Even if the protective structures are cost effective, proper planning, management and attention to details are needed to achieve maximum benefits. The protected cultivation promises the productive yield and quality improvement with good benefit cost ratio.

1. WELCOME

2. Doctoral Seminar-Il
Protected CULTIVATION: Special Reference to FRUIT Production
Presented By
Kadge Nishant Ramesh
Ph.D. II Year Student (Fruit Science)
Presentedto
Department of Fruit Science
Faculty of Horticulture,
Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola

3. Outline of Seminar
Case Study
Media use in Greenhouse
Future Thrust
Conclusion
Classification and Structure of
greenhouse
Drip Irrigation and Fertilization in
Greenhouse
Canopy Management in Greenhouse
Introduction
Advantages and disadvantages of
protected structure
Characters of fruit crops for
protected cultivation
Types of Polyhouse

4. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
China Japan South
Korea
Italy Spain France Netherland USA Turkey India
Fig 1. Area (ha) under greenhouse cultivation of Horticulture
crops in various countries.
1990-91 1999-2000 2010-2011
Source: Prabhakar, 2015Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

5. Greenhouse is a frame inflated structure covered with transparent
or translucent material in which crops are grown under partially or fully
controlled environmental condition and which having enough space to
carry out the cultural practices.
What is Greenhouse ?
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

6. Greenhouse Effect
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

7. Why to have cultivation of protected fruit crops ?
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS Source: NCPAH, 2014
Better quality of produce
Higher Productivity
Better insect and disease control
Off season cultivation
Efficient use of resources
Climate change
Growing population

8. Advantages of Protected Cultivation
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS
Productivity
Protection
Use of Chemicals
Export Quality
Co2
Unproductive Soil
Self Employment
Labour
Micro Climate
Work Efficiency
Space

9. Disadvantages & Limitation of protected cultivation
High Cost of Initial Installation
Maintenance Cost is High.
Non-availability of Various Component
Knowledge of various factors are required to
effectively control climate inside the protected
structure
Need of Skilled Labour
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

10. Characters of fruit crops for protected cultivation
It should have dwarf characters and show good response to
training and pruning
Fruit plant should be rapid grower like papaya, banana and
strawberry
Single stemmed fruit crops is suitable for the protected
cultivation
The varieties selected should be regular bearer with high
yielding
Short duration and early varieties should be selected for the
cultivation
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

11. Type of Polyhouse
1. Naturally ventilated
polyhouse
These polyhouse do not
have any environmental control
system except for the provision of
adequate ventilation and fogger
system to prevent basically the
damage from weather aberrations
and other natural agents.
2. Environmental controlled
polyhouse
This type of polyhouse helps to
extend the growing season or permits
off-season production by way of
controlling light, temperature, humidity,
carbon-dioxide level and nature of root
medium.
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

12. Classification of Greenhouse
These are framed structure covered with a transparent material in which crops
could be grown under controlled environment.
Average dimensions for fruit crops production – 10m wide, 30m long, 2.5m
eave height and 3.5- 4.0m ridge height.
A. Greenhouse type based on shape
1. Lean-to type greenhouse 2. Even span type greenhouse
Cont…Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

13. 3. Uneven span type greenhouse 4. Ridge and furrow type greenhouse
5. Saw tooth type Greenhouse 6. Quonset greenhouse
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

14. B. Greenhouse type based on utility
1. Greenhouses for active heating 2. Greenhouses for active cooling
C. Greenhouse type based on construction
1. Wooden framed structures 2. Pipe framed structures Truss framed structures

15. D. Greenhouse type based on covering material
1.Glass greenhouses 2. Plastic film greenhouses
3. Rigid panel greenhouses
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

16. Cold
Frames
Lath House
Net House
Glass
House
Mulching
Green &
Polyhouse
Plastic
Tunnel
Hot Beds
Protected structure for fruit crops
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

17. A. Ground culture or Geoponics
 In ground culture, also known as soil culture, crops
are raised on level ground as well as in mounded
beds.
 The soil should be well drained, fertile, have a
medium to light texture and be high in organic matter.
Media Use in Greenhouse
B. Hydroponics
 The word hydroponics technically means working
water, stemming from the Latin words “hydro”
meaning water, and “ponos” meaning labour.
 Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture and is a
method growing plant using mineral nutrient
solutions, in water and without water.
C. Soil-less culture
 Growing of fruits in the media other than soil is called
soil-less culture.
 Soilless culture is a methods of growing plants without
soil.
 Eg: Peat, Perlite, Vermiculite, Sphagnum moss, Leaf
mold, Bark, Rockwool, Polystyrene film, rice hulls, etc.

18. D. Aeroponics
 It involves the growing of plants in a trough or container in which the roots
are suspended and sprayed with a nutrient mist.
 The rooted plants are placed in a special type of box with computer
controlled humid atmosphere.
 It is relatively new production system used especially for research purpose.
Source: Singh, 2014Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

19. Drip Irrigation in Greenhouse
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

20. Fertigation in Greenhouse
Sources of nutrients
Nitrogen : Urea, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Sulphate.
Phosphorus : Phosphoric acid, Mono Ammonium Phosphate.
Potassium : Potassium Chloride, Potassium Nitrate, Potassium Sulphate,
Mono-Potassium.
Concentration of nutrients
Nitrogen : (150-200 ppm)
Phosphorus : (50 ppm)
Potassium : (200-400 ppm)
ADVANTAGES
 Relatively uniform fertilizer application
 Less fertilizer used
 Reduced costs
DISADVANTAGES
 Potential contamination hazard from equipment malfunctions
 Careful handling of liquid fertilizers required

21. Canopy Management in Greenhouse
1. Training
When a plant is tied, fastened, staked or supported over a trellis or pergola in a
certain fashion or some of its parts are pruned with a view of giving the plant a
framework, the operation is called training.
Height of the Head: Height from ground to first branching
 Low head : 0.7—0.9 m.
 Medium head : 0.9—1.2 m.
 High head : >1.2 m.
 Number of scaffold branches : 5 to 8 scaffolds
 Distribution of scaffolds : 45-60 cm
2. Modified leader1. Central leader 3. Open centre
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

22. 2. Pruning
Pruning is the art of removing scientifically certain portions of plant with
a view to producing more and superior quality of fruit. Pruning of any kind
according to its severity, changes the nutritive conditions within the tree, and,
consequently, limits or encourage fruit bud formation.
Method of Pruning
Heading back: In heading back, a part of all the shoots are removed but no
shoot is removed completely.
Thinning out: In this case, some shoots are removed completely, while others
are allowed to remain.
Source: Kunte et. Al., 2005Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

23. Case Studies

24. Table 1. Mango fruit weight and differences on gross profit due to the use of White net
and control (without nets), over a one feddan.
Concept per fed.
Treatment
Control White net
Income
First year 0.0 370
Second year 0.0 1520
Total yield (kg fed) 0.0 1890
Average price (L. E./ kg) 14 14
Total fruit income for the two years (L. E./fed) 0.0 26460
Cost
Total nets cost (L. E/fed) (Life period 5 years) 0.0 12500
Nets cost (L. E/fed/year) 0.0 -2500
Total greenhouse structure cost (L. E/fed) (Life period 10
years)
0.0 11500
Structure coverage (L. E/fed/year) 0.0 -1150
Total net cost of coverage for the two years (L. E/fed) 0.0 -7300
Profit
Total gross profit for two years (L. E/fed) 0.0 19160
Source: Medany et al. 2009Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

25. Cultivation of mango in
polyhouse
Cultivation of mango in
polyhouse

26. Parameters measured Open-field
cultivation
Protected
cultivation
Pseudostem circumference (cm) 68.5 78.3
Pseudostem height (m) 1.7 1.8
Total leaves number (leaf/plant) 20.8 28.2
Days from shooting to harvest (day) 165.2 123.8
Bunch stalk circumference (cm) 22.2 25.4
Hands number (hands/bunch) 10.6 12.9
Finger number (finger/bunch) 185.0 250.9
Finger circumference (cm) 8.3 10.9
Finger length (cm) 16.6 21.0
Bunch weight (kg/bunch) 21.4 35.4
Table 2. Values of parameters measured under open-field and protected
cultivation of 'Dwarf Cavendish' bananas (Musa spp. AAA).
Protected cultivation was found to be better than open-field cultivation in terms of total
production, expressed as the number of hands and fingers per bunch and bunch weight.
Average annual yield under plastic greenhouse was 53% higher than in the open field
(65.5 t/ha compared with 42.8 t/ha).
Source: Gubbuk and Pekmezci 2004Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

27. Cultivation of banana in
polyhouse
Cultivation of banana in
net house

28. Table 3. Performance of papaya cv. Red Lady 786 on days taken for flowering
and fruiting under open and protected conditions.
Treatment Days taken for
floering
Hermaphrodite
flowers
Pistilate
flowers
Fruiting Zone
(cm)
Open field 86.94 38.31 9.90 80.15
Net house 66.76 51.32 15.58 142.78
C.D. 2.77 1.67 0.64 2.77
Table 4. Performance of papaya cv. Red Lady 786 fruiting and yield under open
and protected condition.
Treatment No. of fruits per
plant
Fruit set% Days taken for
fruit maturity
Yield per plant
(kg)
Open field 24.72 51.27 134.00 21.87
Net house 42.25 63.12 145.20 35.15
C.D. 1.97 1.06 4.12 4.97
Source: Kaur and Kaur 2017Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

29. Cultivation of papaya in
net house
Cultivation of papaya in
polyhouse

30. Comparison Of net greenhouses Vs. open field: Navel Orange
Table 5. Production trend of navel orange under open field and screen net of
greenhouse in Egypt.
Items Open field Screen nets
Vegetative growth Small Three times bigger (open field)
Yield 2007 No yield 10 kg/ tree
Yield 2008 5 kg/ tree 25 kg/ tree
Yield 2009 35 kg/ tree 65 kg/ tree
Yield 2010 50 kg/ tree 90 kg/ tree
Yield 2011 65 kg/ tree 100 kg/ tree
Yield 2012 85 kg/ tree 105 kg/ tree
Yield 2013 90 kg/ tree 110 kg/ tree
Exportable fruits 50% >90%
Cont….Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

31. Table 6.The constructing costs of a greenhouse on 4200 m2 by local materials.
Item Value (L.E) Spam life Depreciation (L.E)
Wood (gazwarina trunk) 4000
Iron and galvanization wire 7500
Building materials 1000
Construction cost 2500
Total structure cost 15000 15 933
screen net 11000 5 2200
Total cost 26000
Cost items Value (L.E.) %
Structure cost depreciation 6531 10.41
Screen net 15400 24.55
Seedling transplanting 1700 2.71
Land preparation 500 0.80
Drip irrigation system 5600 8.93
Production practices input 30000 47.82
Maintenance 3000 4.78
Total cost 62731 100.00
Table 7. Production costs of the cultivation navel orange per feddan under screen net in
the period of 2007- 2013.
Cont..

32. Table 8. Costs of the cultivation of navel orange per feddan in open field in the
period of 2007- 2013.
Cost items Value (L.E.) %
Seedling transplanting 1700 4.12
Land preparation 500 1.21
Drip irrigation system 5600 13.56
Production practices input 31500 76.27
Maintenance 2000 4.84
Total cost 41300 100.00
Table 9. Comparison between navel orange total production, total cost, total revenue
and net return per feddan under the open field and under screen net during the years
2007- 2013.
Items Open Field Screen net
Total production (ton/fed.) 86460 132310
Total cost (L.E.) 41300 62731
Average farm gate price (L.E.) 1.00 1.00
Total revenue (L.E.) 86460 132310
Net return (L.E.) within 7 years 45160 69579
Source: Mohamed and Medany, 2015Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

33. Table 10. Effect of fruit yield (g per plant) on different protected conditions in cv.
Chandler strawberry.
Protected
conditions
2004-05 2005-06 Mean
P1 White Polytunnel
100 gauze
1960.93 1950.95 1960.44
P2 White Polytunnel
200 gauze
1810.24 1840.94 1830.09
P3 Reedcover 1440.03 1450.94 1440.99
P4 Control 1410.42 1430.07 1420.25
LSD (P=0.05) 4.95 4.22 4.12
Source: Kaur 2010
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

34. Cultivation of strawberry
in greenhouse
Cultivation of strawberry
in greenhouse

35. Table 11. Guava yield per plant under cold protection structure
Month Fruit wt (g) Fruit yield/plant (kg)
Aug. 359 8
Sept. 418 54
Oct. 462 41
Nov. 406 79
Dec. 357 77
Jan. 347 28
Feb. 323 8
Source: Yadava, 1996
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

36.  Extension Activities
 Development of Hybrid varities
 Standardization of Agro-techniques
 Publicity programmes through mass media and other media
 Effective and efficient use of water
 Exploration of new potential belt
 Govt. support to small and marginal famers
 Increase storage capacity and post harvest management technology
 Exchange the information between public and private sector
 Development of IPM and IPNM
Future Thrust
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

37.  Greenhouse/protected cultivation one new technology to protect crop
from natural calamities, biotic and a biotic stress.
 Fruit production under protected structure is more profitable than open
field conditions.
 Even if the protective structures are cost effective, proper planning,
management and attention to details are needed to achieve maximum
benefits.
 The protected cultivation promises the productive yield and quality
improvement with good benefit cost ratio.
Conclusion
Protected CULTIVATION OF FRUIT CROPS

38. Thank you…