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Project Implementation
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- 2. MEANING Process whereby âprojectinputs are converted to project outputsâ. May be looked at as: ďľPutting in action the activities of the project. ďľPutting into practice what was proposed in the project document (i.e. transforming the project proposal into the actual project.) ďľManagement of the project or executing the project intentions. ⪠2
- 3. Contn⌠ďľImplementation usually doneby implementing agency (organization) that prepared the project and received funding for it. ďľOther organizations that participate in the implementation of the project : by way of collaboration, say by according good working relationship, extending technical advice or seconding their staff to the project are referred to as co-operating agencies.
- 4. Project Implementation Phase ďľProject activation, and ďľ Project operation ⪠Project activation This means making arrangements to have the project started. It involves coordination and allocation of resources to make project operational. ⪠Project operation This is practical management of a project. Here, project inputs are transformed into outputs to achieve immediate objectives
- 5. Approaches to ProjectImplementation ⪠Top-down approach Implementation mainly done by agencies from outside the community with limited involvement by the beneficiaries. ⪠Bottom-up approach Beneficiaries implement the project. Outside agencies may provide the financial resources and technical assistance. ⪠Collaborative participatory approach Both top-down and bottom-up approaches to project implementation are applied in the process.
- 6. Project Implementation Plan(PIP) If PIP not carried out during the project design process and embodied in the project documents, it is carried out at the project activation stage. This is Similar to a Work plan / Action Plan or a Gantt. Chart. Project implementation plan includes: a)The project implementation schedule This is concerned with: ⪠What activities can produce expected project outputs? ⪠What is the sequence of these activities? ⪠What is the time frame for these activities? ⪠Who will be responsible for carrying out each activity?
- 7. The following methodsmay be used to answer the those questions: âŞGantt chart âŞCritical Path Method (CPM) or Net work analysis ⪠Project Evaluation and Review Techniques âŞ(PERT) âŞSimple formats
- 8. Project implementation planincludes: b) Organizational structure and staffing Here the following are sought: âŞ ďľ Project structure for purposes of management âŞ ďľ Qualifications and skills for the staff âŞ ďľ Job descriptions and specifications for the staff âŞ ďľ Technical assistance if needed c) Financial management This looks at funds management, accounting period, financial reports and statements and how often they will be made? ⪠12
- 9. Project implementation planincludes: f) Reporting system This looks at who will be reporting to whom and how often.There is need to design standard reporting formats. g) Sustainability The concept of sustainability is based on belief that project should result in benefits that have lasting effect. Project should be sustained beyond the life of funding - especially if it is a grant. Project should not exhaust the available resources likeraw materials and labor.
- 10. Project implementation planincludes: h ) Time control and remedial action Time taken to implement project activities is one measure of successfulness of supervision or monitoring of project implementation. Supervisor pays particular attention to time supervision, time extension and postponement, damages for non-completion and defect or warranty period. I ) Supervision of implementation of project schedule This involves a set of checks and balances to ensure that the schedule is being adhered to. To ensure that the time schedule is being adhered to, the project activity time listing can be of great importance.
- 11. Factors Affecting ProjectImplementation Factors that lead to success of projects ďľ Political Commitment ďľ Simplicity of Design ďľ Careful preparation ďľ Good management ďľ Involvement of beneficiaries/community
- 12. Factors Affecting ProjectImplementation Factors and problems that lead to failure of Projects ďľ Financial Problems ďľ Management problems ďľ Technical problems ďľ Political problems
- 13. Factors Affecting ProjectImplementation Other typical implementation problems : ďľ Poor scheduling of projects leading to delays in implementation. ďľ Misallocation of funds ďľ Delay and sometimes lack of counterpart funding ďľ Lack of accountability and transparency ďľ Bureaucracy in decision-making. ďľ Selfishness/nepotism/favoritism by some project managers. ⪠17
- 14. Factors Affecting ProjectImplementation Other typical implementation problems : ďľ Weak monitoring systems ďľ Natural calamities like drought, earthquakes, landslides, and hailstorms. ďľ Policy changes ďľ Migration of beneficiaries ďľ Lack of team work ďľ Lack of incentives for implementers. Etc.
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