Organic, functional, designer & SPF feed production
The market for organic poultry products is strong
and growing. Integrating either small-scale or
large-scale production into your farm system can
be both enjoyable and lucrative.
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements in poultrySunil Yadav
This Presentation will help you to understand the various factors that are responsible for the nutrient requirement of poultry. While formulating feed for any classes of poultry we should consider all these factors for a better outcome from the bird.
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements in poultrySunil Yadav
This Presentation will help you to understand the various factors that are responsible for the nutrient requirement of poultry. While formulating feed for any classes of poultry we should consider all these factors for a better outcome from the bird.
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Combating heat stress of poultry by dietary manipulationMusabbir Ahammed
Poultry heat stress problem occurs severe production fall. Heat stress may overcome by improved management, special care and also dietary manipulation. This slide is the good opportunity to obtain knowledge how to resolve heat stress problem of poultry especially chicken. I hope it would be helpful for both poultry producers and poultry researchers.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Protein quality determination in monogastric animals, we can determine which protein is better in case of monogastric animals, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
Combating heat stress of poultry by dietary manipulationMusabbir Ahammed
Poultry heat stress problem occurs severe production fall. Heat stress may overcome by improved management, special care and also dietary manipulation. This slide is the good opportunity to obtain knowledge how to resolve heat stress problem of poultry especially chicken. I hope it would be helpful for both poultry producers and poultry researchers.
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
Protein quality determination in monogastric animals, we can determine which protein is better in case of monogastric animals, Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Importance of Vitamins and Minerals for Dairy Cattle. The article written by Mr. Rakesh Kumar, Marketing Director, Growel Agrovet Private Limited, has been published in Dairy Planner magazine, March – 2021 edition.
In the tropical climate like India, the high ambient temperature along with high humidity is the major stressor (abiotic), thus resulting in the HEAT STRESS a major concern of poultry production.
55°F – 75°F Thermoneutral zone
65°F – 75°F Ideal temperature zone
75°F – 85°F A slight reduction in feed consumption
85°F – 90°F Feed consumption falls further, cooling should be started before this temp is reached.
90°F - 95°F Feed consumption continues to drop, danger of heat prostration among layers, cooling .
95°F-100°F Heat prostration, water consumption is high.
>100°F Emergency measures must be taken, survival is concern at these temperatures.
CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES TO AMELIORATE THE HEAT STRESS
1. Environmental strategies
Intermittent Photoschedule(light).
2. Housing management
Sites election, design and construction, ventilation, internal and roof cooling, Density of birds.
3. Nutritional strategies
Increasing energy density
Dietary Protein level and Amino acid composition
Vitamins – A,C,E.
Minerals.
Non nutrient feed additives.
Water and electrolyte balance.
4. Feeding strategies
Early feeding
Intermittent feeding
Sex separate feeding
Fasting or feed with drawl.
5. Genetic strategies
Selection for heat tolerance.
Selection for disease resistance.
Use of major genes – Naked neck(Na), Frizzle(F), Dwarf(dw), Silky (h), Slow feathering (K).
ENVIRONMENT STRATEGIES:
A). Intermittent Photo schedule
An intermittent light regime can improve the feed efficiency and thus the broiler production efficiency, by decreasing the fat deposition associated with increased incidence of leg abnormalities, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, ascites.
The favourable effect is related to the lower heat production during both light and dark period, although fluctuations in heat production are following closely the light-dark alternation.
This photo schedule contains more than one scotophase and one darkphase which recur at 24 hr intervals.
This regime increases the feed consumption during cooler part of the day.
Symmetric - when scotophase and dark phase are of equal length.
Asymmetric - when they are not in equal length.
3weeks age of broiler raised under 2L:4D intermittent light regime were significantly lighter than broilers raised in continuous light schedule but at 7 weeks it is reverse.(Proudfoot, 1975).
The initial reduction in body weight gain of birds under intermittent schedule is followed by compensatory growth, but the compensatory growth depends on genotype and sex.
Boschouwers and Nicaise (1992) observed that physical activity in broilers were lowest under 100Hz fluoroscent light and highest under incandescent.
HOUSING MANAGEMENT
Orientation : east west to reduce direct solar radiation
Shade of trees and green crops around the houses will prevent direct heating, .vegetation should be mowed frequently so that it doesnot obstruct air flow
Houses should be oriented perpendicular to wind direction for max
Positive Homeopathy is a leading chain of clinics across India providing effective services in treating all types of diseases through Homeopathy. Know More!
Advance Protein Powder (APP), created by Advance International, Inc., is a high quality, all natural, marine-based protein powder, which is highly stable, virtually odorless and tasteless and has a nutritional profile superior to other quality protein powders on the market. APP is made using a patent-pending manufacturing process that is both green and sustainable. This report presents an overview of the health benefits of Advance Protein Powder with a comparison of the two most common protein supplement products available: whey and soy.
Phytogenic feed additives: Keeping pace with trends and challenges in pig pro...Milling and Grain magazine
As the global population and its prosperity are steadily on the rise, the animal protein demand will further increase in the near future. Pig meat is the most consumed meat worldwide among the others, closely followed by poultry. Last year it comprised 38 percent (or 118 Mt) of the total meat consumption whereas poultry meat accounted for 35 percent (or 110 Mt). Though this growing demand is challenged – on the one hand by consumer’s awareness for safe food and on the other hand by sustainable and efficient swine production. At the same time, production costs should be kept as low as possible whilst controlling the high risk of developing drug resistant bacteria for humans due to the use of in-feed antibiotics, as antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) or as disease treatment. Over the last decades, many feed additives have been developed and evaluated, within which phytogenic (plant derived) substances have attracted much attention.
Zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutryzyme® supplemented dietsAI Publications
The study assessed the zoo-technical performances of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. This study aimed at determining the zoo-technical performances of the weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets while we specifically determined the zoo-technical performances, the apparent nutrient digestibility as well as the hematological and serum Biochemical of weaner rabbits fed Nutrizyme supplement diets. Eighteen rabbits were allotted into three dietary treatments with each having three replicates in a completely randomized design format. Each replicate (unit) housed two rabbits. The Nutrizyme powder was incorporated in the diets at 0, 125, and 250 ppm respectively. The parameters appraised include average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, average final weight and the heamatological and serum profiles. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance using statistical packages for social sciences (SSPM) packages. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the total weight, average daily weight, average daily feed intake as well as the feed efficiency. Rabbits fed diets 3 (250mg/kg Nutrizyme inclusion) had the best result in terms of the total weight (1068g), average daily (0.25), respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the digestibility of nutrients among the rabbits as indicated in the results. The crude protein digestibility improved with increased enzyme inclusion in the diets. Rabbits fed the control diet had the least nutrient digestibility. The heamoglobin concentrations, white blood cells and serum metabolites were not significantly influenced (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The packed cell volumes (PCV) of 36.03 to 41.06% were within the normal values of 35 to 45%, also red blood cell counts and the mean cell heamoglobin concentration (MCHC), were within the range reported for rabbits. Enzyme was found to be good nutrient metabolite that could enhance the growth of weaned rabbits. The already established quantity (125g/ton of feed) should be maintain as either increase or decrease in the internationally recommended quantity did not significantly (p<0.05) affect the zoo-technical performances nutrient digestibility, heamatological and serum metabolites of weaner rabbits.
Development of neutraceutical egg products with omega 3-rich oilsBilal Ahmed
Egg is a nutrient dense food that contains proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. The egg is the least inexpensive source and high containing proteins.
Egg supply the diet with essential nutrients such as folate ,selenium, iron ,Vit A and Vit B12and few exogenous sources of Vit D and Vit K as well as one of the few food sources that contain high concentration of choline; nutrient that is essential for normal brain development
OSTA TRAINING-introduction [Autosaved].pptxDeguTolera
Poultry nutrition is an integral part of poultry production. It has changed drastically as a consequence of developments in the other disciplines of animal science and also because of changes in poultry husbandry practices.
The non-conventional feed resources (NCFR) refer to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used in animal feeding and or are not normally used in commercially produced rations for livestock.
NCFR include commonly, a variety of feeds from perennial crops and feeds of animal and industrial origin.
Minerals and vitamins are interrelated in the sense that both belongs to the same class of nutrients called as micro nutrients, because both are needed in the body in small quantity as compared to other nutrients like carbohydrates, fat and protein.
FEED LAWS INVOGUE IN INDIA AND IN ABROAD
The Government of India adopted the World Trade Organisation (WTO) guidelines and introduced Harmonised System of Nomenclature (HSN), which is used by all member-countries of WTO.
Specifications of feed ingredients and finished feeds, and bis standardsDr.Balakesava Reddy
Specifications are defined as a group of standards given by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) or Indian Standards Institute(ISI) to different feed ingredients for feeding of animals.
These are essential for feed quality assurance programme and serve as basis for ration formulation.
Factors influencing the nutrient requirements of poultry:
Genetic make-up of the bird,
Energy content of the diet (a major factor influencing feed intake),
Environment temperature (another factor influencing feed intake as well as acid-base balance),
Type of housing (cage, wire or litter floor),
Nutrient availability from particular feedstuffs,
Influence of intestinal pH and transit flow on the destruction or sequestering of dietary nutrients,
Presence of dietary oxidizing fats, especially in the presence of catalyzing minerals and lack of antioxidants,
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
Organic, functional, designer & spf feed production
1. Organic, functional, designer &
SPF feed production
Presented by:
Dr J. BalaKesava Reddy,
GVM/16-005,
Department Of Animal Nutrition,
NTR College Of Veterinary Science.
2. Organic Feed Production
Feed rations must provide the levels of nutrients (protein, energy,
minerals and vitamins) appropriate to the type of bird, breed and age
or stage of development.
Typically, organic corn is used for energy, while organic soybeans
provide protein.
3. Roasted, extruded or expelled soybeans are used because feeds that
have been defatted with chemical solvents are not permitted.
In cold areas, wheat and peas are often used for energy and protein,
respectively.
No animal drugs or antibiotics are allowed in organic feed. Nor can
feed from genetically modified crops be used.
Although chickens are omnivores in nature, animal slaughter
byproducts are not permitted in feed in organic production.
4. The feed must be organic, including pasture and forage.
Therefore, any pasture used for organic poultry should be free of
synthetic chemicals for three years before it can be used.
Organic seed must be used when seeding pastures and weeds should
be managed with cultural practices rather than synthetic chemicals.
If organic hay is harvested for poultry, it should be stored separately
from conventional hay.
5. If grains are sprouted for poultry or roughage provided during
temporary confinement, it must be organic.
Organic feeds are very expensive compared to conventional.
According to the National Organic Program, feed may also contain
natural, nonagricultural feed additives and supplements or approved
synthetic substances that are allowed by the National List, which
basically allows trace minerals and vitamins, as well as some inerts
and excipients.
6. Feed additives and supplements must comply with the Federal
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
To further clarify, feed additives such as vitamins and minerals are
used in micro amounts to fulfill a specific nutritional need.
However, synthetic amino acids are not permitted in organic
production, although synthetic methionine is permitted for a limited
time for poultry.
7. Synthetic Methionine
Methionine is the only synthetic amino acid permitted in organic
livestock production and only for poultry on a temporary basis.
Synthetic methionine is added to virtually all commercial poultry
diets; however, it will be banned after October 2010 under the NOP.
Although some feedstuffs are naturally high in methionine, such as
fishmeal and corn gluten meal, there is a lack in organic form.
There is no organic corn gluten meal and only limited fishmeal
without prohibited preservatives.
8. Supplying sufficient methionine to birds with plant proteins such as
soybeans or sunflower meal results in diets that are excessive in overall
protein that is hard on birds (causing heat stress, excreting excessive
nitrogen and more) and the environment (excess nitrogen and ammonia
emissions).
Innovative protein sources such as algae, earthworm or insect meal are of
interest. Some literature suggests the use of alternative genetics that are
lower-yielding; however, research at the University of Arkansas (Fanatico et
al., 2006; Fanatico et al., 2007) has not shown slow-growing meat birds to
have lower methionine requirements.
9. Feed supplements, such as fishmeal, enzymes and oyster shell, are
permitted in larger amounts to improve the nutrient balance.
The fishmeal does not have to be organic because it is a natural
substance used as a feed supplement.
However, prohibited substances such as ethoxyquine cannot be
added to preserve fishmeal.
As a reminder, feed additives and supplements cannot be from
genetically modified organisms.
10. Conclusion:
If poultry feed is raised on-farm, crop production must comply with the
organic production standards for crops.
Handled feed must comply with organic handling requirements
or the feed must be from a certified organic feed mill.
Water should be from a clean source and may need to be tested for fecal
coliform bacteria and nitrates.
Water chlorination must not be above accepted levels of 4 ppm.
12. The health conscious consumers are demanding quality poultry
products and ready to pay premium price.
This leads to development in designer foods.
The Designer foods are also termed as functional, fortified, enriched
or nutraceutical value added foods.
Designer foods have better potential effects on health besides
providing the basic nutritional benefits.
13. The designer eggs and meat are produced by nutritional manipulation of
poultry diets i.e. addition of different health promoting components like
antioxidants, minerals, omega fatty acids, vitamins, and various non-nutrient
additives.
The altered fatty acid profiles specifically the enrichment of egg and meat with
omega 3 fatty acids, lowering of cholesterol and other compositional
components such as choline, conjugated linoleic acid, lutein, selenium, and
vitamins B, D, E and K, were produced recently.
In this review, an attempt has been made to bring forth the different nutritional
manipulations for production of designer poultry eggs and meat.
14. Designer Eggs
Designer eggs are those specially produced eggs which are rich in
additional nutrients and health promoting components like carotenoids,
chelated minerals, EPA and DHA like omega 3 fatty acids, selenium, vitamin
E and other immune-modulating factors.
Designer eggs contain 600 mg of omega-3 fatty acids, equivalent to a 100
g serving of fish.
Omega-3 fatty acids help in lowering dietary cholesterol content in the
diet.
These eggs prevent cancer causing factors, cardiovascular diseases
(CVD),and improve immunity and overall health status.
Studies have shown that when 2-3 designer eggs are consumed every day,
100 per cent of the daily requirement of essential fatty acids is met (Fraeye
et al.,2012; Tur et al., 2012).
15. The omega-3 fatty acids, also called as n-3 fattyacids are a family of
polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Important omega-3 fatty acids are derived largely as
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from
fish oils and as α-linolenic acid (LNA) from plant oil.
Marine algae are an efficient dietary alternative to other n-3 fatty
acid sources.
Manipulation Of Fatty Acid Profile In Eggs
16. The incorporation of ω-3 PUFA into eggs has been used by scientists to
alter ω-6: ω-3 ratio towards the desired dietary ratio.
As an important part of the diet, the omega 6 to omega 3 ratios in the
chicken egg has increased dramatically, from 1.3 under absolutely
natural conditions to 19.4.
In designer eggs the n-6: n-3 PUFA ratio is decreased to about 1.5, from
as much as 20 in regular eggs.
This favorable change in designer eggs, will supply about 50% of the
daily requirement of n-3 PUFA to the consumers, without any change in
the sensory quality of the egg.
17. Sources of ω-3 PUFA such as fish oils, fish meal marine algae or a
combination of several of the above can be used as supplements in layer
diets.
However, supplementation with fishmeal or fish oil can exert a negative
influence on the sensory properties of the egg.
Schizochytrium sp. has been used commercially as an alternative source
of omega-3 fatty acids.
The terrestrial type ω-3 PUFA, LNA found in canola oil, soybean oil,
flaxseed, walnuts, and spinach and mustard greens.
As omega-3 fatty acid dietary sources, flaxseed oil is widely used in
poultry egg and meat enrichment, due to its high content of LNA (50 to
60%).
But flaxseed reduces the availability of minerals and also inhibits the
activity of proteolytic enzymes.
18. The ω-3 fatty acid recommendation to achieve nutritional adequacy
is 0.6–1.2% of energy for LNA; up to 10% of this can be provided by
EPA or DHA.
A dietary level of 500 mg/d of EPA and DHA is recommended for
cardiovascular disease risk reduction.
For treatment of existing CVD, 1 g/d is recommended and these
recommendations have been followed by many health agencies
worldwide.
n-3 PUFA will undergo rancidity quickly, it is essential to prevent the
rancidity of the designer egg yolk lipids, by incorporating anti-
oxidants in the hens diet.
19.
20. Designer meat and its products
There is growing public concern towards coronary heart disease and
artherosclerosis with the consumption of poultry meat due to having
more cholesterol and saturated fatty acids.
Supplementation of copper, garlic, and omega-3 fatty acids has been
used successfully to reduce the cholesterol content of the poultry meat
(Esenbuğa et al., 2013).
Manipulating amino acid concentration and calorie to protein ratio in
the diet can enhance the protein and moisture concentration of the
breast and thigh muscles.
21. Manipulation Of Fatty Acid Profile In Meat
The fatty acid composition of the n-3 rich PUFA source depends on its
origin and oxidative status.
Therefore, the dose of each n-3 rich PUFA source added to the feed
impacts the fatty acid composition of meat and eggs differently, although
there are some general recommendations.
Zuidhof et al. (2009) have suggested that feeding flaxseed for 24 days
before processing gave optimal breast meat ω-3 enrichment, carcass
weight and meat yield.
22. More than 95% of ω-3 PUFA enrichment is due to LNA which is mainly
deposited in the tri acyl glycerol (TAG) fraction of both breast and thigh
meat (Betti et al. 2009a).
Addition of fish oil at 1.5% in the diet, acts as a good source of n-3 fatty
acids (Basmacoglu et al., 2003).
Rymer et al. (2010) have reported that algal biomass is as effective as
fish oil at enriching broiler diets with fish oil with significant difference
on the oxidative stability of the meat produced.
23. CLA Enrichment
CLAs have been shown to have anticarcinogenic, antiadipogenic,
antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties.
Concentrations of CLA in yolk lipids increased linearly as dietary CLA
increased.
Eggs produced by hens when fed with 5% CLA will contain 310 to
1000 mg of CLA/egg.
24. ω-3 fatty acid enriched eggs are more susceptible to lipid oxidation.
Supplementation with vitamin E is generally recommended to stabilize
egg lipids against rancidity and extend the shelf life of the product.
There is an improved feed intake, egg production, vitelline membrane
strength (VMS), albumen and yolk height and foam stability (Kirunda et
al., 2001) in heat stressed hens when fed with vitamin E supplemented
diet (60 IU vitamin E/kg feed).
Vitamin E enrichment in Eggs
25. Panda et al. (2011) reported that supplementation of vit E in layer diets
enhance egg production and increase antioxidant properties of egg
yolks and plasma of White Leghorn hens during heat stress.
Kucuk et al. (2003) have noticed that dietary vitamin E improved laying
hen performance significantly in a cold environment, including feed
conversion rate, body weight and egg production.
Leeson et al. (1998) reported a decline in egg yolk flavour and overall
egg acceptability when a higher level of vitamin E (100 ppm vs. 10
ppm) was used along with 20% dietary flaxseed.
Leeson et al. (1998) recommended that the level of dietary vitamin E in
feed should be 100 IU/kg in commercial n-3 fatty acid egg production.
26. Vit. E Enrichment In Meat
Konjufca et al. (2004) reported that supplemental α-tocopherol
acetate enhances Fcreceptor-mediated macrophage phagocytic
activity at early stages (up to 3 weeks) of broiler growth.
Dietary vitamin E supplementation improved the immune response
of broilers under heat stress.
Vitamin E at levels of 200-400mg/kg are supplemented in the diet.
27. Selenium Enrichment In Eggs
Selenium (Se) is a necessary trace mineral in reducing the oxidative
damage of cell membranes of animals.
Inorganic sources (selenate and selenite) and organic sources of selenium
supplements (selenium yeast) are used in typical corn soybean meal based
layer diets to develop the Se enriched egg.
Organic Se supplementation provides longer duration of freshness
qualities of eggs and it is used widely because its absorption is higher than
that of the inorganic form.
Inorganic Se has a lower transfer efficiency to eggs than the organic Se.
Supplementation of organic Se to layer diets significantly improved egg
production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, albumen height, and
specific gravity.
28. Selenium Enrichment In meat
In several broiler performance trials, organic Se supplementation
showed a positive effect on weight gain and FCR compared to controls
(Spring, 2008).
Organic Se exerts an antioxidant effect on the birds’ cellular
membranes and tissue structures resulting in less exudative losses
from meat.
Organic Se (Selplex) at 0.1-0.3ppm can be added as anti-oxidants to
the poultry diet.
29. Role Of Antioxidants In Eggs And Meat
Poultry eggs and meat are rich sources of natural antioxidants like vitamin-
E, Se, carotenoid pigments, flavinoid compounds, lecithin and phosvitin but
at the same time, are highly susceptible to oxidative rancidity during
storage.
These antioxidants will protect the fat-soluble vitamins and other yolk lipids
from oxidative rancidity.
The designer eggs and meat, not only contain high levels of the above anti-
oxidants but also contain synthetic anti-oxidant like Ethoxyquin and anti-
oxidants of herbal origin such as Carnosine, Curcumin, Lycopene, Quercetin
and Sulforaphene, depending upon the herbs used in the poultry diet
(Narahari, 2005).
30. Hence, supplementation of these antioxidants in the diet is essential
to maintain the shelf life of the product.
Along with antioxidants like Vitamin E and Se, the enzymes like
glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalaze constitute an
integral part of antioxidant cellular enzyme system in omega-3
enriched products to reduce lipid peroxidation.
31. Advantages Of Antioxidant Enrichment
Reduce susceptibility to lipid peroxidation and rancidity.
Prevent ‘fishy taint’ of the product.
These could be a good source of antioxidants in human diet.
Prevent destruction of fat-soluble vitamins and natural fat-soluble
pigments.
32. Reduction In Cholesterol Content
A large egg contains about 213 mg of cholesterol per yolk (USDA,
1991) and chicken meat contains about 60 mg/100 g.
Egg cholesterol levels are very difficult to influence by dietary
manipulation, but some improvement has been reported from
supplementing with Cu (Pesti and Bakalli, 1998) and Cr (Lien et al.,
1996).
Supplementation with dietary micro minerals may reduce the yolk
cholesterol level.
Supplementation of natural products like garlic, probiolac and
Lactobacillus acidophilus in poultry feed help to reduce egg yolk
cholesterol.
33. Feeding dehydrated alfalfa free of choice also produce lean
chicken breast meat as alfalfa is a good source of saponins which is
hypocholesterolaemic in nature.
Dietary supplementation of amino acids like glycine, lysine,
methionine and tryptophan can decrease body fat deposition
(Takahashi et al., 1994).
The carcass and yolk cholesterol levels can be significantly
reduced by supplementing herbal plants and products like basil
(tulsi), citrus pulp (nirangenin), garlic, grape seed pulp, tomato
pomace (lycopene).
34. The present health conscious consumers prefer chicken meat with
high protein, low fat and low cholesterol.
Addition of chromium (Cr) in feed shows a decrease in the fat content
of the poultry meat (Toghyani et al., 2012).
Cr enriched yeast at 1 g/kg diet showed an improvement in the
carcass quality, whereas chromium picolinate at 0.5 ppm had
significantly lowered the carcass fat level (Ibrahim et al., 2010).
Lean meat production
35. Feeding of probiotics at 100 mg/kg diet improved moisture, protein,
ash and decreased fat content in leg and breast meat of chicken
(Khaksefidi and Rahimi, 2005).
Narrowing the calorie:protein ratio, either by decreasing the energy
level or increasing the protein level also helps in producing lean meat.
An increase in the lysine level in the pre-starter diets and methionine
level in the finisher diets will yield lean breast meat in broilers.
36. Poultry eggs and meat are a good source of essential nutrients.
The development of nutrient enriched value added poultry eggs and meat
greatly increased the context of functional foods for human health.
Hence, by manipulating the diet of chicken with the different available feed
supplements in requisite amounts, value added and health promoting
chicken egg, meat and their products, free from drugs, pesticide residues
and other harmful toxic additives can be made available to the health
conscious consumers.
The designing must take into consideration the production facilities,
available materials, technical know-how, economic resources of the
producers and environmental impacts with welfare issues.
Conclusion
38. The eggs from SPF parent stock are incubated in a totally controlled
sterile environment until hatching.
From day one, the SPF flocks used for production of SPF eggs are
reared under totally controlled sterile ambience in SPF farm.
These farms have high-tech infrastructure maintained under filtered
air positive pressure (FAPP).
The birds are fed with feed and water that is suitably treated to
avoid introduction of any undesirable microorganisms.
39. The health of the SPF flocks is continuously monitored using a battery of
Avian Antigens, antisera and serological tests such as Fluorescent
Antibody Test (FAT),ELISA, Serum Neutralization Test, Haemagglutination
Inhibition Tests and Micro-neutralization Test, etc.
SPF status and fertility characteristics of the flocks are preserved by
employing special techniques of handling and taking extra measures to
assure biosecurity.
Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Eggs are fertile chicken eggs produced from
known SPF parent flocks.
40. SPF eggs are free from the vertically transmitted agents namely
Avian Adenovirus, Avian encephalomyelitis virus, Reo viruses,
Mycoplasma gallispticum, M.synoviae, Salmonella and other
vertically transmitted agents.
In addition, the SPF eggs are also free from laterally transmitted
infections such as RD, IB, IBD, MD and Avian influenza, etc.
41. Advantages
Usage of SPF Eggs in the production of vaccine assures absence of
extraneous agents.
SPF eggs are predominantly preferred over an ordinary fertile egg
for virus growth because of absence of specific antibodies in SPF egg
yolks.
SPF eggs totally avoid the hazardous risk of embryo – transmitted
and laterally transmitted viral agents as contaminants in virological
and immunological research work.
42. Applications
Production of poultry vaccines (Avian Biologicals)
Production of some of the human vaccines e.g. Anti-Rabies, Measles,
etc.
Development of primary cell cultures and cell lines
To study epidemiology of poultry and human diseases e.g. isolation
and characterization of infectious agents.
To conduct research on live viruses such as Lymphoid leukosis virus.
To study virus-cell interaction in cancer processes
43. References
Designer egg and meat through nutrient manipulation
-Journal of Poultry Science and Technology
MOSES organic fact sheet
44. Antioxidant, cholesterol reducing, immunomodulating and other health
promoting properties of herbal enriched designer eggs
D. Narahari*, P. Michealraj, A. Kirubakaran And T. Sujatha
XI th European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg
Products, Doorwerth, The Netherlands
23-26 May 2005
* Significant (P<0.05), ** Highly significant (P<0.01)