This document summarizes a seminar presentation on aerosol propellants. It defines an aerosol as a system that uses compressed or liquefied gas to expel contents from a container. The key components of an aerosol are identified as the propellant, container, valve, and product concentrate. The document discusses different types of propellants including liquefied gases, hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, and compressed gases. It explains the principles behind selecting propellants based on their vapor pressures and how Dalton's and Raoult's laws can be applied to calculate vapor pressures of propellant mixtures. The overall purpose of propellants is to create pressure within containers and expel the product when the valve is opened
In this slide contains introduction, copmpression, consolidation, compaction, heckel plots and equation, interpretation and application.
Presented by: NARAYAN SINGH UDIT (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur
FORMULATION FACTORS EFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGSN Anusha
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.
When the drug is given orally, only part of the administered dose appears in the plasma.
By plotting plasma concentrations of the drug versus time, one can measure the area under the curve (AUC).
This curve reflects the extent of absorption of the drug.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
It is defined as “the predictive mathematical model that describes the relationship between in vitro property (such as rate & extent of dissolution) of a dosage form and in vivo response (such as plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed)”.
Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design and In Vitro Drug Produ...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Introduction, biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate–limiting steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug formulation factors affecting drug product performance
This presentation provides a knowledge about Aerosol containers, its adventages and disadvantages, its various components, manufacturing of aerosol, evaluation tests, packaging, labelling and storage of Aerosols. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmaceutical Dosage form & Cosmetic Technology, IIIrd Year, B.Pharm
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Aerosols, Propellants and types of propellants , Containers , types of conta...KavyasriPuttamreddy
Aerosols, propellants , types of propellants,
containers ,types of containers, Definition of aerosols, History of aerosols, what is propellent, Types of propellant, liquefied gases propellants, chlorofluoro carbons, hydrocarbons, hydrofluoro alkanes, compressed gasses propellant, blending of propellant, Dalton's law, containers for aerosols, types of containers for aerosols, tin plates steel container, aluminium containers, stainless steel containers, glass containers, uncoated glass container, plastic coated glass container, m. pharm 1 year, pharmaceutics, Novel targeted drug delivery system.
In this slide contains introduction, copmpression, consolidation, compaction, heckel plots and equation, interpretation and application.
Presented by: NARAYAN SINGH UDIT (Department of pharmaceutics).
RIPER, anantapur
FORMULATION FACTORS EFFECTING BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUGSN Anusha
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.
When the drug is given orally, only part of the administered dose appears in the plasma.
By plotting plasma concentrations of the drug versus time, one can measure the area under the curve (AUC).
This curve reflects the extent of absorption of the drug.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
It is defined as “the predictive mathematical model that describes the relationship between in vitro property (such as rate & extent of dissolution) of a dosage form and in vivo response (such as plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed)”.
Biopharmaceutic considerations in drug product design and In Vitro Drug Produ...PRAJAKTASAWANT33
Introduction, biopharmaceutic factors affecting drug bioavailability, rate–limiting steps in drug absorption, physicochemical nature of the drug formulation factors affecting drug product performance
This presentation provides a knowledge about Aerosol containers, its adventages and disadvantages, its various components, manufacturing of aerosol, evaluation tests, packaging, labelling and storage of Aerosols. This is an assignment in the subject, Pharmaceutical Dosage form & Cosmetic Technology, IIIrd Year, B.Pharm
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Aerosols, Propellants and types of propellants , Containers , types of conta...KavyasriPuttamreddy
Aerosols, propellants , types of propellants,
containers ,types of containers, Definition of aerosols, History of aerosols, what is propellent, Types of propellant, liquefied gases propellants, chlorofluoro carbons, hydrocarbons, hydrofluoro alkanes, compressed gasses propellant, blending of propellant, Dalton's law, containers for aerosols, types of containers for aerosols, tin plates steel container, aluminium containers, stainless steel containers, glass containers, uncoated glass container, plastic coated glass container, m. pharm 1 year, pharmaceutics, Novel targeted drug delivery system.
Aerosols Definition:
Aerosols: A system that depends on the power of a compressed gas or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container with special valve system.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Aerosol is defined as a system that depends on the power of a compressed
or liquefied gas to expel the contents from the container.
• Aerosols are pressurized systems. The term pressurized system is used
commonly when referring to the aerosol container or complete product.
• Pressure is applied to the aerosol system through the use of one or more
liquefied or gas propellants’ upon actuation of the valve assembly of the
aerosol, the pressure exerted by the propellant forces the contents of the
package out through the opening of the valve
Advantages
1. A dose can be removed without contamination of remaining material.
2. The medication can be delivered directly to the affected area in a desired
form such as spray, stream, quick breaking foam or stable foam.
3. Irritation produced by the mechanical application of topical medication is
reduced or eliminated.
3
4. 4. Rapid onset of action circumvention of the first pass effect and avoidance
of degradation in the GI tract is achieved.
5. Dose lowering in case of steroid therapy and dose titration to individual
needs can be achieved by using metered dose and dry powder inhalers.
• The propellant is generally regarded as the heart of the aerosol package.
• It is responsible for development of pressure within the container,
supplying the necessary force to expel the product when the valve is
opened.
• The physical form in which the contents are emitted is dependent upon
the formulation of the product and the type of the valve employed.
• The physical form selected for a given aerosol is based on the intended
use of that product.
• Aerosol products were intended for topical administration for the treatment
of burns, minor cuts, infection and various dermatologic conditions
4
5. COMPONENTS OF AEROSOL
An aerosol product consists of the following components
• Propellant
• Container
• Valve and actuator
• Product concentrate
5
6. PROPELLANTS
• The propellant is responsible for developing the proper pressure
within the container, and it expels the product when the valve is
opened and aids in the atomization or foam production of the product.
• Various types of propellants are used which can be classified into
1. Liquefied gases
2. Hydrocarbons
3. Hydrocarbon ether
4. Compressed gases
6
7. • They are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and can
be liquefied easily by lowering the temperature or by increasing the
pressure.
• They also maintain a constant pressure within the container.
• When they are placed in a sealed container, they immediately separate
into a liquid and a vapour phase.
• They have wide spread use as propellent, since they are very effective in
dispersing the ingredients into a fine mist or a foam.
• They are relative inert, non toxic and non-flammable.
• They also have an advantage of maintaining a constant pressure within
the container
• E.g. chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), hydrochloroflurocarbon (HCFCs),
and hydroflurocarbons (HFCs)
Liquefied gases
7
8. All the fluorinated propellants are identified by a numerical designation. The
rules governing this nomenclature system is as follows.
1. All the propellants are designed by three digits(000)
2. The first digit represents the one less than the number of carbon
atoms(‘c’-1)in the compound
3. The second digit represents the one more than the number of hydrogen
atoms(‘H’+1)in the compound
4. The last third digit represents the number of fluorine atoms in the
compound
5. The number of chlorine atoms in the compound can be found by
subtracting the sum of the fluorine and the hydrogen atoms from the total
number of atoms that can be added to saturate the carbon chain.
6. In the case of isomers the most symmetrical one is indicated by the
number alone. As the isomer becomes more and more asymmetrical, the
letter a, b, c, etc. follows the number.
7. For cyclic compound, a C is used before the number.
8
9. Fluorinated hydrocarbons
• They are widely used in most aerosol for oral and inhalation use. E.g.
1. Trichloromonofluromethane CCl3F 11
2. Dichlorodifluromethane CCl2F2 12
3. Dichlorotetrafluroethane CClF2CClF2 114
9
10. Hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbon propellants have replaced CFCs for topical pharmaceutical
aerosols.
• Hydrocarbons are flammable, less toxic, less dense, more economic,
more soluble, and chemically more stable.
• They also have a wide range of solubility.
• Hydrocarbons have a density of less than 1 and their immiscibility with
water makes them useful in the formulation of a three phase system
aerosols.
• Being lighter than water, the hydrocarbon remains on the top of the
aqueous layer and serves to push the contents out of container.
• Not being halogenated, hydrocarbons generally possess better solubility
characteristics than the fluorinated hydrocarbon.
10
11. • Hydrocarbons are characterized by their extreme chemical stability. They
are not subjected to hydrolysis, making them useful with water based
aerosols. They will react the halogen but only under server condition.
• Examples: butane(propellant A-17) ,isobutene(propellant 31),
propane(propellant A-108)
11
12. Compressed gas
• Compressed gas are used in products like hair preparations, ointments,
dental creams, aqueous germicidal and antiseptic aerosols, contact
lenses cleaner and food products.
• Compressed gas has little expansion power and will produce a fairly wet
spray and less stable foam as compared to liquefied gas.
• The compressed gas such as nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and carbon
dioxide has been used as propellant.
• Depending on the nature of the formulation and the valve design, the
product can be dispensed as a fine mist, foam or semisolid
12
13. Hydrocarbon ether
• Example: Dimethyl ether-This is an alternative liquefied propellant, and
is more common in personal care products, and some air fresheners.
• It is significantly higher in price than hydrocarbon propellants.
• An advantage of DME is its solubility in and compatibility with aqueous
formulas.
13
14. PRINCIPLE BEHIND SLECTION OF
PROPELLANTS
• The vapour pressure of a mixture of propellant can be calculated
according to Dalton’s law.
• Dalton’s law states that the total pressure in any system is equal to the
sum of the individual or the partial pressure of the various components.
Total vapour pressure =partial pressure of A +partial pressure of B
Where; A and B are two different propellants
• The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture is known as
its partial pressure.
14
15. • Raults law which regards lowering of the vapour pressure of a liquid by
the addition of another substance, states that the depression of the
vapour pressure of a solvent upon the addition of a solute is proportional
to the mole fraction of the solute molecules in the solution.
• Given ideal behavior, the vapour pressure of a mixture consisting of two
individual propellant is equal to the sum of mole fraction of each
component present multiplied by the vapour pressure of each pure
propellant at the desired temperature
• This relation can be shown mathematically;
Where, Pa = partial vapour pressure of propellant A
PA0 = vapour pressure of pure propellant A
na and nb = mole fraction of propellant A andB respectively
NA= mole fraction of component A
15
16. • To calculate the partial vapour pressure of propellant B,
• Total vapour pressure of the system is obtained from;
Where, P is the partial vapour pressure of the system
16
17. • When the mole fraction of one component is large and the other is small
then it does not affect the vapour pressure, this system approaches ideal
behavior.
• For practical purpose, however the calculated pressure is sufficiently
accurate for most determinations.
• When the components are of similar physical and chemical nature, the
experimentally determined values and the calculated values are
approximately the same.
• In the case of fluorinated hydrocarbon the deviation from the ideal
behavior is not great. And the results are approximately equal or within
5%.
• When other solvents are present, such as alcohols, the vapour pressure
can be determined in a similar manner.
17
18. CONCLUSION
• Aerosol is a non invasive pulmonary drug delivery system which is
considered to be one of the best methods as compared to other
routes of administration.
• It is useful to treat asthma, COPD etc.
• Various types of propellants are used in the formulation of aerosol
which will create a pressure inside the containers and helps to expel
the contents from the container.
• Propellants are important in formulation of aerosols.
18
19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Leon Lachman, H A. Lieberman. The theory & practice of industrial
pharmacy. 4th edition.CBS publishers and distributors, 2013. Chapter21:
Pharmaceutical aerosol, 770-774
• Howard C Ansel, Loyd V Allen,Nicholas G Popovich. Pharmaceutical
dosage forms and drug delivery systems.7th edition. Pheladelphia:
Lippincot Williams and Wilkins: 2000.chapter 13. Disperse systems, 384-
386.
• Remington. The science &practice of pharmacy, 20th edition. Indian:
Lippincot Williams and Wilkins: 2000. Chapter 50:aerosol,1006-1008
19