Innovative production technology of fruits

1. .
Dr. SUHASINI CHIKKALAKI
Ph.D. in Fruit Science

2. 2
20-05-2024 Dept. of FSC
Fruit production is 108.34 million tonnes in the year 2022-23 as
compared to 107.51 million tonnes in the year 2021-22.

5. I. Use of modern technology for fruit cultivation
Improved productivity from the
mechanization
Climate/ weather prediction through
artificial intelligence
(Drones, remote sensors and satellites)
Resilient crops developed via the use of
biotechnology
Hydroponics/aeroponics

6. Precision farming is a
management
strategy that
employs detailed,
site specific
information to
precisely manage
production inputs.

7. Advance and modern techniques for preparing land and soilless
cultivation in fruit production
• Soilless culture in modern agriculture
includes technique of aeroponics.
• The most important rule including the
employment of sprayers, nebulizers,
foggers to form a fine mist droplets
for delivering nutrients to plants roots
(Christie and Nichols, 2003)
• The high yield of plants grown under
aeroponics is due to adequate supply
of oxygen and water

8. Table 1. Peculiarity of advance and modern technique in land preparation
and soilless cultivation in fruit production
Sl.
No.
Technique Crop Peculiarity References
1
Hydroponics:
nutrient film
hydroponic
system (NFT)
Strawberry Similar plant growth under different
concentration of nitrogen, potassium,
calcium
Chow et al.,
(2002)
2
Subsoiler
drawn by
walking tractor
Apple Soil bulk density decreased;
improvement in soil porosity;
enhancement in soil water content in
soil, soil organic matter and soil total
nitrogen
Gao et al.,
(2010)
3
Autonomous
tractor
Plantation
crops
Self-ruling route framework to
decrease vehicle's sensor cost
Thanpattran
on et al.,
(2015)
4
Aeroponics:
tropical
greenhouse
condition
Strawberry Ground heat exchanger for root-zone
cooling on the development and yield.
Pascual et
al., 2019

9. II. Meadow orcharding

10. Attributes Traditional system Meadow system
Bearing After two years From first year
Production Average yield is 12-20 t ha-I Average yield is 40-60 t
ha-I
Management Difficult to manage due to
large tree size
Easy to manage due to
small tree size
Labour requirement Requires more labour Requires less labour
Production cost Higher cost of production Lower cost of production
Harvesting Quality Difficult Large canopy, poor
sunlight penetration and poor
quality fruits.
Easy Small canopy, better
air and sunlight
penetration, minimum
disease incidence and
high quality fruits with
good colour development

11. III. High density planting

12. 12
Gorakh Singh, 2011

13. Growth regulation
• It is the manipulation of tree
architecture/ canopies to regulate the
growth and development of the crop
to obtain the quality products (fruits).
Main aim:
• To develop a better architecture for
the maximum harvest and utilization
of sunlight.
• Most fundamental – to improve

14. Method
s
Physical methods
1. Training and
pruning
2. Root pruning
3. Ringing/ scoring/
cincturing
4. Girdling
5. Notching
6. Smudging
7. Bending
Chemical methods
1. Growth regulators
- NAA, GA
2. Growth retardants
– triazole
compounds

15. IV. Use of Genetically dwarf scion varieties
(Saroj and Singh, 2018)

16. V. Advance technology for identifying plant diseases
Optical sensors offer the opportunity for non-destructive
disease monitoring at different scales
Biological control (T. viride, T. harzainum, Pseudomonas sp.,
Beauvaria bassiana, Metarrhizium anisopliae and Bacillus
subtilis)
Disease forecasting and monitoring (to determine number of
sprays and prepare schedules of application)
New generation fungicides (strobilurins, Oxazolidinediones
(faoxadone), Phenoxyquinolines, Anilinopyrimidines
(cyprodinil, pyrimethanil), phenylpyrroles (fenpicloil,
fludioxonil), Spiroketalamines (spiroxamine), Benzamides
(mandipropamid), Cyanoimidazoles (cyazofamid),
Thiocarbamates (ethaboxam) and Amdoximes etc.

18. Table 2: Peculiarity of advance and modern techniques for orchard
management in fruit production
Sl.
No.
Technique Crop Peculiarity References
1
Remote sensing Peach Spider mite damage is monitored
using remote sensing. It helps to
reduce cost of pest monitoring. Help
to manage other pests also.
Luedeling et al.,
2009
2
Smart sprayer-
Target-sensing
sprayers
Apples Reduced application rates of
pesticide/insecticides by 15 - 40
percent and non-subject orchard soil
deposition by 5 to 72 percent
Giles et al.,
2011
3
Spring and
summer pruning-
allocation of
Carbon to shoot
that are fruiting.
Apricot
and
peach
Differentiation of flower buds is high
in apricot. Maintenance of easier
training system for peach. Better
light distribution
Neri and
Massetani 2011
4
Use of artificial
neural networks
Apples Effective identification of pests by
analysis of model
Boniecki et al.,
2015

19. 5
Application of
plant protection
product system
with
measurement
sensing.
All orchard
crops
Precise application of
chemicals and directing the
air flow and the dosage rate
properly to each tree
canopy.
Berk et al.,
2016
6
Robotic-End
effector -
Automatic
pruning of trees
Apple Helps in branch pruning by
cutting the branches up to
12 mm in diameter.
Zahid et al.,
2019
7
Intelligent
machine for
pruning by
designed
through
algorithm
related with 3D
image
processing
Grapevine Acceptable performance and
correct detection of pruning
point of the grapevines with
an accuracy of 96.8%.
Hosseini and
Jaffari, 2017

20. VI. Use of nanotechnology
IFFCO (Indian Farmers
Fertilizer Cooperative) Nano
Urea is the only nano fertilizer
approved by the government of
India and included in the
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO).
Application of 1bottle of Nano
urea can effectively replace
atleast 1bag of urea.

21. VII. Exploitation of stock-scion interactions for canopy vigour
management And sustainable productivity
• Rootstock trial in mango (cv. Totapuri)- For eight years old
Totapuri trees, maximum canopy vigour was with Turpentine
and Olour rootstocks while least was with Nekkare followed by
Vellaikulamban.
• Fruit yield was highest on Turpentine followed by Olour rootstock
and least on Nekkare followed by Kensington and Vellaikulamban
rootstocks.
• The Rootstock Hebbalasu (Artocarpushirsutus) Recorded Higher
Values For Tree Height (1.2 M) And Tree Spread (0.53 M) And
Was More Vigorous Compared With Other Rootstocks Tried.

22. Near-infrared (VIS–NIR) spectroscopy
Digital photography
Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging
Thermal imaging
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
Recent phenotypic techniques for better
management of fruit crops
22
Ren et al., 2020
20-05-2024 Dept. of FSC

23. Table 3: The applications of VIS–NIR spectroscopy in the study of fruit tree phenotypes
23
20-05-2024 Dept. of FSC
Ren et al., 2020
Application Species Spectral range Detected parameters
Pigment and
nutrient contents
Apple orchard 253–922 nm Chl
Vineyard 350–2500 nm Moisture, N, Mg,
Water stress Citrus orchard 350–2500 nm Water status
Olive orchard 350–2500 nm Leaf water potential
Vineyard 1600–2400 nm Relative water content
Biochemical
parameters
Mango orchard 302–1148 nm TSS, TA,
Vineyard 570–900 nm TSS, Anthocyanins,
Polyphenols
Table 4: The applications of digital photography in the study of fruit tree phenotypes
Application Species Detected parameters
Architectural parameters Apple, Almond, Citrus orchard LAI
Biochemical parameters Mango orchard Chl-a, Chl-t, Chl-b,
Carotenoids, TSS, TA,

24. Fig. 1. Photoselective red net mounted on a block of Jonagold and Fuji trees in the experimental orchard. The net
caged the whole canopies of the trees to create both a shading and pest-exclusion effect and was attached to a
wire 0.5 m from the soil to permit access. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend,
the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
24
Aouna et al., 2020
20-05-2024 Dept. of FSC

25. Leaf plunker unit- for
the removal of basal
leaves before flowering
The tractor-mounted vertical
action prototype head to thin
clusters at berry pea size
(COMBI system)

26. The post-veraison removal of leaves from the mid-canopy to slow-down
sugar synthesis and ripening.
The basal leaves are maintained intact so as not to expose clusters to
high temperatures.

27. Top working - Mandarin orchard - USA

28. Components of organic farming
1. Green manuring
2. Mulching
3. Biofertilizers
4. Compost
5. Use of organic liquid manures
6. Biological pest and disease control

30. Varieties for specific purposes

31. Root which impart better vigour and productivity of soil even
under adverse situation and provides required architecture
•Used in most of the perennial fruit trees
•Use of rootstock is success story in:
–Grape: Dogridgeand 110R (drought and salinity tolerance)
–Citrus:Alemow
–Mango: 13-1
–Guava: Interspecific wilt resistant rootstock (P. mollex P
guajava)
Rootstocks research

32. Using root stock revolutionized grape production

33. Citrus rootstock Alemow: Resistant to Phytophthora
(root rot & gummosis)

34. High density orcharding in mango

35. Quality planting material

36. New propagation techniques

37. Why micro-propagation ?

38. Diagnostics development

39. Biological Control of Papaya Mealy Bug using Exotic
Parasitoid Acerophagus papaye

41. Biological control of guava wilt

42. •Development of hybrids -genes for higher yield and resistance to
biotic and abiotic stress which respond to climate change
•Improved production technology for mitigating problematic soil
•Enabling efficient use of water, nutrients and solar energy
•Technology for safe management of insect pests and diseases
•Reduction in post-harvest losses and value addition
•New areas
organic farming
precision farming
protected cultivation
biotechnology
Research priorities