The properties of rattan cane and its comprehensive utilization technology. Presented by Xinge liu, Shumin Yang, Lili Shang, and Jianfeng Ma, researchers at the International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan. Presented at the ASEAN Rattan Summit.

1. Properties of Rattan Cane and Its
Comprehensive Utilization
Technology
Xinge Liu, Shumin Yang, Lili Shang and Jianfeng Ma
Researchers, International Centre for Rattan and Rattan
Department of Rattan and Rattan Biomass and New Materials
International seminar on rattan sustainable management and
utilization in South-east Asia
1

2. Outline
 Properties of rattan cane
 Processing and Utilization
of rattan cane
 Questions and Suggestions
 Future work
2

3. Properties of rattan cane
3

4. 1. Rattan Resources in world
There are 13 genera of rattan divided into about 700 species, mainly
distributed in Asia, north of Oceania and tropical regions of West Africa. 4

5. Genus
Name CHN ICP TH MM IND PH MAS INA NG LSI LK FiJi OA WA
Estimated
Species
Calamus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 400
Calospatha 1
Ceratolobus + + + + + + 6
Daemonorops + + + + + + + + + 115
Eremospatha + 7
Korthalsia + + + + + + + + 26
Laccosperms + 7
Myrialepis + + + + 1
Oncocalamus + 5
Plectocomia + + + + + + + + 16
Pleotocomiopsi
s + + + 5
Pogonotium + + 3
Retispatha + 1
Genus 3 4 7 5 5 5 8 9 3 1 1 1 1 4 13
Estimated
Species
42 23 50 30 46 54 104 755 50 ? 10 3 8 24 600
5

6. Genus
Name
HN GD GX FJ JX ZJ HN TW GZ YN XZ
Plectocomia 1s 1s 3s
Calamus
11s
1v
11s
3v
9s
2v
3s 2s 1s 1s 3s 4s 15s
21v
1s
Daemonorops 1s 1s 1s
Total 13s 23 50 30 46 54 104 755 50 ? 10
S: Species; V:Variation
1. Rattan Resources in China
Calamus
6

7. m
µm
cm
nm
As an important non-wood resource in the tropical and south
sub-tropical forests, the RATTAN is of great societal, economical,
ecological value and only inferior to wood and Rattan.
Sub-µm
The outermost primary wall
was composed of a meshwork
of microfibrils
A great degree of
inhomogeneity in the
layering structure of
sclerenchyma fiber
secondary wall
From the periphery
toward the pith the
vascular bundles
decrease in number
and increase in size
Rattan cane
Cross section of
Rattan cane
2. Properties of Rattan cane
7

8.  Cell differentiation
and growth
development
The cell development
of D. margaritae
shoots (vp-vascular
prototype; svep-small
vessel elements of
protoxylem;
f-fiber; v-vessel;
st-- sieve tube)
8

9. Fiber
Vessel
 Anatomical Structure of cell wall
Parenchyma
Fiber
Vessel
Parenchyma
9

10.  Lignification of Rattan
Intennode 6th
Only protoxylem
vessel
Fiber、vessel
and parenchma
begin to lignify
All cell types
begin to lignify All cell types
has lignified
Intennode 10th Intennode 20th Intennode 30th
10

11.  Anatomical Structure-
Base Middle Top
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
微纤丝角Microfibrilangle/°
藤皮 Cortex
藤芯 Core
The MFA in the bark and cortex did
not show obvious difference.
Average microfibirls angle (MFA) was 31.05°
 Microfibrils Angle
11

12.  Physical and Mechanical Properties
The density of rattan is between 0.27~0.65g/cm3, and can be divided three classes.
GY SC DG HT YN DY MN
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 heavy
middle
Dendityg/cm3
Different rattan types
light
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
light
middle
Densityg/cm3
heavy
 Density
12

13. Species
Density
g/cm3
Bending
modulus
(MOE) MPa
Bending
strength
(MOR) MPa
Compressive
modulus MPa
Compressive
strength MPa
Plectocomia
kerrana
0.27 846.78 31.05 831.61 17.87
Daemonorops
margaritae
0.39 1525.46 57.62 1198.49 23.54
Calamus
simplicifolius
0.47 1375.32 67.88 1571.18 31.59
Calumus
thwaitesii
0.48 2156 51.3 - 29.2
Calamus
manan
0.52 3450 94.03 - 39.08
Calumus
gamblei
0.66 3098 71.5 - 29.9
Calamus
nagbettai
0.67 4057 91.0 - 33.6
The mechanical properties of rattan increased with density increase.
Calamus manan is one of the strongest cane.
Effect of density on mechanical performance
13

14. Stress-strain curves of single fibers of four rattan
species under longitudinal tension
Single rattan fiber with two droplets of
epoxy at its ends acting as anchoring
points
 Physical and Mechanical Properties
 Mechanical properties of single fiber
14
custom-built short vegetable fiber
mechanical tester

15. Rattan species
A B C D
Rattan species
A B C D
The tensile elastic modulus, tensile strength, and elongation significantly differed in A, B, C, and D.
The average values of tensile elastic modulus and tensile stregth of A and C are 10.61 GPa and 603
MPa, and 9.10 GPa and 464 MPa, respectively, representing the maximum and minimum values of
the four rattan species sampled.
(A) Calamus simplicifolius
(B) C. nambariensis Becc.var.
Xishuangbannaensis
(C) C. yunnanensis
(D)C. nambariensis Becc. var.
yingjiangensis
 Physical and Mechanical Properties
 Mechanical properties of single fiber
15

16. ASTM E399-2012 Standard
3/ 2
Q
Q
P S a
K f
BW w
 
   
 
2
3/2
1.99 1 2.15 3.93 2.7
3
2 1 2 1
a a a a
w w w wa a
f
w w a a
w w
     
        
          
    
   
  
Using the three-point bending method to measure the fracture toughness of
rattan according to the linear elastic fracture mechanics.
 Physical and Mechanical Properties
 Fractureness Testing
16

17.  Physical and Mechanical Properties
 Fractureness Testing
The fracturing process were visualizing by scanning electron microscope and
micro-CT technology.
Synchrotron radiation X ray technology 3D Picture
17

18. Processing and Utilization
of rattan cane
18

19. 3. Processing and Utilization of Rattan
19
• most identified rattan species lack commercial
relatively high variability in the structural composition
breakable and poor mechanical properties
• modification

20. Mechanical properties Plectocomia kerrana Calamus manan
Compressive strength MPa 17.87 37.11
Bending strength MPa 31.05 93.89
Bending modulus GPa 1.04 2.32
Fractureness MPa•m1/2 0.476 0.651
 Rattan Modification
20
There is significant difference in mechanical properties between two
rattan species. Calamus manan was often used in load-bearing part in
furniture.

21.  Rattan Modification
Melamine modified urea formaldehyde resin (MPUF)
Format of Modification Regents
Melamine (三聚氰胺) :Methanol(甲醇)、 Formaldehyde (甲醛):Orgageantnic silicon(有
机硅):PEG(聚乙二醇): Urea(尿素)=1：2～3：2～3：0.1～0.4：0.1～0.4：1～2.
Modification Process
Rattan canning→ Evacuating (0.06-0.08Mpa) → Vacuum holding (15-
30min)→Modification regents injecting →Atomospheric keeping→Pressuring (0.4-
0.6ann Mpa)→Pressure maintain (2-4h)→Releasing→Discharging→Products collecting
Immersion Drying
21

22. Properties Treated Untreated Increase %
Density (g/cm3) 0.451 0.234 92.73
Bending strength(MPa) 67.80 36.84 84.04
Bending modulus(MPa) 1166.19 640.24 82.15
Compressive
strength(MPa) 38.80 20.27 91.41
Compressive
modulus(MPa) 1596.30 952.86 67.53
Fractureness(MPa) 0.476 0.676 42.02
Impact toughness(MPa) 177.27 193.82 -9.03
Impact toughness testCompressive testBending test
 Rattan Modification
 MPUF modification
22

23. Number Concentration Pressure Temperature Time
1 MMA100% atmospheric 40 2h
2 MMA100% 0.5MPa 60 4h
3 MMA100% 1.0MPa 80 6h
4 MMA:GMA=2:1 atmospheric 60 6h
5 MMA:GMA=2:1 0.5MPa 80 2h
6 MMA:GMA=2:1 1.0MPa 40 4h
7 MMA:GMA=4:1 atmospheric 80 4h
8 MMA:GMA=4:1 0.5MPa 40 6h
9 MMA:GMA=4:1 1.0MPa 60 2h
Methyl Methacrylate
（MMA）
Glycidyl methacrylate
（GMA)
 Rattan Modification
 MMA and GMA Modification
23
Obtaining a optimization
process for a monomer
impregnation of rattan cane.

24. Mechanical properties Treated Rattan Untreated rattan Increase%
Bending modulus MPa 2593.76 846.78 206.31
Bending strength MPa 97.89 31.05 215.27
Compressive modulus
MPa 1735.40 831.61 108.68
Compressive strength
MPa 36.96 17.87 106.82
Mechanical properties of untreated and treated rattan
 Rattan Modification
 MMA Modification
24

25. Inhibition zone dimensions of single reagent for the different fungi
No. agent Density (%) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
C11 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 0
1 CTL C12 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 1
C13 1 5 2 3 3 2 2 1
C21 3 0 4 4 2 4 1 1
2 CBZ C22 3 0 4 4 3 4 2 1
C23 4 0 5 5 3 5 3 2
C31 2 0 3 2 2 3 2 0
3 Benomyl C32 2 0 4 3 2 3 2 0
C33 3 0 4 4 3 4 2 1
C41 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1
4 BAC C42 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 2
C43 2 5 3 3 2 2 2 2
C51 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1
5 DDAC C52 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 1
C53 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1
C61 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 Cu-8 C62 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 2
C63 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3
Single agent
 Rattan prevention of fungi stains
25

26. When carbendazim (CBZ) or benomyl was compounded with Cu-8 or DDAC respectively, the
inhibiting effects of the chemicals were greatly improved
 Rattan prevention of fungi stains
The fungi-inhibition effects of compouds
26

27. Concnetration
Gradient
CBZ Benomyl Cu-8
CBZ
+Cu-8
Benomyl
+Cu-8
CBZ
+DDAC
Benomyl
+DDAC
1 5 5 5 4.3 4.5 4.2 4.5
2 4.2 4.3 4.5 2.8 3.5 3 3.5
3 2 2.5 3 1.5 2 1.5 2
4 0.8 1 1 0.5 0.8 0.5 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rattan prevention of the fungi stains
Results of the indoor anti-staining experiments
27

28. ● correlation between the Inhibition zone dimensions and the fungi-inhibition effects
 Rattan prevention of fungi stains
Inhibition zone 0-2 inhibition levels 5
Inhibition zone 3-5
inhibition levels 4 inhibition levels 3
inhibition levels 0inhibition levels 2 inhibition levels 1
28

29. Dyed rattan furniture29
 Bleaching and
Dyeing

30. Change of whiteness change of D. margaritae
before and after bleaching
H2O2% pH Urea% Addictive% Time/min Temp/°C
 Rattan Bleaching
30
（Wang Zhenguo，2009）

31. Dyeing of Daemonorups
margaritae
31
（Wang Zhenguo，2009）

32. L*a*b* Munsell
L* a* b* Ag* C* V H C
77.2 6.0 20.8 74.1 21.7 6.6 8.1 3.5
77.5 5.8 19.9 73.7 20.7 6.6 8.0 3.3
73.6 6.5 21.8 71.6 22.8 6.3 7.8 3.7
79.3 5.3 20.0 75.1 20.7 6.8 8.3 3.3
77.9 5.9 20.9 74.4 21.7 6.7 8.1 3.5
For the rattan cane, yellow-orange
predominates the color parameters and the
distributing range of lightness was narrow.
L*a*b* and Munsell color space parameter values
The thickness of rattan materials
affected the absorption
characteristics significantly.
 Rattan for interior decorating materials
 Performance assessment
32

33. Rattan decorated roomAs the extension of time, humidity
adjustment for the surface decorated rattan
was weaker than that of untreated samples.
 Rattan for interior decorating materials
 Performance assessment
33

34. Classification Sanding Polishing Splitting Cooking
Molding
Water
immersion
Decorations
 Rattan for interior decorating materials
Manufacturing process for indoor decorations
34

35. Raw materials Peel Rattan core Division
Refined divisionClassifyingBinding
 Rattan for interior decorating materials
Manufacturing process for rattan core
35

36.  Rattan for interior decorating materials
Manufacturing process for rattan furniture
36

37. Questions and Suggestions
37

38. 1. Shortage of raw materials
 Conserve Species Diversity
 Promote Rattan Breeding and
Plantation Cultivation
 Formulate International
Trade Policy
38

39. 2. The development of standards
 Make Efforts to Construct Framework for
the Rattan Standard System of China
 Promote Scientific Research on Rattan
Standards and Standardization
 Through INBAR platform, to Strengthen
International Cooperation on Rattan
Standardization
39

40. 3. Technological innovation
 Machinery
 Improvement of processing technology
40

41. 4. Rattan preservation
 Rattan cane discoloration and other
biological decay
 Study the safe and effective drugs and
treatment methods
41

42. Future Work
42

43. 1. High Value-added Utilization of Rattan
 Preparation technology of cane carbon-
based materials for energy storage
 synthesize the carbon electrode material
 pyrolysis, modification,
morphology control,
surface and
interface design,
Electrochemical
properties
43

44. 1. High Value-added Utilization of Rattan
 preparation technology of cane carbon-
based materials for electromagnetic shielding
material
 composite carbonization
 surface functionalization
 preparation technology of composite
44

45. 1. High Value-added Utilization of Rattan
 preparation technology of cane carbon-
based eco-ceramic materials
 the rattan carbon as a template combined with
Si, B, N in mesoscopic level
 a sol-gel or high temperature permeation
 ecological ceramic material with distinct
structural rattan features and excellent
performance.
45

46. 1. High Value-added Utilization of Rattan
 preparation technology of High-Conductivity
Polymer Nanocomposites
 study the impact of high temperature
carbonization-graphitization treatment on the
conductive properties of carbon powder.
 study properties of functional plastics and
rubber and its affected factors, such as
molding method.
 obtain conductive rubber, plastics and fibers.
46

47. 2. Outdoor rattan furniture
47

48. 3. Rattan & Wood composite
48

49. Thanks for Your Attention
49