Programming Language As we know, to communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to communicate with computers, programmers also need a language is called Programming language. Before learning the programming language, let's understand what is language? What is Language? Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that is understandable by both communicators. What is a Programming Language? A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task. A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications. Types of programming language 1. Low-level programming language Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast. Low-level language is further divided into two parts - i. Machine Language Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form. It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers directly understand the machine language programs. The advantage of machine language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the high-level programming language. ii. Assembly Language Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in a symbolic and human-understandable form. It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.

1. Programming
Languages

2. Have a vision of computer language evolution.
Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level
languages.
Understand the process of creating and running a program.
After reading this chapter, the reader should
be able to:
OBJECTIVES
Distinguish between the different categories of languages:
procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.
Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C.

3. EVOLUTION

4. Evolution of computer languages

5. 00000000 00000100 0000000000000000
01011110 00001100110000100000000000000010
11101111 000101100000000000000101
11101111 10011110 0000000000001011
11111000 10101101 11011111 0000000000010010
0110001011011111 0000000000010101
11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000010111
11110100 1010110111011111 0000000000011110
0000001110100010 11011111 0000000000100001
11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000100100
01111110 11110100 10101101
11111000 10101110110001010000000000101011
0000011010100010 11111011 0000000000110001
11101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100
00000100 0000000000111101
00000100 0000000000111101
Program in machine language
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6. The only language understood by
a computer is machine language.
Note:

7. Entry main, ^m<r2>
subl2 #12,sp
jsb C$MAIN_ARGS
movab $CHAR_STRING_CON
pushal -8(fp)
pushal (r2)
calls #2,read
pushal -12(fp)
pushal 3(r2)
calls #2,read
mull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),-
pushal 6(r2)
calls #2,print
clrl r0
ret
Program in symbolic language
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8. /* This program reads two integer numbers from the keyboard and prints their
product. */
#include <iostream.h>
int main (void)
{
// Local Declarations
int number1;
int number2;
int result;
// Statements
cin >> number1;
cin >> number2;
result = number1 * number2;
cout << result;
return 0;
}
// main
Program 9.3 Program in C++ language
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9. BUILDING
A
PROGRAM

10. Building a Program

11. PROGRAM
EXECUTION

12. Program Execution

13. CATEGORIES
OF
LANGUAGES

14. Categories of Languages

15. Function in a functional Language

16. Common tags
Meaning
----------------------
document
document head
document body
document title
different header
levels
boldface
Italic
underlined
subscript
superscript
centered
line break
ordered list
unordered list
an item in the list
an image
an address
(hyperlink)
Beginning Tag
----------------
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<BODY>
<TITLE>
<Hi>
<B>
<I>
<U>
<SUB>
<SUP>
<CENTER>
<BR>
<OL>
<UL>
<LI>
<IMG>
<A>
Ending Tag
----------------
</HTML>
</HEAD>
</BODY>
</TITLE>
</Hi>
</B>
</I>
</U>
</SUB>
</SUP>
</CENTER>
</OL>
</UL>
</LI>
</A>

17. <HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
This is the picture of a book:
<IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE>
</BODY>
</HTML>
HTML Program

18. A PROCEDURAL
LANGUAGE:
C

19. Figure 9-7
Variables

20. Arithmetic operators
Example
----------------------
3 + 5
2 - 4
Num * 5
Sum / Count
Count % 4
-----------------------
Count ++
Count --
Operator
----------------
+
-
*
/
%
----------
++
--
Definition
----------------
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division (quotient)
Division (remainder)
-----------------------
Increment
Decrement

21. Relational operators
Example
----------------------
Num1 < 5
Num1 <= 5
Num2 > 3
Num2 >= 3
Num1 == Num2
Num1 != Num2
Operator
----------------
<
<=
>
>=
==
!=
Definition
----------------
Less than
Less than or equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Equal to
Not equal to

22. Logical operators
Example
----------------------
! ( Num1 < Num2 )
(Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 )
(Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 )
Operator
----------------
!
&&
||
Definition
----------------
NOT
AND
OR

23. Assignment operators
Meaning
----------------------
Store 5 in Num
Num = Num + 5
Num = Num - 5
Num = Num * 5
Num = Num / 5
Num = Num % 5
Operator
----------------
==
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Example
----------------
Num = 5
Num += 5
Num -= 5
Num *= 5
Num /= 5
Num %= 5

24. Statements

25. Side effect of a function

26. Function declaration

27. if-else statement

28. switch statement

29. while loop

30. for loop

31. do-while loop