswash Sapkota
1. The document describes several screening methods used to evaluate potential analgesic agents, including in vivo models using thermal, electrical, or chemical stimuli to induce pain states in animals, as well as in vitro receptor binding assays.
2. Common in vivo models discussed are the hot plate test, tail flick test, writhing test induced by acetic acid injection, and formalin test, which create persistent pain.
3. Details are provided on procedures for these tests, which involve administering a potential analgesic and measuring its ability to delay pain-induced responses like paw licking or jumping.
Evaluation of anti epileptic drugs practicalAkshil Mehta
This document discusses experimental methods used to evaluate antiepileptic drugs. It describes two main methods - the electroconvulsion method and chemically induced convulsion method. The electroconvulsion method uses maximum electroshock seizures to induce tonic hind limb extension in rats and mice, mimicking grand mal epilepsy. The chemically induced convulsion method uses substances like leptazole to induce seizures that can be prevented by anticonvulsants, mimicking petit mal epilepsy. The document provides details on procedures, measurements, and results for both methods.
Screening of analgesic and antipyretic properties on ethanolic extract of arg...pharmaindexing
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties of the ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids in the extract. In the analgesic study using the tail immersion test, oral administration of the extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg produced a significant increase in pain threshold over 150 minutes compared to the control group. In the antipyretic study using yeast-induced fever in rats, the extract significantly reversed hyperthermia at both dose levels
preclinical screening models for Analgesic drugs SachinGulia12
This document discusses various preclinical screening methods for analgesic drugs. It describes several in vivo animal models used to test analgesics, including thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical stimulus-induced pain models. The hot plate, tail flick and tail immersion tests involve thermal stimuli. The tooth pulp stimulation and tail shock tests use electrical stimuli. The formalin and writhing tests employ chemical stimuli. Mechanical stimuli models include the tail clip and Randall Selitto tests. The models aim to evaluate potential analgesic drugs for their ability to prolong response latency and reduce pain-related behaviors like paw licking.
Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain. In this presentation, the various in vitro and in vivo screening methods for the preclinical testing of analgesics are discussed.
Cytokine purine interactions in behavioral depression in ratszpzp0312
This paper reviews recent research on metabolic and immune mediators of behavioral depression in rats induced by reserpine injection. The paper finds that reserpine injection causes behavioral depression in rats, as evidenced by increased time spent floating in a swim test. This depression occurs in two components - an early component 1 hour after injection, and a later component 48 hours after injection. The early component is not reversed by blocking the interleukin-1β receptor, but the later component is reversed, suggesting it is mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Both components are reversed by blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, suggesting interactions between purine and cytokine signaling pathways in behavioral depression.
Evaluation Of anti-epileptic activity of Psidium Gujava ExtractAnne Aparajitha
The document describes an experiment evaluating the antiepileptic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava leaves in mice models of epilepsy. In the PTZ and MES induced seizure models, the extract increased seizure onset time and decreased seizure duration in a dose-dependent manner, indicating antiepileptic activity. The highest dose produced the most significant effects, comparable to the standard drug diazepam. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like flavonoids and saponins that may contribute to the antiepileptic activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes various animal models used to screen analgesics for acute and chronic pain. It describes models using thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli to induce nociception. For acute pain, it details hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests. For chronic pain, it outlines neuropathic pain models like sciatic nerve injury and vincristine-induced neuropathy. Cancer and diabetic neuropathy models are also summarized. The document provides details of procedures, pain behaviors measured, and usefulness of each model in evaluating different classes of analgesics.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of Pachyptera hymenaea leaves in animal models of neuropathic pain. The presentation introduces neuropathic pain and various animal models used to study it, including sciatic nerve ligation, chronic ethanol consumption, and cisplatin injection. The objectives are to evaluate the extract's antinociceptive effects in these models. Methods describe preparing the extract, inducing neuropathic pain, and evaluating effects using tail flick and hot plate tests. Results found the extract showed significant antinociception in both tests across models at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, indicating potential as a treatment for neuropathic pain.
This document summarizes a study examining the effects of calcium channel blockers cinnarizine and nifedipine alone and in combination with antiepileptic drugs sodium valproate and carbamazepine in seizure models. The study found that cinnarizine and nifedipine alone showed anticonvulsant effects. When combined with sodium valproate, cinnarizine and nifedipine significantly increased protection against seizures compared to sodium valproate alone. Specifically, the combination of cinnarizine and sodium valproate showed 100% protection against maximal electroshock seizures, while nifedipine and sodium valproate showed 100% protection against p
This document discusses screening methods for antiepileptic drugs. It defines epilepsy as a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures. It describes various in vitro and in vivo screening methods including using hippocampal brain slices and isolated brain cells to study drug effects on neuronal firing and calcium/potassium channels. Commonly used in vivo models involve electrically or chemically inducing seizures and measuring a drug's ability to reduce seizure severity or increase seizure threshold. The kindling model uses daily electrical stimulation of brain regions to gradually induce more severe seizures over time.
This document provides an overview of various screening methods for analgesics, including animal models and in vitro techniques. It describes models of acute, chronic, cancer, and neuropathic pain using thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli. Animal models involve tests like the hot plate test, tail flick test, formalin test, and Randall Selitto test. The document also discusses the roles of VIP, PACAP, and nociceptin in modulating pain and their potential as analgesic targets.
This document discusses various animal models used to study epilepsy and evaluate potential new antiepileptic drugs. It describes models that induce seizures chemically or electrically, as well as genetic models with spontaneous seizures. The maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure tests are commonly used for initial drug screening. Kindling models involve repeated subconvulsive stimulation to induce recurrent seizures and evaluate drugs' effects on epileptogenesis. No single model fully represents the spectrum of human epilepsy, so multiple models are needed to evaluate different aspects of potential new treatments.
This document summarizes screening methods for central and peripheral analgesics. For central analgesics, it describes in vivo methods like Haffner's tail clip, hot plate, tail immersion, and formalin tests that assess response to painful stimuli in mice and rats. For peripheral analgesics, it discusses writhing tests using acetic acid or phenylquinone in mice, Randall-Selitto testing in inflamed rat paws, and duodenum distension in rats to measure visceral pain responses. The document provides classifications and examples of different classes of central and peripheral analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action.
Fluoxetine, an SSRI antidepressant, was evaluated for its analgesic activity and compared to diclofenac in a rodent model. Rats were divided into groups receiving fluoxetine, diclofenac, or a control. Fluoxetine showed significant analgesic effects in the hot plate test, indicating central activity, but was less effective than diclofenac. While fluoxetine has analgesic properties, further studies are needed to determine if it could be an effective analgesic for humans with chronic pain.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Behavioural sensitisation to mk 801 is dose-dependent andjoaomarcos2013
The study investigated the effects of MK-801 dose and environmental context on the development of behavioural sensitization in male rats. In experiment 1, rats were administered varying doses of MK-801 or saline daily for 7 days and locomotor activity was measured. Only the 0.25 mg/kg dose produced robust sensitization upon challenge after withdrawal. In experiment 2, rats treated with 0.25 mg/kg MK-801 either in their home cage or a novel test cage both developed equal sensitization, indicating context did not modulate the effect. The results show MK-801 sensitization displays an inverted-U dose response and is independent of the environmental context during drug exposure.
Pharmacological screening of analgesic activityBiswash Sapkota
1. The document describes several screening methods used to evaluate potential analgesic agents, including in vivo models using thermal, electrical, or chemical stimuli to induce pain states in animals, as well as in vitro receptor binding assays.
2. Common in vivo models discussed are the hot plate test, tail flick test, writhing test induced by acetic acid injection, and formalin test, which create persistent pain.
3. Details are provided on procedures for these tests, which involve administering a potential analgesic and measuring its ability to delay pain-induced responses like paw licking or jumping.
Evaluation of anti epileptic drugs practicalAkshil Mehta
This document discusses experimental methods used to evaluate antiepileptic drugs. It describes two main methods - the electroconvulsion method and chemically induced convulsion method. The electroconvulsion method uses maximum electroshock seizures to induce tonic hind limb extension in rats and mice, mimicking grand mal epilepsy. The chemically induced convulsion method uses substances like leptazole to induce seizures that can be prevented by anticonvulsants, mimicking petit mal epilepsy. The document provides details on procedures, measurements, and results for both methods.
Screening of analgesic and antipyretic properties on ethanolic extract of arg...pharmaindexing
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic (pain-relieving) and antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties of the ethanolic extract of Argemone mexicana Linn. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and steroids in the extract. In the analgesic study using the tail immersion test, oral administration of the extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg produced a significant increase in pain threshold over 150 minutes compared to the control group. In the antipyretic study using yeast-induced fever in rats, the extract significantly reversed hyperthermia at both dose levels
preclinical screening models for Analgesic drugs SachinGulia12
This document discusses various preclinical screening methods for analgesic drugs. It describes several in vivo animal models used to test analgesics, including thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical stimulus-induced pain models. The hot plate, tail flick and tail immersion tests involve thermal stimuli. The tooth pulp stimulation and tail shock tests use electrical stimuli. The formalin and writhing tests employ chemical stimuli. Mechanical stimuli models include the tail clip and Randall Selitto tests. The models aim to evaluate potential analgesic drugs for their ability to prolong response latency and reduce pain-related behaviors like paw licking.
Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain. In this presentation, the various in vitro and in vivo screening methods for the preclinical testing of analgesics are discussed.
Cytokine purine interactions in behavioral depression in ratszpzp0312
This paper reviews recent research on metabolic and immune mediators of behavioral depression in rats induced by reserpine injection. The paper finds that reserpine injection causes behavioral depression in rats, as evidenced by increased time spent floating in a swim test. This depression occurs in two components - an early component 1 hour after injection, and a later component 48 hours after injection. The early component is not reversed by blocking the interleukin-1β receptor, but the later component is reversed, suggesting it is mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Both components are reversed by blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, suggesting interactions between purine and cytokine signaling pathways in behavioral depression.
Evaluation Of anti-epileptic activity of Psidium Gujava ExtractAnne Aparajitha
The document describes an experiment evaluating the antiepileptic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium guajava leaves in mice models of epilepsy. In the PTZ and MES induced seizure models, the extract increased seizure onset time and decreased seizure duration in a dose-dependent manner, indicating antiepileptic activity. The highest dose produced the most significant effects, comparable to the standard drug diazepam. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds like flavonoids and saponins that may contribute to the antiepileptic activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document summarizes various animal models used to screen analgesics for acute and chronic pain. It describes models using thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical stimuli to induce nociception. For acute pain, it details hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests. For chronic pain, it outlines neuropathic pain models like sciatic nerve injury and vincristine-induced neuropathy. Cancer and diabetic neuropathy models are also summarized. The document provides details of procedures, pain behaviors measured, and usefulness of each model in evaluating different classes of analgesics.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of Pachyptera hymenaea leaves in animal models of neuropathic pain. The presentation introduces neuropathic pain and various animal models used to study it, including sciatic nerve ligation, chronic ethanol consumption, and cisplatin injection. The objectives are to evaluate the extract's antinociceptive effects in these models. Methods describe preparing the extract, inducing neuropathic pain, and evaluating effects using tail flick and hot plate tests. Results found the extract showed significant antinociception in both tests across models at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, indicating potential as a treatment for neuropathic pain.
Application of PEA reduces WDR RF size - Final editShaun Croft, MScR
This document describes a study that investigated whether the fatty acid amide N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) can reduce inflammation-induced expansion of wide dynamic range neurone (WDR) receptive fields (RFs) in rats. PEA is an endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), which has anti-inflammatory effects. The study found that intraplantar injection of PEA prior to carrageenan-induced inflammation significantly reduced the expansion of WDR RFs and attenuated hyperalgesia. Blocking PPAR-α with GW6471 prevented the effects of PEA, suggesting PEA acts through PPAR-α activation to reduce
This study evaluated the effectiveness of adding amantadine to an NSAID regimen for treating osteoarthritis pain in dogs. The study involved 31 dogs whose osteoarthritis pain was not fully managed by NSAIDs alone. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either amantadine or a placebo in addition to meloxicam for 3 weeks. Owner assessments found that dogs receiving amantadine showed significantly greater improvement in physical activity levels over time compared to dogs receiving the placebo. The results suggest that amantadine may be a useful adjunct therapy for managing canine osteoarthritis pain when an NSAID alone provides insufficient relief.
Overview of Discussion-
About Substance P (SP)
Discovery of SP
SP Receptor
Functions mediated by SP
Clinical significance of the SP-NK1R
NK1 receptor antagonists
In-Vitro and In-Vivo Assessment of Anti-Asthmatic Activity of Polyherbal Ayur...IOSR Journals
About 80% of asthmatic turn to alternative or complementary therapies typically in conjunction with their regular allopathic medication. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in adult asthma treatment is limited because these approaches have been insufficiently researched and their effectiveness is largely unproven. In the present study in –vivo and in-vitro effectiveness of a polyherbal Ayurvedic drug is evaluated for its anti-asthmatic activity. For in –vitro assessment of anti-asthmatic property of drug antiinflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulator effect, and antihistaminic, anti-cholinergic, mast cell stabilizing activity, anti-anaphylactic activity and bronchodilator effect were screen on animal models. Evaluation of Effect of Drug Distribution on Lung Mechanics is also evaluated using MATLAB. In a randomised,open, placebo controlled trial the effects of drug was compared with placebo medication (normal saline) in 60 adults with mild to moderate asthma as an adjunct to conventional treatment. Animal studies showed that drug possess significant mast cell stabilizing activity, immunomodulator activity, bronchodilator activity and anti-anaphylactic activity. Insignificant anti-cholinergic activity was found in the drug. There was significant improvement found in pulmonary function test (including FEV1, FVC and PEFR)in the group treated with polyherbal drug .Improvement remain constant in consecutive follow-ups signifies that there is no reverse bronchoconstriction after discontinuation of drug. This study signifies that polyherbal drug (Shirishadi ) may prove beneficial future alternative remedy for asthma and its effect is similar to that of modern contemporary drug when given through nasal route.
Pre clinical screening of anti epileptic drugsHinnaHamid1
This document provides an overview of preclinical methods used to evaluate potential anti-epileptic drugs. It discusses in vitro methods like receptor binding assays and electrical recordings from brain slices. In vivo methods described include seizure models using electrical stimulation or chemoconvulsants in animals as well as genetic and post-hypoxic models. Details are given on maximal electroshock testing in mice and the kindled rat seizure model to assess anticonvulsant effects. Common chemoconvulsant models involving pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and picrotoxin are also outlined.
Effect of naringenin on 3 np induced huntington’s disease like symptoms by es...IJARIIT
The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naringenin, a flavonoid on 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-
induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms by estimations of motor co-ordination and behavioral parameters. 3-NP is an
irreversible inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondria. 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration has been widely used as an animal
model of Huntington’s disease (HD). It replicates the pathology of HD by causing oxidative stress. Naringenin is a polyphenolic
compound, a bioflavonoid, known to have a neuroprotective effect in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. In the present study,
the neuroprotective effect of Naringenin on 3-NP induced oxidative stress in the rat was determined by behavioral parameters.
Rats were induced with 3-NP (15 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 21 days and rats induced with 3-NP were treated with Naringenin
(25mg/kg and 75mg/kg) for 21 days. 3-NP caused a decline in motor function in the neurological score, locomotor activity, and
impaired rotarod activity. Naringenin treatment significantly improved grip strength indicating an improvement in motor
performance, alterations in % spontaneous alternations. These findings suggest the antioxidant potential of Naringenin
flavonoid against 3-Nitropionic acid induced neurotoxicity. However, more investigations are required to elucidate the cellular
mechanisms of Naringenin against 3-Nitropropionic acid induced Huntington’s disease like symptoms.
Multimodal pain management following surgical proceduresDrYaminiVS
1. The document discusses concepts related to nociception, central sensitization, and multimodal analgesia for perioperative pain management.
2. It provides definitions of terms like nociception and describes the types of pain and sensory receptors involved in pain perception.
3. The key aspects of multimodal analgesia involve combining different analgesics that act through different mechanisms in the nervous system to provide improved analgesia and fewer side effects than individual analgesics alone.
This document describes a study that evaluated the analgesic (pain-relieving) effects of novel indole derivatives in rats. Four indole derivatives (M1-M4) were synthesized and characterized. Compound M3 showed the highest yield and melting point. Acute and subacute toxicity studies found that M3 was safe up to 2000 mg/kg and did not significantly alter biochemical or histological parameters in rats. M3's analgesic effects were then evaluated using models of acute thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain. M3 treatment significantly increased pain thresholds in thermal and mechanical pain models in a dose-dependent manner, and reduced pain-related behavior in the chemical pain model, demonstrating analgesic effects. Overall, M3 showed
The document summarizes various in vivo and in vitro models used to test analgesic agents. Some key in vivo models discussed are the hot plate test, tail flick test, and writhing test, which assess analgesic effects using thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli respectively. Signs of pain in rodents and reasons for minimizing animal distress are also mentioned. The document also briefly outlines some in vitro models like receptor binding assays to study mechanisms of opioid, cannabinoid, and other analgesic agents.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the analgesic NUCYNTA (tapentadol). It discusses tapentadol's dual mechanism of action as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and mu-opioid receptor agonist. It also summarizes results from Phase 3 clinical trials showing tapentadol's efficacy in reducing acute pain, including postoperative and osteoarthritis pain, with a generally tolerable safety profile.
Temporal-Spatial Expressions of Spy1 in Rat Sciatic Nerve After CrushJiao Yang
1. The study examined the expression of the cell cycle protein Spy1 in a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model over time.
2. Spy1 expression was found to gradually increase after injury, peaking at day 3, due to increased expression in both axons and Schwann cells.
3. Spy1 expression correlated with Schwann cell proliferation after injury and Spy1 was found to localize in axons in the injured segment but did not co-localize with the growth protein GAP43.
Study of anticonvulsant activity of quinidine in albino rats using pentylenet...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This study used fMRI on awake rats to investigate the neural response to capsaicin-induced pain. Capsaicin was injected into the hindpaw of wild-type rats and TRPV1 knockout rats. Wild-type rats showed activation of brain regions involved in the pain pathway, emotion, and memory after capsaicin injection. TRPV1 knockout rats did not show this same activation pattern in response to capsaicin. However, formalin still activated pain regions in TRPV1 knockout rats. The results suggest capsaicin may have antinociceptive effects independent of TRPV1 signaling and that imaging pain responses in awake animals can provide insights into full pain perception.
Similar to Protective effect of an adenosine receptor agonist (20)
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) can be defined as more than two to three consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks’ gestation; it affects approximately 1% to 2% of women. RPL is a multifactorial disease. It is very important to study the etiology and risk factors of RPL to find the best diagnostic tests and suitable therapeutic intervention. This article will discuss the current understanding etiologies and risk factors of RPL.
Novel treatments for asthma: Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory agents.pharmaindexing
Asthma management is a challenge due to the prevalence of disease in the world. Based on the immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of asthma, corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory participate greatly in the treatment plan. Due to different reasons, there is still an unmet need to develop new agents in this field. A lot of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect are investigated in both pre-clinical and clinical studies.
A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of bio chemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used short term.
Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
Swine influenza (swine flu) became alarming health concern when World Health Organization declared as “public health emergency of international concern” on April 25, 2009. After documentation of human-to-human transmission of the virus in at least three countries of two WHO regions, the WHO raised the pandemic level to 6.1 During the 1918, flu pandemic infected one-third of the world's population (an estimated 500 million people) and caused approximately 50 million deaths.2 In 1976, an outbreak of swine influenza occurred in New Jersey, USA, which involved more than 200 cases, some of them severe, resulting in one death.3 In 1988, another fatality was reported as a complication of swine influenza.
A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
The Flaws in health practice in post-operative management of a patient in ter...pharmaindexing
This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
A study on sigmoid volvulus presentation and management was a 2yr retrospective study done at RMMCH.The diagnosis of sigmoid volvulus was made from a history of large bowel obstruction (constipation, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain), which were often recurrent and plain abdominal radiographs.The morbidity associated isSuperficial wound infection occurred in four patients. All the infected wounds eventually healed with conservative measures. Clinical anastomotic dehiscence was noted in 1 patient for which during relaparotomy proximal colostomy and mucous fistula was done. The mortality associated is shown is there were 9 deaths of which 7 were due to sepsis and 2 were due to comorbid illness. Two out of eight patients for whom a colopexy was done had a recurrent attack of sigmoid volvulus. The duration of hospital stay ranged between 10 and 21 days. Use of sigmoidoscopic detorsion for viable colon should be encouraged. Sigmoidopexy, which is associated with a recurrence rate of 20% in our series of patients, should be used selectively.Hartmann’s procedure is a safe option in sigmoid volvulus with gangrenous bowel. Primary anastomosis in emergency situation can be carried out with morbidity and mortality in patients with viable colon
Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Protective effect of an adenosine receptor agonist
1. 279
______________________________________
* Corresponding author: Vishweswar Rao.V
E-mail address: visu_rx@yahoo.com
Available online at www.ijrpp.com
Print ISSN: 2278 – 2648
Online ISSN: 2278 - 2656 IJRPP | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | 2013 Research article
Protective effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on neuropathic pain using
chemotherapy induced neuropathy in mice.
*
Vishweswar Rao.V, Sumadhuri Sreerama, Sowjanya Kumar Reddy.R, Santosh.M.
Vision College of Pharmaceutical sciences & Research, R.N.S.Colony, Boduppal, Ghatkesar (M),
R.R(Dist), Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT
Neuropathy is defined as the pain condition that results from damage affecting peripheral nerves, posterior roots,
spinal cord or certain regions of brain. Increased neuronal excitability is thought to be the underlying mechanism for
all forms of painful neuropathies. The work was framed to study the adenosine based treatment for chemotherapy
induced neuropathy. Involvement of adenosine in nociception created an interest to work for chemotherapy induced
neuropathy. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), though often the first choice in most patients causes sedation and
cardiovascular issues, Anticonvulsants, like the TCAs, are only partially effective in the majority of patients,
Opioids, though often prescribed for moderate to severe pain, are sometimes avoided because of their potential for
dependence and tolerance, scheduling issues and side effects. Hence in order to overcome these side effects we
made an attempt to develop a newer drug for the treatment. Mice were first treated with vincristine sulphate (100
µg/kg, i.v). A single intravenous dose of vincristine causes painful peripheral neuropathy. Then we administer drugs
for five days after inducing neuropathic pain. Baseline and 5 days after induction of neuropathic pain hyperalgesia
(mechanical) and allodynia (mechanical) of all groups were measured in order to confirm the development of
neuropathic pain. Hyperalgesia and allodynia of drug treated group was compared on 5th
day with vehicle treated
group in order to confirm the effectiveness of drug in neuropathy pain. Hence adenosine was found to be significant
against neuropathic pain in lower and also in higher dose. Hence adenosine may provide a better insight in the
development of the newer drug for neuropathic pain.
Key words: Neuropathy, Adenosine, Chemotherapy.
INTRODUCTION
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue
damage1
. Pain is of two types nociceptive pain and
neuropathic pain. Nociceptive pain is the neural
processes of encoding and processing noxious
stimuli. It is the afferent activity produced in central
and peripheral nervous system by stimuli that have
the potential to damage tissue. Neuropathic pain is
defined as the pain condition that results from
damage affecting peripheral nerves, posterior roots,
spinal cord or certain regions of brain. Accumulation
of novel expression of sodium channels in periphery,
increased activity at glutamate receptor sub
International Journal of Research in
Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
2. 280
Vishweswar Rao.V et al / Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics Vol-2(1) 2013 [279-285]
www.ijrpp.com
population, reduction of GABA inhibition and
changes in penetration of calcium in the cell are
reported as possible mechanism for the development
of neuropathic pain. Symptoms of neuropathic pain2
are 1. Stimulus dependent pain (can be shooting,
lancinating or burning) 2. Stimulus evoked pain is a
common component of peripheral nerve injury or
damage and has two key features. Hyperalgesia and
Allodynia.
Hyperalgesia is an increased pain response to a
suprathreshold noxious stimulus and is the result of
abnormal processing of nociceptor input. Allodynia is
the sensation of pain elicited by a non noxious
stimulus and can be produced by two ways 1. By the
action of low threshold myelinated A fibres on an
altered central nervous system. 2. By a reduction in
the threshold of nociceptor terminals in the periphery.
Stimulus evoked hyperalgesia are classified into
subgroups on the basis of modality mechanical,
thermal and chemical.
Mechanism involved in pain is complex and involve
both peripheral and central pathophysiological
phenomenon. Neuropathic pain is a severe
debilitating condition which affects approximately
six million people in US alone3
. Increased neuronal
excitability is thought to be the underlying
mechanism of all forms of painful neuropathies.
Therefore current pharmacotherapy of neuropathic
pain generally involves the use of drugs that either
reduces neuronal discharge or increases endogenous
antinociception system.
Sodium channel blockers, antiepileptic agents,
opioids, tricyclic antidepressents, gabapentin etc have
been employed to treat the painful symptoms of
different forms of neuropathy. Mainly adenosine play
a major role in the pathophysiology of neuropathic
pain for several reasons at the spinal cord, intrathecal
selective A1 adenosine receptor agonists inhibited C-
fiber evoked responses in the dorsal horn neurons in
rats4
. These results suggest a role of adenosine A1
receptor in the modulation of both acute and chronic
pain in autonomic nervous system is particularly
involved in neuropathic pain. Adenosine binds to
presynaptic A1 receptor and via a G1 protein leads to
a reduction in the cAMP concentration, in turn
leading to a decreased release of glutamate by
damaged nerve fibers which results in decrease in
neuropathic pain.
Hence in our present investigation Granisetron an
adenosine A1 receptor agonist (class of purinergic
receptors, G-protein coupled receptor with adenosine
as ligand) is used to know its protective effect on
neuropathic pain using chemotherapy (vincristine)
induced neuropathic pain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Drugs and chemicals
Sodium chloride was obtained from Sisco research
laboratories Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai. Gabapentin, was
purchased from Bava medicals, Pallavaram.
Vincristine and Granisetron were purchased from
Muthu pharmacy, Purasawalkam. All chemicals and
reagents used were of analytical grade.
Experimental animals
Adult male Swiss albino mice weighing 25-35 g were
used in the pharmacological Studies. The inbred
animals were taken from the animal house in Vel’s
College of Pharmacy, Pallavaram, Chennai-117. The
animals were housed in groups of 6 per cage. They
were maintained in well-ventilated room temperature
with relative humidity of 45-55% and natural 12h:
12h day-night cycle in propylene cages. They were
fed balanced rodent pellet diet from Poultry Research
Station, Nandanam, Chennai-35 and tap water
adlibitum throughout the experimental period. All the
experiments were carried out between 10:00 am to
5:00 pm. The animals were housed for one week,
prior to the experiments to acclimatize laboratory
temperature. Food, not water, was withdrawn 3 hrs
before and during experiment. The experiment
protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal
Ethics Committee IAEC Ref. No.
290/CPCSEA/2009-PH/PCOL-02.
Preparation of drug solution
Drug was dissolved in saline and administered to
animals through i.p. route.
Assessment of effectiveness of Granisetron for
neuropathic pain (Chemotherapy induced
neuropathic pain model)
Chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain was
performed following the method of5
Joseph et al.,
2003. Mice were first treated with vincristine
sulphate (100 µg/kg, i.v). A single intravenous dose
of vincristine causes painful peripheral neuropathy.
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Then we administer drugs for five days after inducing
neuropathic pain. Baseline and 5 days after induction
of neuropathic pain hyperalgesia (mechanical) and
allodynia (mechanical) of all groups were measured
in order to confirm the development of neuropathic
pain. Hyperalgesia and allodynia of drug treated
group was compared on 5th
day with vehicle treated
group in order to confirm the effectiveness of drug in
neuropathic pain
Experimental groups
The mice were divided into four groups consisting of
6 per each group
Group I -Vehicle- Saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.) for 5 days.
Group II- Granisetron (1 mg/kg, i.p) for 5 days.
Group III- Granisetron (10 mg/kg, i.p) for 5 days.
Group IV- Gabapentin (100 mg/kg, p.o) for 5 days.
Behavioral tests
Mechanical hyperalgesia6
Mechanical hyperalgesia was tested by using the pin
prick test. Animals were placed on the elevated grid;
a pin prick test was performed using a safety pin. The
lateral plantar surface of the right hind paw was
briefly stimulated at intensity sufficient to indent but
not penetrate the skin (pin prick test). The duration of
paw withdrawal was recorded, with an arbitrary
minimal time of 0.5 (sec) and a maximal cut off 15
(sec).
Mechanical Allodynia (Touch Evoked Tactile
Allodynia)7
Tactile allodynia was assessed by lightly stroking the
injured leg with a paintbrush. Allodynia response
was ranked as described by Minami et al. 1995.
0. No response.
1. Mild squeaking with attempts to move away from
the stroking probe.
2. Vigorous squeaking, biting the stroking probe and
strong efforts to escape from the stroking probe.
Assessment of effectiveness of Granisetron on
motor coordination
In order to assess whether the protection of
neuropathic pain of granisetron was via impaired
motor activity, motor coordination studies of
Granisetron was performed using the following
animal models.
Experimental groups
Mice were divided into three groups each group
having 6 animals.
Group I -Vehicle- 0.9% Saline (10 ml/kg, i.p.)
Group II- Granisetron (1 mg/kg, i.p)
Group III- Granisetron (10 mg/kg, i.p)
Behavioral tests
Rota rod Test8
Mice were placed on the rota-rod. Appropriate speed
of rotation was selected. Time taken by the animal to
fall off from the rotating rod was observed. A normal
(untreated) mouse generally falls off within 3 mins.
Locomotor Activity8
The locomotor activity can be easily measured using
actophotometer which operates on photoelectric cells
which are connected in a circuit with a counter.
When a beam of light falling on photocell is cut off
by the animal, a count is recorded. Mice were
individually placed in the activity cage for 10 mins
and the scores were recorded.
Statistical analysis
The data are represented as mean ±S.E.M and
statistical significance between groups were analysed
by means of student paired t-test, ANOVA followed
by Dunnet’s t-test, as applicable. P<0.05 implies
significance. All the statistical analysis was carried
out using graph pad prism 5.0 version software.
RESULTS
Vincristine induced neuropathic pain model
Development of signs of neuropathic pain
All the vincristine treated animals developed
qualitative signs indicative of neuropathic pain. This
was clearly present on the 5th
day after administration
of vincristine at a dose of 100 µg/kg, i.v. Table 1,
Table 2 showed vincristine treated group paw
withdrawal latency was reduced on 5th
day in
comparison to basal reading of the same animals. The
paw withdrawal latency of the animal was decreased
and allodynia score on 5th
day was significantly
increased in comparison to baseline measurements
indicating the development of hyperalgesia and
allodynia.
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Effect of Granisetron on Mechanical
Hyperalgesia
In the vehicle treated animals, the response duration
decreased at 5th
day in comparison to baseline
measurements (Table 1) from 14.33±0.33 to
4.00±0.36**
on the 5th
day. Whereas the other two
groups treated with granisetron at a dose of 1mg/kg
and 10 mg/kg from 14.33±0.33 to 7.23±0.42*and
9.26±0.28** the response duration was significantly
increased at both the dose levels. Thus
administration of Granisetron at both dose levels
shows the increased the paw withdrawal latency in
comparison to the vehicle treated group (Figure 1).
The results are dose dependent and comparable with
that of standard drug gabapentin.
Table 1: Development of mechanical hyperalgesia in chemotherapy induced
neuropathic pain model.
Statistical significance test was done by paired t test.
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between base line Vs 5th
day of the vehicle treated groups.
**P<0.01
Effect of Granisetron on Mechanical
allodynia
The baseline paw withdrawal frequencies (0.5 (sec))
determined by mechanical stimulation with paint
brush was enhanced at 5th day in vehicle treated mice
compared to baseline responses of the same animals.
Granisetron treated group at a dose level of 1mg/kg
and 10mg/kg decreased the allodynia score from the
value of 3.16±0.16** to 2.50±0.14** for 1mg/kg and
2.20±0.18** for 10mg/kg. The values are statistically
significant and the results were comparable with that
of standard drug gabapentin 100 mg/kg, p.o (Figure
2).
Table 2: Development of mechanical allodynia in chemotherapy induced
neuropathic pain model
Statistical significance test was done by paired t test.
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between base line Vs 5th day of the vehicle treated groups.
**P<0.01
S.No Treatment Paw withdrawal latency(sec)
Baseline 5th
day
1 Vehicle-Saline(10ml/kg,
i.p) 14.33±0.33 4.00±0.36**
S.No Treatment Allodynia Score
Baseline 5th
day
1 Vehicle-Saline(10 ml/kg,
i.p) 0.00±0.00 3.16±0.16**
5. Vishweswar Rao.V et al / Int. J. of Res.
Figure 1: Effect of Granisetron on mechanical hyperalgesia in chemotherapy induced
Statistical significance test was done by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between vehicle Vs 5th day of the all groups.
***P<0.001
Figure 2: Effect of Granisetron on mechanica
Statistical significance test was done by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between vehicle Vs 5
*P<0.05
**P<0.01
DISCUSSION
The mice chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain
model utilized in the present study is one of many;
diverse animal models that have been used to
investigate the pharmacological attenuation
neuropathic pain9
. Rodent models of neuropathy have
been developed for three of the most widely used and
most neurotoxic cancer drugs – cisplatin, paclitaxel
and vincristine. These models have all been used to
determine the efficacy of neuroprotective a
and to study the mechanisms of sensory dysfunction
that underlie neuropathy11
. However, the vincristine
0
20
Vehicle
pawwithdrawal
latency(sec)
Mechanical hyperalgesia
0
2
4
Vehicle
AllodyniaScore
Mechanical allodynia
et al / Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics Vol-2(1) 2013 [2
www.ijrpp.com
Effect of Granisetron on mechanical hyperalgesia in chemotherapy induced
neuropathic pain model
Statistical significance test was done by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s t test.
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between vehicle Vs 5th day of the all groups.
Figure 2: Effect of Granisetron on mechanical allodynia in chemotherapy induced
neuropathic pain model
Statistical significance test was done by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s t test
Values are mean± S.E.M of 6 animals per group.
Comparison was made between vehicle Vs 5th
day of the all groups.
induced neuropathic pain
model utilized in the present study is one of many;
diverse animal models that have been used to
investigate the pharmacological attenuation of
. Rodent models of neuropathy have
been developed for three of the most widely used and
cisplatin, paclitaxel
and vincristine. These models have all been used to
determine the efficacy of neuroprotective agents10
and to study the mechanisms of sensory dysfunction
. However, the vincristine
and paclitaxel models have several advantages over
cisplatin models. General health effects are an issue
for cisplatin models. Low cumulative do
paclitaxel or vincristine produce quantifiable changes
in sensory thresholds without decreasing motor
function or significantly impairing general health
To date, no drug or drug class is considered to be
both a ‘safe and effective analgesi
of chemotherapy induced pain. Tricyclic
antidepressants (TCAs), though often the first choice
in most patients, have significant side effects
including sedation and various cardiovascular issues,
and they often require several days of t
*** ***
Granisetron 1 mg/kg Granisetron 10 mg/kg Gabapentin 100 mg/kg
5th day
Mechanical hyperalgesia
* * **
Granisetron 1 mg/kg Granisetron 10 mg/kg Gabapentin 100 mg/kg
5th day
Mechanical allodynia
283
[279-285]
Effect of Granisetron on mechanical hyperalgesia in chemotherapy induced
l allodynia in chemotherapy induced
and paclitaxel models have several advantages over
cisplatin models. General health effects are an issue
for cisplatin models. Low cumulative doses of either
paclitaxel or vincristine produce quantifiable changes
in sensory thresholds without decreasing motor
function or significantly impairing general health12
.
To date, no drug or drug class is considered to be
both a ‘safe and effective analgesic’ in the treatment
of chemotherapy induced pain. Tricyclic
antidepressants (TCAs), though often the first choice
in most patients, have significant side effects
including sedation and various cardiovascular issues,
and they often require several days of treatment prior
***
Gabapentin 100 mg/kg
**
Gabapentin 100 mg/kg
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to producing positive effects13, 14
. Anticonvulsants,
like the TCAs, are only partially effective in the
majority of patients suffering from chemotherapy
induced pain14, 15
. Opioids, though often prescribed
for moderate to severe pain, are sometimes avoided
because of their potential for dependence and
tolerance, scheduling issues and side effects16
. Other
therapeutic agents are prescribed for the treatment of
cancer pain, in general. For example, non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been reported
as having some analgesic efficacy in cancer
pain2,17,18,19,20
. However, prolonged NSAID usage can
be associated with significant toxicity, including that
to the gastrointestinal system and liver17
. Epidural
clonidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, is indicated (in
combination with opioids) for the treatment of severe
cancer pain, however, profound hypotension can be a
side effect. Hence in order to overcome these side
effects we made an attempt to study the vincristine
induced neuropathy. Vincristine is basically a mitotic
inhibitor. They bind to tubulin, prevents its
polymerization and assembly into microtubule,
causing disruption of mitotic spindle thereby
interferering with cytoskeletal function. Vincristine
also inhibits cellular activity of microtubules like
axonal transport in neurons. Thus they disrupt the
normal axonal transport and lead to change in
excitability of neurons thus producing chronic pain.
A single intravenous dose of vincristine (50, 100, or
200 mg kg-1
) causes a painful peripheral neuropathy
in rats verified by mechanical hyperalgesia and
mechanical allodynia. A single administration of
vincristine is well tolerated at all of the doses studied
(50, 100 or 200 mg /kg) Rats treated with vincristine
gain weight at a slower rate than control rats but there
are no marked differences in the general appearance
of control versus vincristine-treated rats. There are
also no motor deficits in rats treated with a single
dose of vincristine. Models in which neuropathy is
induced by multiple doses of vincristine produce a
rapid-onset painful neuropathy but cumulative doses
more than 500 mg/kg also produce moderate to
severe effects on general health and motor deficits in
most studies21
. At cumulative doses more than 750
mg/kg vincristine causes significant mortality22
.
So in our present study we have studied the role of
Granisetron against the single dose vincristine
induced neuropathy pain. Results showed that
Granisetron at lower and higher dose level of 5 days
administration attenuated mechanical and mechanical
allodynia.
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