International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
The document discusses peptide bioregulators and their potential role in slowing the aging process. It describes research by Dr. Khavinson showing that peptides are important for communication between cells and body systems. With aging, peptide production declines, disrupting communication and cellular functions. Dr. Khavinson developed peptide bioregulator products extracted from young animals that can restore peptide levels and cellular regeneration to slow aging.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
The document describes the isolation and characterization of two pentacyclic triterpenoids, friedelin and 3β-friedelinol, from the stem bark of Syzygium alternifolium. The compounds were tested for their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Friedelin and 3β-friedelinol showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, decreasing plasma glucose levels and demonstrating antidiabetic effects. They also exhibited antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals in the DPPH inhibition assay. Molecular docking studies confirmed the binding of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol to α-glucosidase and
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of oral poly herbal formulations rashmi y...thepharmacyjournal
Aim: To evaluate the In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Oral poly herbal formulations.
Methodology: The In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin. The Hydro-alcoholic extracts of the plants used for the preparation of six poly herbal formulations. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of all poly herbal formulations were estimated by protein denaturation method using Egg's albumin and Bovine serum albumin at 50 - 250 μg/ml concentrations. The result was assessed UV spectrophotometer at 660nm and compared with the diclofenac sodium as standard drug.
Result: The result revealed that the all six oral poly herbal formulations possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity. But the formulations F5 and F6 exhibited the maximum percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at 200μg/ml concentration 86.07% (using Egg's albumin) and 85.14% (using Bovine serum albumin) as compared to others formulations. The standard drug diclofenac sod. showed 98.06, 97.91% inhibition for Bovine serum and Egg's albumin methods, respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the formulations is an effective inhibitor of protein denaturation and showed potent anti- inflammatory activity.
The document discusses peptide bioregulators and their potential role in slowing the aging process. It describes research by Dr. Khavinson showing that peptides are important for communication between cells and body systems. With aging, peptide production declines, disrupting communication and cellular functions. Dr. Khavinson developed peptide bioregulator products extracted from young animals that can restore peptide levels and cellular regeneration to slow aging.
Analgesic Effect of Lidocaine in Orofacial Pain Of RatsQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In dental treatment, lidocaine is currently used as local anesthetic, but studies on the control of orofacial pain are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with lidocaine would involved in pain modulation in inflammatory orofacial pain.Male Sprague-Dawley white rats (240-280g) were used. The experimental group were divided into 3 groups(n=5); formalin (5 %, 50 μL), Administer 0.2%, 2% lidocaine, after administration, formalin (s.c). To induced orofacial pain, 5% formalin (50 μL) was injected under the skin on the right region of the whiskers of the experimental animals (n=5), and the act of rubbing or scratching the facial area in which the drug was injected was considered pain index. The administration of lidocaine at 2% concentration was found that the formalin-induced pain behavioral reaction was effectively reduced. The level of Nrf2 protein expression increased by formalin noticeably decreased in the medulla oblongata after lidocaine administration. Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor. Both ginsengs significantly down-regulated the increased Nrf2 level in formalin group. These results indicate that lidocaine could be a promising regulated in the treatment of inflammatory orofacial pain
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
The document describes the isolation and characterization of two pentacyclic triterpenoids, friedelin and 3β-friedelinol, from the stem bark of Syzygium alternifolium. The compounds were tested for their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Friedelin and 3β-friedelinol showed significant inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, decreasing plasma glucose levels and demonstrating antidiabetic effects. They also exhibited antioxidant properties by scavenging free radicals in the DPPH inhibition assay. Molecular docking studies confirmed the binding of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol to α-glucosidase and
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
1) The study characterized the hypoglycemic effects of a glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP).
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent inhibition of yeast and rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg/mL, respectively.
3) UPGP inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was stable under different temperatures and when exposed to metal ions. UPGP inhibition decreased slightly during gastric digestion but increased during duodenal digestion.
This study evaluated the effects of dexamethasone (DXM) therapy on the inflammatory response in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In a rabbit model:
1) DXM prevented increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cells and lactate when given 30 minutes before, but not 1 hour after, pneumococcal cell wall extract administration.
2) With live pneumococcal meningitis, DXM modulated antibiotic-induced CSF tumor necrosis factor-α and lactate increases only in animals with initial CSF bacterial levels over 5.6 log10 cfu/mL.
3) DXM effects were independent of whether it was given 30 minutes before or 1 hour after the
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in...Mohd Aijaz
This document discusses the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine. It describes in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to test extracts of Cissus quadrangularis, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia bellerica, and Terminalia chebulla for cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and ability to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The results showed that ethanol extracts of T. bellarica and T. chebulla exhibited the highest COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. In vivo, oral administration of extracts of P. zeylanica, T. bellarica and T. chebulla reduced
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes different models used for screening drugs used in arthritis. It describes 5 models - collagen-induced arthritis in rats, adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, proteoglycan-induced arthritis in mice, monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis, and carrageenan-induced paw edema. For each model, it provides a brief principle, procedure to induce arthritis, and parameters to evaluate test drugs for their potential to reduce arthritis symptoms.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Antidiabetic,antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of oxalis cornicula...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by alloxan injection, then mice were treated with O. corniculata extract or glibenclamide for 10 days. Biochemical parameters like blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidants were analyzed. Oral administration of O. corniculata extract significantly reduced blood glucose, lipid levels except HDL-C, liver enzymes and increased antioxidants. It also reduced lipid peroxidation. The extract showed antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties against
This document summarizes research purifying and characterizing a novel antioxidant peptide from the hard-shelled mussel Mytilus coruscus. Enzymatic hydrolysis was used to generate hydrolysates from M. coruscus, which were screened for antioxidant activity. The papain hydrolysate showed the highest free radical scavenging activity. Further purification using chromatography yielded a novel 10 amino acid peptide. In vitro and in vivo assays found the peptide to have potent antioxidant effects, inhibiting oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity in mice. This is the first report of an antioxidant peptide from M. coruscus with potential anti-inflammatory properties.
1) The study characterized the hypoglycemic effects of a glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP).
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent inhibition of yeast and rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg/mL, respectively.
3) UPGP inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was stable under different temperatures and when exposed to metal ions. UPGP inhibition decreased slightly during gastric digestion but increased during duodenal digestion.
This study evaluated the effects of dexamethasone (DXM) therapy on the inflammatory response in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. In a rabbit model:
1) DXM prevented increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white blood cells and lactate when given 30 minutes before, but not 1 hour after, pneumococcal cell wall extract administration.
2) With live pneumococcal meningitis, DXM modulated antibiotic-induced CSF tumor necrosis factor-α and lactate increases only in animals with initial CSF bacterial levels over 5.6 log10 cfu/mL.
3) DXM effects were independent of whether it was given 30 minutes before or 1 hour after the
Morphohistometric analysis of the effects of Coriandrum sativum on cortical a...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
The document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on lead-induced neurotoxicity in the cerebellar cortex and somatosensory cortex of rats. The study found that lead exposure increased oxidative stress in the brain and caused structural changes in the cerebellar and cortical layers. However, supplementation with C. sativum extract reduced lead levels in the blood and brain, decreased oxidative stress, and corrected the changes to layer thickness and nuclei density caused by lead exposure. The results suggest that C. sativum has protective effects against lead neurotoxicity due to its antioxidant and metal-chelating properties.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sa...Uploadworld
Xanthosoma sagittifolium is widely used in the folkloric treatment system of Bangladesh for the treatment of different diseases. The present study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory potentiality of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium in mice.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in...Mohd Aijaz
This document discusses the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of selected medicinal plants used in Indian traditional medicine. It describes in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to test extracts of Cissus quadrangularis, Plumbago zeylanica, Terminalia bellerica, and Terminalia chebulla for cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and ability to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The results showed that ethanol extracts of T. bellarica and T. chebulla exhibited the highest COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. In vivo, oral administration of extracts of P. zeylanica, T. bellarica and T. chebulla reduced
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
The use of medicinal plants in the treatment of harmful impacts of xenobiotics in animals is attracting an increasing attention in recent times. The aim of the current study is to assess the preventive potential of Costus afer aqueous leaves extract (CAAE) in treating metabolic aberrations imposed by crude oil contaminated diet in Wistar albino rats. Six groups of rats were treated as follows: A = Normal diet; B= Normal diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; C =Normal diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE; D= Crude oil contaminated diet; E= crude oil contaminated diet + 100 mg/kg body weight of CAAE, F = crude oil contaminated diet + 200 mg/kg body weight of CAAE. After thirty days of exposure to the diet and administration of the corresponding plant extracts, the rats were sacrificed with chloroform and the required organs were excised. The hematological indices, as well as function indicators and levels of drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney, were investigated with standard protocols. The results indicated that the hematological parameters and kidney and liver function indices were altered in rats fed with crude oil contaminated diet. However, the values came close to those in control rats when Costus afer aqueous extracts were administered. Similarly, the activities of oxidase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase, monoamine oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and sulphite oxidase), following their inhibition by the ingestion of crude oil contaminated diet, equally restored close to control values upon treatment with Costus afer aqueous extract. This study, therefore, was able to establish an aqueous extract of Costus afer leave as an antidote for crude oil intoxication.
Background: The probable mechanism of an earlier reported capacity of palm oil extracts to confer protection
against high dose cadmium poisoning in rats was reported in this study. Similar experimental design earlier reported
by us was retained. Rats therefore were sacrificed at intervals of twelve; twenty four and forty eight hours post CdCl2
insult.
Results: Oxidative stress and antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione)
were assessed in tissues (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) and serum. Oxidative stress indicators showed a significantly
(p < 0.05) increased lipid peroxidation and alterations in antioxidant defence systems occasioned by drop in
catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes (serum, liver, heart, brain and kidneys) of the rats. Also observed were
significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione over time. Pre-administration of
rats with the crude palm oil and its extracts modulated cadmium mediated depletion of the antioxidant capacities of
rats acutely exposed to cadmium and rising lipid peroxidation profile.
Conclusions: Regulation of stress and antioxidant response was the underlying mechanism by which the extracts
conferred protection against high dose cadmium insult thus suggesting its potential as a viable therapeutic target
against its deleterious effects.
A homeopathic remedy from arnica, marigold, St. John’s wort and comfrey accel...home
Results of this study showed that the low potency homeopathic remedy (0712–2) exerted in vitro
wound closure potential in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This effect resulted from stimulation of fibroblasts motility rather
than of their mitosis.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes different models used for screening drugs used in arthritis. It describes 5 models - collagen-induced arthritis in rats, adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, proteoglycan-induced arthritis in mice, monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis, and carrageenan-induced paw edema. For each model, it provides a brief principle, procedure to induce arthritis, and parameters to evaluate test drugs for their potential to reduce arthritis symptoms.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Bryophyllum Pinnatum: A Potential Attenuator of Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Str...IOSR Journals
Cadmium has been famously implicated in the stimulation of free radical production in biosystems resulting in oxidative deterioration of lipids, proteins and DNA, and initiating various pathological conditions in humans and animals. This study therefore, examined the antidotal and ameliorative capacity of crude ethanolic extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on cadmium-induced oxidative stress using rabbit models. A total of fifteen rabbits (1.30±0.05kg) were used for the study. After two weeks of acclimatization, the rabbits were randomly rifted into three experimental groups- (N, CD & CB) with five animals per group. The control group (N) was injected normal saline intraperitoneally (3mg/kg body weight) and the test groups (CD & CB) were administered cadmium once daily by subcutaneous injection (3mg/kg body weight). The ethanolic extract of the plant was orally administered once daily at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight. The oxidative and antioxidative stress parameters were assessed in tissues. The results showed significant difference (p˂ 0.05)in treated groups relative to the control group with the exception of glutathione peroxidase activity in leg muscles. Therefore, the results obtained in this study confirmed the potency of the plant to annihilate cadmium toxicity in animals
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Antidiabetic,antihyperlipidaemic and antioxidant activity of oxalis cornicula...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects of the aqueous extract of Oxalis corniculata in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced in mice by alloxan injection, then mice were treated with O. corniculata extract or glibenclamide for 10 days. Biochemical parameters like blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidants were analyzed. Oral administration of O. corniculata extract significantly reduced blood glucose, lipid levels except HDL-C, liver enzymes and increased antioxidants. It also reduced lipid peroxidation. The extract showed antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant properties against
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
In-vivo antipyretic activity of methanolic extracts of root and leaves of Mor...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of methanolic extracts of the root and leaves of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. in mice. Yeast was injected in mice to induce pyrexia (fever). The mice were divided into groups that received extracts of the root or leaves at 500 mg/kg, paracetamol (standard drug) at 150 mg/kg, or a control vehicle. Rectal temperatures were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Both extracts and paracetamol significantly reduced fever compared to the control and showed maximum reduction within 2 hours, indicating antipyretic effects comparable to paracetamol. The ant
Research on Diabetes and hepatotoxicity in wistar rat By Nitin Kale final 24...NitinKale46
This document describes a study protocol to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of scopoletin against anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity in a streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model. The study aims to explore scopoletin as a potential therapeutic agent for managing diabetes and protecting liver health. Rats will be induced with type 2 diabetes using streptozotocin and nicotinamide. Hepatotoxicity will then be induced using isoniazid and rifampicin. Rats will be treated with scopoletin, metformin, or metformin and silymarin. Blood glucose, body weight, liver enzymes, and oxidative stress
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
This document describes a study evaluating the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. In the tail immersion test for analgesic activity, the plant extract at 200 mg/kg body weight showed the highest reaction time of 8.25 seconds after 120 minutes, compared to 4 seconds for the control. In the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the plant extract at 200 μg/ml produced significant pain inhibition of 84.48%. For anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, the highest inhibition of 74.77% was found for the plant extract at a dose of 200μg/ml after 120 minutes. The results
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Synthesis and Pharmacological evaluation of new Benzoxozole Derivativespharmaindexing
This document describes the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new benzoxazole derivatives. It first introduces benzoxazoles and their various pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses. It then details the synthesis of a benzoxazole derivative (Compound IV) in a multi-step reaction and provides its structural formula and properties. The document evaluates the acute oral toxicity and analgesic activity of Compound IV in mice based on OECD guidelines. It found that Compound IV had an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg and showed analgesic effects in the tail immersion test at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, suggesting it has potential as a new analgesic drug.
Synthesis and Pharmacological evaluation of new Benzoxozole DerivativesSriramNagarajan15
Benzoxazoles1 are usually prepared by heating 2-Aminophenol with formic acids in the presence of Boric acid under reflux. Condensation of these two substances under milder conditions. Being a heterocyclic compound, benzoxazole finds use in research as a starting material for the synthesis of larger, usually bioactive structures. It is found within the chemical structures of pharmaceutical drugs such as flunoxaprofen. Benzoxazole derivatives are provided a protection against noxious UV radiation.Benzoxazole derivatives are also used in cosmotic compositions, such as for examples mainly cinnamic acid, 4-aminobenzoic acid.Benzoxazole derivatives are also used in the optical brighteners.These derivatives are used as Anticonvulsant and Neurotoxicity2 , Anti-inflammatory agents3, “Antibacterial activity”4, Cholesteryl ester transfer Protein inhibitors5, Antimicrobial activity6,7, Antifungal activity’8, Cyclooxygenase inhibitors9, hair treatment products and also used as a skin protectants.
This study investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and markers of the neuroendocrine-immune system in female Wistar rats. The rats were treated with brahmi or L-deprenyl for 10 days. Both brahmi and L-deprenyl enhanced catalase activity and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, and NF-kB in the spleen. However, only L-deprenyl enhanced ERK1/2 and CREB expression in the spleen. The treatments differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain, heart, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes,
This study investigated the antidiabetic and long-term effects of Elaeocarpus grandiflorus extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The extract showed hypoglycemic effects in a dose-dependent manner, lowering blood glucose levels up to 2 weeks. While the extract did not significantly affect plasma lipids and most organ weights, it did increase liver enzyme activity (ALT and AST) at some doses. The extract also minimized body weight loss from diabetes. Overall, the study suggests E. grandiflorus has antidiabetic properties but its use should be limited to 2 weeks and monitored for potential toxicity from effects on liver enzymes.
This study investigated the role of neuronal apoptosis in volumetric changes of the hippocampus in diabetes mellitus type 1 rats. The key findings were:
1. The volume of the dentate gyrus and CA3 region was reduced in diabetic and vitamin C-treated rats compared to controls, indicating volume reduction can occur independently of neuronal loss.
2. The number of apoptotic neurons in the dentate gyrus and CA3 was significantly higher in diabetic rats compared to other groups, showing neuronal apoptosis is increased by diabetes.
3. A response index using the ratio of dentate gyrus to CA3 volumes and neuronal densities provided a predictive model, with the curves meeting at a critical point of 0
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (MESI) whole plant in rats. The study assessed the effects of MESI at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on humoral immunity (antibody titers, plaque forming cells), cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell populations), and myelosuppression. MESI showed significant increases in circulating antibody titers, plaque forming cells, delayed type hypersensitivity responses, and T-cell populations compared to control, indicating immunostimulatory effects. The results suggest that Sphaeranthus indicus has potential as
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
1. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6718, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 670X
www.ijpsi.org Volume 3 Issue 4 April 2014 PP.33-40
www.ijpsi.org 33 | P a g e
Neurogenic inhibition of COX and PG peroxidase with
Methanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis and amelioration of
neuropathic pain in STZ induced diabetic rats.
Bhaskar Nagilla, Pratap Reddy K*
Neurobiology lab, Department of Zoology, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad –
500 007. A.P. I N D I A.
ABSTRACT: Diabetic neuropathic pain is a condition which is extremely debilitating and usually difficult to
treat. Damage to the peripheral nervous system often leads to chronic neuropathic pain characterized by
spontaneous pain and an exaggerated response to painful and/or innocuous stimuli. Methanolic extract of
Coccinia grandis was tested for analgesic and its anti-inflammatory action on STZ induced diabetic neuropathic
rat model. Dosage of 200mg/kg body weight of Coccinia was given to diabetic rats for 3 weeks. Acute
inflammatory activity was studied by Randal pain test. Inflammatory mediators such as Cyclooxygenase and PG
peroxidase which contributes to neuropathic pain were determined in sciatic nerve. Metformin (150mg/kg body
weight) was used as standard reference drug. Analgesic activity was studied in rats using hot plate and tail-flick
test. Coccinia grandis leaf extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in Randal pain test
comparison to control. It also exhibited significant analgesic activity in tail-flick test and hot plate test in
comparison to diabetic rats. Decreased COX and PG peroxidase suggests its protection against inflammation
and neuropathic pain. In conclusion Coccinia grandis leaf extract possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activities.
KEY WORDS: Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, Coccinia grandis, Cyclooxygenase, Prostaglandin peroxidase
I. I.INTRODUCTION
Diabetic neuropathic pain is an event arising secondary to long term diabetes with uncontrolled
hyperglycemia. Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) arises from injury to nerves with many manifestations
and expressions. Apart from injury to individual peripheral nerves, local inflammation will also play a vital role
in DPN. Diabetes can induce a neuroinflammatory reaction profile in the nerve with pathologies reflecting
edema through localized demyelination to axonal degeneration [1]. Although inflammatory and neuropathic
pain syndromes are often considered distinct entities, emerging evidence belies this strict dichotomy.
Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity with subsequent perturbations in prostaglandin (PG) metabolism is vital in the
pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy at a neurovascular level [2]. COX, which converts arachidonic
acid to Endoperoxide containing intermediates to produce prostaglandins and thromboxanes, exists in two
isoforms COX-1 and COX-2[3]. During inflammation COX-2 is known to be upregulated following various
types of peripheral nerve injury [4]. The resulting overproduction of prostaglandins appears to contribute to the
central plasticity and maintenance of neuropathic pain after nerve insult, due in part, to facilitating the release of
nociceptive neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), from primary
afferent fibers with increased spinal dynorphin [5]. Conventional analgesic are well reported to be partially
effective or in effective in control of diabetic neuropathic pain. Therefore, there is a need to identify an effective
clinical treatment. Complementary medicines have gain popularity in recent years. Many indigenous medicinal
herbs have been found to be useful to successfully manage pain in various chronic pain models [6,7]. Coccinia
grandis, the ivy guard, also known as baby watermelon, little gourd or gentleman's toes is a tropical vine. It
belongs to family cucurbitaceae. Since long before the leaves are consumed to control of hyperglycemia as
indigenous system of medicine [8]. Aqueous fractions significantly inhibited inflammation which can be
thought to possess antiproliferative and antiarthritic activities similar to cyclooxygenase inhibitor [8].
The aim of the study is to assess behavioral and neurochemical alterations after treatment with
Coccinia grandis leaf extract in the rat model of diabetic –induced neuropathic pain.
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Plant material and extraction- The fresh leaves of Coccinia grandis were collected locally. A voucher
specimen (No.018) was deposited at Department of Botany, University College of Science, Osmania University,
Hyderabad-500007. Leaves were then shade dried at room temperature. Dry material was coarsely pulverized to
2. Neurogenic inhibition of COX and PG peroxidase with...
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powdered form. The powder was extracted with boiling water and methanol using rotary evaporator and the
crude extracted was used for experiment.
2.2 Animals– Adult male Wistar rats aged 11-12 weeks (100-200 g) were purchased from National centre for
Laboratory Animal Sciences (National Institute of Nutrition, Hyd). The animals were housed in standard plastic
cages with controlled temperature (18-22 ◦C) and 12-h light/12 h dark cycle with free access to food (standard
pellet diet (NIN) water adlibitum; corn cob was used as bedding material. All institutional guidelines of the
Institutional Animal Ethics Committee were strictly adhered to in the care and treatment of the animals used
throughout the study (CPCSEA No: 383/01/a/CPCSE).
2.3 Chemicals - STZ was obtained Sigma Chemical (USA). Metformin drug procured from Hetero drugs,
INDIA. Other essential chemicals were obtained from SRL biochemical, INDIA.
2.4 Experimental design–The animals (30) were randomly divided into five experimental groups with six
animals each, which were treated as follows: Groups-I: These animals were treated with physiological saline,
this group served as control, Group-II: The animals were induced with STZ, this groups served as diabetic,
Group-III: The STZ induced diabetic animals treated with Metformin drug, this group served as Met (150mg/kg
body weight in RO water), Group-IV: The STZ induced diabetic animals treated with Coccinia grandis leaf
extract (200mg/kg body weight in RO water), this groups served as Coc+D, Group-V: Control animals treated
with Coccinia grandis leaf extract (200mg/kg body weight in RO water), this groups served as Coc+C.
The animals were sacrificed after 21 days and inflammatory mediators such as Cox and PG peroxidase were
estimated in sciatic nerve.
2.5 ANALGESIC TEST
2.5.1 Tail-flick test - Tail-flick test was performed as described by Sewell and Spencer (1974) [9]. The
percentage antinociception was calculated for both tail-flick test and hot-plate test by the formula according to
Ipe Ninan and Kulkarni, 1999 [10].
2.5.2 Hot-plate test -This test was done as described by Hiura et al 1992 [11].
2.5.3 Pain test – This test was conducted by method of Randall and Selitto, 1957 [12] and modified of
Winter,et. al., 1962 [13] was used.
2.6 BIOCHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS
2.6.1 Estimation of Cyclooxygenase (COX assay)- Cyclooxygenase assay was performed with the method of
oxygen consumption test using the biological oxygenmeter. One molecule of oxygen was utilized for the
translation of Arachidonic acid to PGH2. The utilization oxygen is measured with the biological oxygen Clark
electrode. The oxygen consumption rate is proportional to the enzyme activity.
2.6.2 Preparation of microsomes as a source for Cyclooxygenase - 25% homogenization was performed with
the homogenization buffer in cold condition consist 0.05 Tris-Hcl (pH 8.0), 0.1mM EDTA disodium salt,
0.1mM diethyldithiocarbamate and 0.01% sodium azide. Centrifuge at 21,000rpm for 30 min take supernatant
for COX assay. Measurement of cyclooxygenase activity: Add 900 µl of oxygenated phosphate buffer pH 8.0
into mitocel chamber, add 100 µg of protein (source for COX if that expressed) and add 50 µl (10 µM) of
Hemin stir well with magnetic stirrer when electrode is stable initiate the reaction with 50 µlAA (100 µM)
observe the oxygen deflection curve on computer screen save and calculate the oxygen consumption rate with
provided software of biological oxygen meter. Run the reaction 1 to 3 minutes [14].
2.6.3 Estimation of Prostaglandin peroxidase (Prostaglandins Assay) - Procedure: The PGG to PGH
peroxidase activity was determined by the measure of the enzyme-catalysed oxidation of tetramethylenediamine
by hydrogen peroxide. The blue reaction product is measured at 610nm in a double-beam spectrophotometer.
The experiment conducted at room temperature. 3ml of incubation buffer Tris-Hcl pH 8.0 in to test tube add the
enzyme 2-30 µg of protein, 10 µl of Hemin solution at time of reading, add 100 µl of TMPD solution and 100 µl
H2o2 9mM mix well and keep the solution for reading, Set the spectrophotometer on time scan absorbance for
every 30 sec up to 2 minutes. For calculation 12,000 liters mol-1cm-1 is found for the molar absorption
coefficient of the oxidation product of TMPD. Definition of Unit: one unit of activity is defined as the amount
of enzyme required to convert 1 µmol of hydrogen peroxide at 25° in min [15].
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2.6.4 Other estimations - Glucose was estimated in the serum using glucose measuring kit from (Beacon
Diagnostics Pvt Ltd, New Delhi India), utilizing glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. Protein
contents in nerve extracts were determined by the method of Lowry,et.al., 1951 [16].
III. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Results are presented as mean ± S.E., six in each group. Statistical difference between control and
various groups was determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by post Hoc test (Multiple comparisons). p-
values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
IV. RESULTS
Serum glucose levels and neural proteins of all the experimental groups are shown in Fig 1 and Fig.2.
STZ-induced diabetes in rats caused 169% increase in the blood glucose levels in comparison to the control
group which was restored to 43% in metformin treated animals and 43% in Coccinia grandis leaf extract treated
animals. The total neural protein levels of sciatic nerve from diabetic group showed a significant decrease (p
0.05) as compared to that of control and other treated groups.
7th 14th 21st 7th 14th 21st 7th 14th 21st 7th 14th 21st 7th 14th 21st
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
DAYS
mg/ml
0
50
100
150
200
250
Figure 1: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Serum glucose levels of rats treated with Coccinia grandis
for given days. (Serum glucose levels expressed in mg /dl) (Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups of
six animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05. Significance Control vs Coc+C is 0.3; Met
Vs Coc+D is 0.3 respectively).
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
mg/gtissue
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figure2: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on total protein levels of sciatic nerve of rats treated with
Coccinia grandis on 21st
day. (Proteins expressed in mg/gram tissue)(Values are given as mean ± Std.E for
groups of six animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05. Significance Control vs Coc+C is
0.03; Diabetes Vs Met is 0.01 respectively).
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4.1 Measurement of antinociceptive activity - The nociceptive threshold was significantly lower in diabetic
rats as compared to control in Tail flick test (Fig.3) and Hot plate test (Fig.4). Hyperalgesia was evident in the
tail flick test and hot plate test 2nd
week (P0.005), maximum decrease in pain threshold was observed at 3rd
weeks after STZ injection in rats as compared to non-diabetic control rats. Coccinia grandis leaf extract
administrations to diabetic rats produce time dependent increase in pain threshold level as compared to untreated
diabetic rats. Coccinia grandis leaf extract was found to increase tail flick latency significantly compared to
other experimental groups. The percentage of nociception in tail-flick test (Fig.3a) and that of hot plate test
(Fig.4a) clearly indicates the analgesic activity of Coccinia grandis.
Mechanical nociceptive threshold as indicated by Randall Selitto Pain test (Fig.5), measured on 14th
and 21st
day
was significantly (p0.05) decreased in STZ induced hyperglycemic rats indicating mechanical hyperalgesia
when compared to controls. The mechanical threshold levels after metformin (STZ induced diabetic rats)
treatment resulted in marginal reversal of latency on 14th
day. The Coc+D treatment has shown a similar trend of
regaining the mechanical thresholds better than met group on 14th
and 21st
day respectively.
2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd (weeks)
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
Seconds
0
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 3: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Tail flick latencies of rats treated with Coccinia grandis for
given days. (Tail flick latency is expressed in seconds)(Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups of six
animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05. Significance control Vs Coc+C is 0.01;
Diabetes Vs Cur+D is 0.03; Met Vs Coc+D is 0.34; Met Vs Coc+C is 0.01; Coc+D Vs Coc+C is 0.02
respectively).
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
Con Vs Diabetic Con Vs Met Con Vs Coc+D Con Vs Coc+C
Weeks
Percentage
0
5
10
15
20
25
Figure3a: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on percentage antinociception in Tail flick test of rats treated
with Coccinia grandis for given weeks.
5. Neurogenic inhibition of COX and PG peroxidase with...
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2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd (Weeks)
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+CTimeinminutes
0
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 4: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Hot plate test latencies of rats treated with Coccinia grandis
for given weeks. Hot plate latency is expressed in minutes) (Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups
of six animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05. Significance Control Vs Coc+C is 0.02;
Diabetes vs Met is 0.01 respectively)
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
Con Vs Diabetic Con Vs Met Con Vs Coc+D Con Vs Coc+C
Weeks
%
0
2
4
6
8
10
Figure 4a: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on percentage antinociception in Hot plate test of rats treated
with Coccinia grandis for given weeks.
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
2nd
3rd
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
Weeks
pounds
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Figure 5: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Randall Selitto Pain test of rats treated with Coccinia
grandis for given weeks. (Pain is expressed in pounds)(Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups of six
animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05. Significance Control Vs Coc+C is 0.002;
Diabetes vs Coc+D is 0.002; Met Vs Coc+D is 0.005; Met Vs Coc+C is 0.05; Coc+D Vs Coc+C is
0.005 respectively)
6. Neurogenic inhibition of COX and PG peroxidase with...
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4.2Cyclooxygenase and Prostaglandin Peroxidase (PG peroxidase) activity in sciatic nerve: The
Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in sciatic nerve of control and experimental animals is presented in Fig.6. In
STZ induced diabetic rats a significant (p0.05) increase in Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity was observed in
sciatic nerve +130.42% on 21st
day when compared to the control group. The Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity
was predominantly recovered in sciatic nerve (+95.76%) when diabetic animals which were treated with
metformin. Coccinia grandis leaf extract treatment of diabetic rats has shown gradual recovery of
Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in sciatic nerve (+80.54%). Prostaglandin Peroxidase (PG peroxidase) activity
was significantly (p0.05) increased in sciatic nerve on 21st day by +262.2% in STZ induced diabetic rat when
compared to controls (Fig.7). After treatment of diabetic with metformin decrease of PG peroxidase activity in
sciatic nerve was +93%. However the PG peroxidase activity in sciatic nerve is partially regained by +108%,
when diabetic animals treated with Coccinia grandis leaf extract.
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
Experimental groups
(Sciatic nerve)
(µMOxygenConsumption/min/100mgprotein)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Figure.6 Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity in sciatic nerve of rats
treated with Coccinia grandis on 21st
day. (Expressed as µM Oxygen Consumption/min/100mg
protein/1ml). (Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups of six animals each. Values are statistically
significant at p0.05).
Control Diabetic Met Coc+D Coc+C
( Sciatic nerve)
uMofH2
O2
converted/min/10ugprotein
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Control
Diabetic
Met
Coo+D
Coc+C
Figure 7: Effect of methanolic leaf extract on Prostaglandin Peroxidase (PG peroxidase) activity in sciatic
nerve of rats treated with Coccinia grandis on 21st
day.(Values are given as mean ± Std.E for groups of six
animals each. Values are statistically significant at p0.05)
V. DISCUSSION
The results of the present work show alterations in serum glucose levels and nociceptive tests after systematic
treatment with Coccinia grandis leaf extract. The STZ induced diabetic rats has shown a marked increase in the serum
glucose levels after 7th
,14th
and 21st
day indicating the hyperglycemia, when compared with controls. The increase in serum
glucose levels were observed due to diabetogenic action of STZ in diabetic rats (Diabetic group) on all the time periods [17].
After simultaneous treatment Coccinia grandis leaf extract the serum glucose levels were decreased significantly. And the
antidiabetic activity of Coccinia grandis may be due to various steps which results in the increased glucose tolerance.
Reduction of sugar absorption from the gut, increased insulin production from the pancreas, reduction of release of glucose
from the liver, increasing glucose uptake by fat and muscle cells are probable mechanisms which may be involved [18].
7. Neurogenic inhibition of COX and PG peroxidase with...
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Neuropathic pain associated with peripheral nerve injury is characterized by the sensory abnormalities such as unpleasant
abnormal sensation (dysesthesia), an increased response to painful stimuli (hyperalgesia), and pain in response to a stimulus
that does not normally provoke pain (allodynia) [19]. Spontaneously diabetic mice with hyperglycemia have shown a
decreased sensitivity to the antinociceptive effects of morphine [20]. According Ilnytska, et.al., 2006 [21] diabetic rats with
4-week duration of STZ-induced diabetes had clearly manifested thermal hyperalgesia detected by measuring tail-flick. The
behavioural alterations start on 3rd
day after the STZ-induced diabetes in rats and lasts throughout the experimental period
showing hyperalgesia, which were reported earlier findings [22,23]. In the present study STZ-induced diabetic rat group has
shown, a significant decrease (p0.005) in Tail-flick test and hot-plate latencies showing hyperalgesia. Administration of
Metformin and Coccinia grandis resulted in significant increase in TFT, HPLs compared to diabetic rats suggesting
reduction of hyperalgesic condition. The antinociceptive effect of Coccinia grandis may be attributed to its powerful
antioxidant activity. The Randall – Selitto test is also used to measure the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of
substances [24]. The sensitivity to pain reaction is increased by increased inflammation which is elevated by non-narcotic
and narcotic analgesics. Sensitivity to pain is increased by prostaglandin and other inflammatory mediators. Coccinia
grandis leaf extract increased the threshold to the diabetes induced pain threshold suggest that their anti-inflammatory
activity may involve interfering with the Arachidonic metabolic pathway or the activity of the Arachidonic bye products
and/or other inflammatory mediators.
Tissue damage is associated with release of several inflammatory mediators that results in sensitisation or
activation of peripheral nociceptors, which has been widely postulated by various studies [25, 26]. These chemical mediators
can be observed by extinguishing the activity of each mediator in turn, either by using enzyme inhibitors or by blocking the
pharmacological effect of the mediator by the use of specific antagonists [27]. Important inflammatory mediators such as
prostaglandins cause hyperalgesia by sensitising nociceptive afferent fibres [28]. Hence any compound that suppresses
prostaglandin synthesis by cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition is considered as analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound
[29]. Hence, our findings strongly suggest that Coccinia grandis produce analgesic action through inhibition of COX and
consequently prostaglandin synthesis. One of the possible mechanisms which could partially explain the beneficial analgesic
effect of Coccinia grandis leaf extract in this study may be attributed to its hypoglycemic and strong antioxidant effect.
Nervous system is prone to functional alternations due to hyperglycemia in diabetic state, Coccinia grandis through its
hypoglycemic property could attenuate the hyperalgesia, which has been observed in the present study. On the other hand
Coccinia grandis with its antioxidant property might have partial reversal of disturbed antioxidant levels and peroxidative
damage, since oxidative stress play a key role in the complications of diabetes
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, data from the present study show that Coccinia grandis has analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activities. Its inhibitory action against Cox and PG peroxidase suggest it might be useful in
therapeutic intervention for the management of neurogenic and inflammatory nociception. Hence it has justified
its folkloric use in traditional treatment of some of inflammatory reactions and supports the ethno medical claim
of the use of the plant in the management of pain. Further studies of phytochemical investigations are
anticipated to isolate the active compounds and lead to their further clinical use.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was partly supported by DRS in Zoology, UGG SAP phase-III grant.
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