What is project? Software Project Vs. Other Types. Activities by
Software Project Mgt. Plans, Methods and Methodologies. Problems with Software Projects.
The document discusses various aspects of project management. It begins by defining what a project is - a unique set of coordinated activities with a start and end date, undertaken to achieve objectives within time, cost and resource constraints. It then discusses the key attributes of projects like objectives, timeframes, activities, resources, risks.
It explains the basic elements of a project - operations/activities, resources, and conditions/restraints. It discusses the three dimensions of project performance - scope, time and resources. It also covers the project life cycle phases of initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and closing. Finally, it provides details on various planning processes like developing the work breakdown structure, scheduling, estimating durations and resources.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
A project is defined as a means of moving from a problem to a solution via a series of planned activities. It has a definite beginning and end and consists of multiple interconnected tasks. Successful project management requires thorough planning, control over resources and activities, and monitoring progress against the initial plan. It also depends on factors like clear goals, support from senior management, effective communication, and involvement of stakeholders. When projects go wrong, it is often due to poor planning, lack of control, unrealistic schedules or budgets, and failure to address risks.
Presentation of project management (905, scm. rajib ahashan rashel)ferozpatowary
A successful project management includes key elements like capital cost, time, and value. It also involves important processes such as project initiation, planning, execution, control and validation, and closeout and evaluation. There are different forms of project organization including line and staff, divisional, and matrix structures. Project management requires disciplined definition, planning, communication, and control to ensure projects deliver as intended.
Project management involves planning, directing, and controlling resources to complete projects on time and within budget. A key part of project management is work breakdown structure (WBS), which divides work into smaller tasks assigned to organizational units. Critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) are used to schedule projects by identifying the longest sequence of tasks on the critical path that determine the project's duration.
This document provides an overview of project management concepts including:
- The definition of a project, project life cycle, characteristics of projects, and tools and techniques used for project management.
- Key aspects of project management like project identification, scope, deliverables, team, and the role of the project manager.
- The project life cycle involves initiation, planning, execution, and closure to complete a project on time and on budget.
- Effective project managers demonstrate leadership, task delegation, and communication skills to guide a project team to success.
Presentation of project management (907, scm. mir mohammed shorab hossein)ferozpatowary
A successful project management includes key elements like capital cost, time, and value. It also involves important processes such as project initiation, planning, execution, control and validation, and closeout and evaluation. There are different forms of project organization including line and staff, divisional, and matrix structures. Project management requires defining, planning, communicating, and controlling projects to ensure they are delivered successfully.
The document discusses various aspects of project management. It begins by defining what a project is - a unique set of coordinated activities with a start and end date, undertaken to achieve objectives within time, cost and resource constraints. It then discusses the key attributes of projects like objectives, timeframes, activities, resources, risks.
It explains the basic elements of a project - operations/activities, resources, and conditions/restraints. It discusses the three dimensions of project performance - scope, time and resources. It also covers the project life cycle phases of initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and closing. Finally, it provides details on various planning processes like developing the work breakdown structure, scheduling, estimating durations and resources.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
A project is defined as a means of moving from a problem to a solution via a series of planned activities. It has a definite beginning and end and consists of multiple interconnected tasks. Successful project management requires thorough planning, control over resources and activities, and monitoring progress against the initial plan. It also depends on factors like clear goals, support from senior management, effective communication, and involvement of stakeholders. When projects go wrong, it is often due to poor planning, lack of control, unrealistic schedules or budgets, and failure to address risks.
Presentation of project management (905, scm. rajib ahashan rashel)ferozpatowary
A successful project management includes key elements like capital cost, time, and value. It also involves important processes such as project initiation, planning, execution, control and validation, and closeout and evaluation. There are different forms of project organization including line and staff, divisional, and matrix structures. Project management requires disciplined definition, planning, communication, and control to ensure projects deliver as intended.
Project management involves planning, directing, and controlling resources to complete projects on time and within budget. A key part of project management is work breakdown structure (WBS), which divides work into smaller tasks assigned to organizational units. Critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) are used to schedule projects by identifying the longest sequence of tasks on the critical path that determine the project's duration.
This document provides an overview of project management concepts including:
- The definition of a project, project life cycle, characteristics of projects, and tools and techniques used for project management.
- Key aspects of project management like project identification, scope, deliverables, team, and the role of the project manager.
- The project life cycle involves initiation, planning, execution, and closure to complete a project on time and on budget.
- Effective project managers demonstrate leadership, task delegation, and communication skills to guide a project team to success.
Presentation of project management (907, scm. mir mohammed shorab hossein)ferozpatowary
A successful project management includes key elements like capital cost, time, and value. It also involves important processes such as project initiation, planning, execution, control and validation, and closeout and evaluation. There are different forms of project organization including line and staff, divisional, and matrix structures. Project management requires defining, planning, communicating, and controlling projects to ensure they are delivered successfully.
This document discusses software project scheduling. It defines software project scheduling as distributing estimated effort across a planned project duration by allocating effort to specific software engineering tasks. The objective is to create a set of engineering tasks that will enable completing the project on time. Building large software systems involves many interdependent tasks, making schedules important for understanding, managing, and evaluating project progress. Effective scheduling involves decomposing the project into tasks, establishing interdependencies, allocating time and effort, validating resources, assigning responsibilities, defining outcomes, and associating milestones.
This document discusses software cost estimation. It begins by distinguishing between effort, which is the number of hours of work required, and time, which is the duration from start to finish. It then describes factors that influence cost estimation, such as project type and size, and development team size. Finally, it outlines several techniques used for cost estimation, including algorithmic models, expert judgment, top-down estimation, and bottom-up estimation.
SWE-401 - 3. Software Project Managementghayour abbas
The document discusses various aspects of software project management including defining a software project, the need for software project management, roles and responsibilities of a project manager, key project management activities like planning, estimation, scheduling, resource management, risk management, execution and monitoring, communication management, configuration management, and change control. It also discusses tools that can help with project management like Gantt charts, PERT charts, resource histograms, and critical path analysis.
The document discusses various topics related to software project management including:
1. Definitions of projects, jobs, and exploration and how software projects have more characteristics that make them difficult than other types of projects.
2. Typical project phases like initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing.
3. Distinguishing between different types of software projects and their approaches.
4. Key activities in project management like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, monitoring, and controlling.
Project Plan For A Project Management ProjectMary Stevenson
Here are the key steps for the induction program project plan:
1. Define project objectives - Clearly state what the project aims to achieve.
2. Develop project schedule - Create a timeline that outlines all tasks and their deadlines.
3. Assign roles and responsibilities - Designate project manager and team member roles.
4. Create communication plan - Determine how the team will communicate status and issues.
5. Develop budget - Estimate costs for all project activities and materials.
6. Identify risks - Anticipate potential challenges and have contingency plans.
7. Plan evaluations - Determine how the project and team performance will be assessed.
8. Get sign-off - Obtain final approval
Project management IT Project Management Amanda Haddad
This document provides an overview of information technology project management. It defines IT project management as the process of planning, organizing, and assigning responsibility for completing an organization's specific IT goals. These goals can include software development, hardware installation, network upgrades, and other IT services. The document then discusses key aspects of project management including the project life cycle, managing project knowledge areas, and factors that can affect IT project success such as technology advances. It provides details on the five process groups that make up the project management life cycle: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/controlling, and closing. Finally, it outlines the ten knowledge areas that project managers use to segment different project management actions.
Today as we see, software has become an inseparable part of human life. Almost everything we can look around is managed, controlled by software.
The goal of software project management is to understand, plan, measure, and control the project such that it is delivered on time and on budget. This involves gathering requirements, managing risk, monitoring and controlling progress, and following a software development process.
The document discusses project management processes and software project planning. It describes the five basic phases of directing and controlling a project: conception and initiation, definition and planning, launch or execution, performance and control, and close. It also outlines the key responsibilities of a project manager, including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Finally, it details the various activities involved in software project planning such as scope definition, quality planning, time and resource estimation, risk identification, schedule development, and cost estimation.
This document provides an introduction to software project management. It defines software, projects, and management. Software project management aims to deliver software on time, within budget, and meeting requirements. The document discusses the differences between software and other projects, as well as contract management, common project activities, plans and methodologies used. It also covers categorizing projects, project charters, stakeholders, objectives, success and failure factors, the project management lifecycle, and differences between traditional and modern approaches.
Training Slides of Construction Supervising Site Engineer - Duties & Responsibilities, discussing the importance of Construction Site.
Some Key-Points:
-The meaning and concept of project management
-The Role of the Project Manager
-The Architect as a Construction Project Manager
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
www.asia-masters.com
The document discusses concepts related to software project scheduling, including:
- Software project scheduling involves distributing estimated effort across the planned project duration by allocating effort to specific tasks.
- There are two perspectives on software scheduling - either working within a prescribed end date or setting the end date based on the software team's estimates.
- Basic principles of software scheduling include compartmentalizing tasks, determining dependencies, allocating time estimates, validating effort, and defining responsibilities, outcomes, and milestones.
- Tracking project schedules involves comparing actual progress to planned schedules through status meetings, reviews, and milestone completions.
Software project scheduling involves allocating estimated effort across the planned project duration by assigning tasks to specific engineering activities. A project schedule communicates what work must be done, who will perform it, and the timeline. There are seven principles for software project scheduling: compartmentalizing work, dividing tasks, sequencing dependent tasks, assigning time periods, allocating effort, assigning tasks to team members, and defining outcomes for each task. Project tracking involves comparing the project plan to actual progress by determining work completed and resources spent.
The document provides definitions and explanations of common project management terms including:
- Project manager, stakeholders, deliverables, project timeline, dependencies which are tasks that rely on other tasks to be completed first.
It also defines terms like Gantt chart, resource management, project budget, project plan, project objectives which is the main goal, and key performance indicators to track progress. Additional terms covered are project scope, scope creep, Agile and Waterfall methodologies, Kanban, Scrum, and principles from the PMBOK 7 guide including quality, complexity, opportunities and threats, adaptability, change management and more.
Project management involves planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals within constraints of time, cost, and scope. A project has defined objectives, timeline, funding, and consumes resources. Successful project management delivers objectives on time, within budget, and to the required performance level while using resources effectively. Project benefits include improved planning, identification of responsibilities and problems, and better estimates for future projects. Project managers must coordinate with line managers who control resources and balance stakeholder interests for project success.
Software Project Management | An Overview of the Software Project ManagementAhsan Rahim
Management is the process of getting things done through others, it is the process of coordinating people & other resources to achieve the goals of the organization. A project is a set of related tasks that are coordinated to achieve a specific objective in a given time limit. A project is well-defined task, which is a collection of several operations done in order to achieve a goal. Software is the program & all associated documentation & configuration data which is needed to make these programs operate correctly.
A Software Project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing & maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
The project execution plan (PEP) establishes how projects will be executed, monitored, and controlled. It communicates project objectives and how they will be achieved. The major elements of a PEP are scope definition, goal statements, quality/technical specifications, resource allocation, and project scheduling. Scope definition clearly defines the project goals. Goal statements list deliverables, milestones, and risks. Quality specifications use precise definitions and measurable standards. Resource allocation identifies needed staff, money, and time. Project scheduling divides work into chunks and sets time-bound milestones, accounting for risks and exceptions to plans.
The document discusses various aspects of project management for software development projects. It covers topics like project planning, estimation techniques, scheduling, risk analysis, quality management planning, change management planning, and plan-driven versus agile development approaches. Project planning involves breaking work into tasks, scheduling, and anticipating potential problems. Estimation considers factors like costs, resources, complexity, and historical data from similar projects. Scheduling graphically represents the project plan timeline. Agile methods use iterative development and flexible planning compared to plan-driven approaches.
Diploma of Project Management – How to Set Up Project Activity Sequencesdanieljohn810
This document discusses how to set up project activity sequences. It explains that once a project activity list is created, the activities must be arranged logically. This can be done through computer-driven scheduling software, manual sequencing, or a blended approach. When sequencing activities, the project manager should consider the project scope statement, activity list, activity attributes, milestone list, and approved change requests to ensure all necessary work is included.
Our CPM guide includes everything you need to get started in the Critical Path Method - with step-by-step examples, solutions, as well as schedules to help get your next project done faster and easier. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a simple but powerful technique for analyzing, planning, and scheduling large, complex projects. It is used to determine a project’s critical path—the longest sequence of tasks that must be finished for the entire project to be complete.
CPM, also known as Critical Path Analysis (CPA), identifies dependencies between tasks, and shows which tasks are critical to a project. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is one of the most important concepts in project management, and certainly among the most enduring. But what is the Critical Path Method, exactly? This beginner-friendly guide will help you understand the Critical Path Method and apply it in your projects.
Early iterations of the Critical Path Method can be traced all the way back to the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s. Given the ambition, scale, and importance of this world-altering project, scientists - and the managers behind them - developed a number of techniques to make sure that the project delivered results on time. For a project management technique, the Critical Path Method has quite an illustrious history. One of these techniques was to map out the most important tasks in any project and use that to estimate the project completion date.
The Critical Path Method in project management is a cornerstone of project planning even to this day. How long a project takes often depends on the most important tasks that constitute it.
Effort estimation is a process in which project managers evaluate how much time and money they need for completing a project. This technique is common in software development, where technology professionals define the resources and schedule for developing a new application or releasing an update. These forecasts help create accurate estimates that often require approval before work on a project begins. Effort estimation is a common tool as part of the Agile methodology, which is a framework that divides a project into smaller phases. In this framework, you can estimate the effort for several components of development, including:
Epics: Epics are large projects that several teams manage throughout development. These usually contain several smaller releases and tasks.
Features: A feature is a piece of functionality or design that addresses a user's need. A feature often includes specific acceptance criteria that detail how that part of the product works.
Sprints: A sprint is a short period containing a fraction of work. Often, a few team members complete development tasks in sprints that build toward epics and releases.
Releases: Releases are software packages development teams can deploy. These often contain several epics and features that teams deploy in iterations.
Development teams might estimate the effort for each of these components of the Agile framework or select components depending on the needs of the project.
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This document discusses software project scheduling. It defines software project scheduling as distributing estimated effort across a planned project duration by allocating effort to specific software engineering tasks. The objective is to create a set of engineering tasks that will enable completing the project on time. Building large software systems involves many interdependent tasks, making schedules important for understanding, managing, and evaluating project progress. Effective scheduling involves decomposing the project into tasks, establishing interdependencies, allocating time and effort, validating resources, assigning responsibilities, defining outcomes, and associating milestones.
This document discusses software cost estimation. It begins by distinguishing between effort, which is the number of hours of work required, and time, which is the duration from start to finish. It then describes factors that influence cost estimation, such as project type and size, and development team size. Finally, it outlines several techniques used for cost estimation, including algorithmic models, expert judgment, top-down estimation, and bottom-up estimation.
SWE-401 - 3. Software Project Managementghayour abbas
The document discusses various aspects of software project management including defining a software project, the need for software project management, roles and responsibilities of a project manager, key project management activities like planning, estimation, scheduling, resource management, risk management, execution and monitoring, communication management, configuration management, and change control. It also discusses tools that can help with project management like Gantt charts, PERT charts, resource histograms, and critical path analysis.
The document discusses various topics related to software project management including:
1. Definitions of projects, jobs, and exploration and how software projects have more characteristics that make them difficult than other types of projects.
2. Typical project phases like initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing.
3. Distinguishing between different types of software projects and their approaches.
4. Key activities in project management like planning, organizing, staffing, directing, monitoring, and controlling.
Project Plan For A Project Management ProjectMary Stevenson
Here are the key steps for the induction program project plan:
1. Define project objectives - Clearly state what the project aims to achieve.
2. Develop project schedule - Create a timeline that outlines all tasks and their deadlines.
3. Assign roles and responsibilities - Designate project manager and team member roles.
4. Create communication plan - Determine how the team will communicate status and issues.
5. Develop budget - Estimate costs for all project activities and materials.
6. Identify risks - Anticipate potential challenges and have contingency plans.
7. Plan evaluations - Determine how the project and team performance will be assessed.
8. Get sign-off - Obtain final approval
Project management IT Project Management Amanda Haddad
This document provides an overview of information technology project management. It defines IT project management as the process of planning, organizing, and assigning responsibility for completing an organization's specific IT goals. These goals can include software development, hardware installation, network upgrades, and other IT services. The document then discusses key aspects of project management including the project life cycle, managing project knowledge areas, and factors that can affect IT project success such as technology advances. It provides details on the five process groups that make up the project management life cycle: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring/controlling, and closing. Finally, it outlines the ten knowledge areas that project managers use to segment different project management actions.
Today as we see, software has become an inseparable part of human life. Almost everything we can look around is managed, controlled by software.
The goal of software project management is to understand, plan, measure, and control the project such that it is delivered on time and on budget. This involves gathering requirements, managing risk, monitoring and controlling progress, and following a software development process.
The document discusses project management processes and software project planning. It describes the five basic phases of directing and controlling a project: conception and initiation, definition and planning, launch or execution, performance and control, and close. It also outlines the key responsibilities of a project manager, including planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Finally, it details the various activities involved in software project planning such as scope definition, quality planning, time and resource estimation, risk identification, schedule development, and cost estimation.
This document provides an introduction to software project management. It defines software, projects, and management. Software project management aims to deliver software on time, within budget, and meeting requirements. The document discusses the differences between software and other projects, as well as contract management, common project activities, plans and methodologies used. It also covers categorizing projects, project charters, stakeholders, objectives, success and failure factors, the project management lifecycle, and differences between traditional and modern approaches.
Training Slides of Construction Supervising Site Engineer - Duties & Responsibilities, discussing the importance of Construction Site.
Some Key-Points:
-The meaning and concept of project management
-The Role of the Project Manager
-The Architect as a Construction Project Manager
For further information regarding the course, please contact:
info@asia-masters.com
www.asia-masters.com
The document discusses concepts related to software project scheduling, including:
- Software project scheduling involves distributing estimated effort across the planned project duration by allocating effort to specific tasks.
- There are two perspectives on software scheduling - either working within a prescribed end date or setting the end date based on the software team's estimates.
- Basic principles of software scheduling include compartmentalizing tasks, determining dependencies, allocating time estimates, validating effort, and defining responsibilities, outcomes, and milestones.
- Tracking project schedules involves comparing actual progress to planned schedules through status meetings, reviews, and milestone completions.
Software project scheduling involves allocating estimated effort across the planned project duration by assigning tasks to specific engineering activities. A project schedule communicates what work must be done, who will perform it, and the timeline. There are seven principles for software project scheduling: compartmentalizing work, dividing tasks, sequencing dependent tasks, assigning time periods, allocating effort, assigning tasks to team members, and defining outcomes for each task. Project tracking involves comparing the project plan to actual progress by determining work completed and resources spent.
The document provides definitions and explanations of common project management terms including:
- Project manager, stakeholders, deliverables, project timeline, dependencies which are tasks that rely on other tasks to be completed first.
It also defines terms like Gantt chart, resource management, project budget, project plan, project objectives which is the main goal, and key performance indicators to track progress. Additional terms covered are project scope, scope creep, Agile and Waterfall methodologies, Kanban, Scrum, and principles from the PMBOK 7 guide including quality, complexity, opportunities and threats, adaptability, change management and more.
Project management involves planning, organizing, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals within constraints of time, cost, and scope. A project has defined objectives, timeline, funding, and consumes resources. Successful project management delivers objectives on time, within budget, and to the required performance level while using resources effectively. Project benefits include improved planning, identification of responsibilities and problems, and better estimates for future projects. Project managers must coordinate with line managers who control resources and balance stakeholder interests for project success.
Software Project Management | An Overview of the Software Project ManagementAhsan Rahim
Management is the process of getting things done through others, it is the process of coordinating people & other resources to achieve the goals of the organization. A project is a set of related tasks that are coordinated to achieve a specific objective in a given time limit. A project is well-defined task, which is a collection of several operations done in order to achieve a goal. Software is the program & all associated documentation & configuration data which is needed to make these programs operate correctly.
A Software Project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing & maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product.
The project execution plan (PEP) establishes how projects will be executed, monitored, and controlled. It communicates project objectives and how they will be achieved. The major elements of a PEP are scope definition, goal statements, quality/technical specifications, resource allocation, and project scheduling. Scope definition clearly defines the project goals. Goal statements list deliverables, milestones, and risks. Quality specifications use precise definitions and measurable standards. Resource allocation identifies needed staff, money, and time. Project scheduling divides work into chunks and sets time-bound milestones, accounting for risks and exceptions to plans.
The document discusses various aspects of project management for software development projects. It covers topics like project planning, estimation techniques, scheduling, risk analysis, quality management planning, change management planning, and plan-driven versus agile development approaches. Project planning involves breaking work into tasks, scheduling, and anticipating potential problems. Estimation considers factors like costs, resources, complexity, and historical data from similar projects. Scheduling graphically represents the project plan timeline. Agile methods use iterative development and flexible planning compared to plan-driven approaches.
Diploma of Project Management – How to Set Up Project Activity Sequencesdanieljohn810
This document discusses how to set up project activity sequences. It explains that once a project activity list is created, the activities must be arranged logically. This can be done through computer-driven scheduling software, manual sequencing, or a blended approach. When sequencing activities, the project manager should consider the project scope statement, activity list, activity attributes, milestone list, and approved change requests to ensure all necessary work is included.
Similar to Introduction to Software Project Management: (20)
Our CPM guide includes everything you need to get started in the Critical Path Method - with step-by-step examples, solutions, as well as schedules to help get your next project done faster and easier. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a simple but powerful technique for analyzing, planning, and scheduling large, complex projects. It is used to determine a project’s critical path—the longest sequence of tasks that must be finished for the entire project to be complete.
CPM, also known as Critical Path Analysis (CPA), identifies dependencies between tasks, and shows which tasks are critical to a project. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is one of the most important concepts in project management, and certainly among the most enduring. But what is the Critical Path Method, exactly? This beginner-friendly guide will help you understand the Critical Path Method and apply it in your projects.
Early iterations of the Critical Path Method can be traced all the way back to the Manhattan Project in the early 1940s. Given the ambition, scale, and importance of this world-altering project, scientists - and the managers behind them - developed a number of techniques to make sure that the project delivered results on time. For a project management technique, the Critical Path Method has quite an illustrious history. One of these techniques was to map out the most important tasks in any project and use that to estimate the project completion date.
The Critical Path Method in project management is a cornerstone of project planning even to this day. How long a project takes often depends on the most important tasks that constitute it.
Effort estimation is a process in which project managers evaluate how much time and money they need for completing a project. This technique is common in software development, where technology professionals define the resources and schedule for developing a new application or releasing an update. These forecasts help create accurate estimates that often require approval before work on a project begins. Effort estimation is a common tool as part of the Agile methodology, which is a framework that divides a project into smaller phases. In this framework, you can estimate the effort for several components of development, including:
Epics: Epics are large projects that several teams manage throughout development. These usually contain several smaller releases and tasks.
Features: A feature is a piece of functionality or design that addresses a user's need. A feature often includes specific acceptance criteria that detail how that part of the product works.
Sprints: A sprint is a short period containing a fraction of work. Often, a few team members complete development tasks in sprints that build toward epics and releases.
Releases: Releases are software packages development teams can deploy. These often contain several epics and features that teams deploy in iterations.
Development teams might estimate the effort for each of these components of the Agile framework or select components depending on the needs of the project.
A software process model is an abstraction of the software development process. The models specify the stages and order of a process. So, think of this as a representation of the order of activities of the process and the sequence in which they are performed. A model will define the following:
1. The tasks to be performed
2. The input and output of each task
3. The pre and post-conditions for each task
4. The flow and sequence of each task
The goal of a software process model is to provide guidance for controlling and coordinating the tasks to achieve the end product and objectives as effectively as possible.
Managing projects and entire programmes is an important part of OSCE activities in the field and by its Institutions and Secretariat. Good programme and project management requires effective planning, proper implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. The Conflict Prevention Centre defines and implements the Organization’s management methodology and tools, and builds the capacity of staff in this area via specialized coaching and training.
Organize your projects with project plans to keep things on track—before you even start. A project plan houses all the necessary details of your project, such as goals, tasks, scope, deadlines, and deliverables. This shows stakeholders a clear roadmap of your project, ensures you have the resources for it, and holds everyone accountable from the start. In this article, we teach you the seven steps to create your own project plan.
The HyperText Markup Language or HTML is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight data format that has become standard for representing data structures in JavaScript. It can represent either arrays or objects (key-value pairs). JavaScript provides JSON.stringify() to encode objects to JSON strings and JSON.parse() to decode JSON strings back to objects. Valid JSON must follow specific formatting rules like using double quotes for object property names and only allowing specific data types. Node.js provides the fs module to read and write JSON files by parsing/stringifying objects and reading/writing files.
nodemon is a tool that helps develop Node. js based applications by automatically restarting the node application when file changes in the directory are detected. nodemon does not require any additional changes to your code or method of development. nodemon is a replacement wrapper for node.
Node handles these tasks by running asynchronously, which means that reading user input from a terminal isn't as simple as calling a getInput() function.
The Node.js file system module allows you to work with the file system on your computer. To include the File System module, use the require() method: var fs = require('fs'); Common use for the File System module: Read files.
Transaction processing means dividing information processing up into individual, indivisible operations, called transactions, that complete or fail as a whole; a transaction can't remain in an intermediate, incomplete, state (so other processes can't access the transaction's data until either the transaction has
A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the World Wide Web. The main job of a web server is to display website content through storing, processing and delivering webpages to users. Besides HTTP, web servers also support SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol), used for email, file transfer and storage.
Web server hardware is connected to the internet and allows data to be exchanged with other connected devices, while web server software controls how a user accesses hosted files. The web server process is an example of the client/server model. All computers that host websites must have web server software.
Web servers are used in web hosting, or the hosting of data for websites and web-based applications -- or web applications.
How do web servers work?
Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of the site's content to the requesting user. The software side is also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server. The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs. As hardware, a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files related to a website, such as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files.
When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web server, the browser will request the file by HTTP. When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request, find the content and send it back to the browser through HTTP.
More specifically, when a browser requests a page from a web server, the process will follow a series of steps. First, a person will specify a URL in a web browser's address bar. The web browser will then obtain the IP address of the domain name -- either translating the URL through DNS (Domain Name System) or by searching in its cache. This will bring the browser to a web server. The browser will then request the specific file from the web server by an HTTP request. The web server will respond, sending the browser the requested page, again, through HTTP. If the requested page does not exist or if something goes wrong, the web server will respond with an error message. The browser will then be able to display the webpage.
Multiple domains also can be hosted on one web server.
Examples of web server uses
Web servers often come as part of a larger package of internet- and intranet-related programs that are used for:
sending and receiving emails;
downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and
building and publishing webpages.
Many basic web servers will also support server-side scripting, which is used to employ scripts on a web server that can customize the response to the client. Server-side scripting runs on the server machine and typically has a broad feature set, which includes database access. The server-side scripting
What is as web server?
A web server is a computer that runs websites. It's a computer program that distributes web pages as they are requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and deliver web pages to the users. This intercommunication is done using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
How do web servers work?
Web server software is accessed through the domain names of websites and ensures the delivery of the site's content to the requesting user. The software side is also comprised of several components, with at least an HTTP server. The HTTP server is able to understand HTTP and URLs. As hardware, a web server is a computer that stores web server software and other files related to a website, such as HTML documents, images and JavaScript files.
When a web browser, like Google Chrome or Firefox, needs a file that's hosted on a web server, the browser will request the file by HTTP. When the request is received by the web server, the HTTP server will accept the request, find the content and send it back to the browser through HTTP.
More specifically, when a browser requests a page from a web server, the process will follow a series of steps. First, a person will specify a URL in a web browser's address bar. The web browser will then obtain the IP address of the domain name -- either translating the URL through DNS (Domain Name System) or by searching in its cache. This will bring the browser to a web server. The browser will then request the specific file from the web server by an HTTP request. The web server will respond, sending the browser the requested page, again, through HTTP. If the requested page does not exist or if something goes wrong, the web server will respond with an error message. The browser will then be able to display the webpage.
Multiple domains also can be hosted on one web server.
Examples of web server uses
Web servers often come as part of a larger package of internet- and intranet-related programs that are used for:
sending and receiving emails;
downloading requests for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) files; and
building and publishing webpages.
Many basic web servers will also support server-side scripting, which is used to employ scripts on a web server that can customize the response to the client. Server-side scripting runs on the server machine and typically has a broad feature set, which includes database access. The server-side scripting process will also use Active Server Pages (ASP), Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) and other scripting languages. This process also allows HTML documents to be created dynamically.
Number System is a method of representing Numbers on the Number Line with the help of a set of Symbols and rules. These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Number System is used to perform mathematical computations ranging from great scientific calculations to calculations like counting the number of Toys for a Kid or Number chocolates remaining in the box. Number Systems comprise of multiple types based on the base value for its digits.
What is the Number Line?
A Number line is a representation of Numbers with a fixed interval in between on a straight line. A Number line contains all the types of numbers like natural numbers, rationals, Integers, etc. Numbers on the number line increase while moving Left to Right and decrease while moving from right to left. Ends of a number line are not defined i.e., numbers on a number line range from infinity on the left side of the zero to infinity on the right side of the zero.
Positive Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the right side of the zero are termed as Positive Numbers. The value of these numbers increases on moving towards the right. Positive numbers are used for Addition between numbers. Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, …
Negative Numbers: Numbers that are represented on the left side of the zero are termed as Negative Numbers. The value of these numbers decreases on moving towards the left. Negative numbers are used for Subtraction between numbers. Example: -1, -2, -3, -4, …
Number and Its Types
A number is a value created by the combination of digits with the help of certain rules. These numbers are used to represent arithmetical quantities. A digit is a symbol from a set 10 symbols ranging from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Any combination of digits represents a Number. The size of a Number depends on the count of digits that are used for its creation.
For Example: 123, 124, 0.345, -16, 73, 9, etc.
Types of Numbers
Numbers are of various types depending upon the patterns of digits that are used for their creation. Various symbols and rules are also applied on Numbers which classifies them into a variety of different types:
Number and Its Types
1. Natural Numbers: Natural Numbers are the most basic type of Numbers that range from 1 to infinity. These numbers are also called Positive Numbers or Counting Numbers. Natural Numbers are represented by the symbol N.
Example: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and so on.
2. Whole Numbers: Whole Numbers are basically the Natural Numbers, but they also include ‘zero’. Whole numbers are represented by the symbol W.
Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
3. Integers: Integers are the collection of Whole Numbers plus the negative values of the Natural Numbers. Integers do not include fraction numbers i.e. they can’t be written in a/b form. The range of Integers is from the Infinity at the Negative end and Infinity at the Positive end, including zero. Integers are represented by the symbol Z.
Example: ...,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,...
Programming Language
As we know, to communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to communicate with computers, programmers also need a language is called Programming language.
Before learning the programming language, let's understand what is language?
What is Language?
Language is a mode of communication that is used to share ideas, opinions with each other. For example, if we want to teach someone, we need a language that is understandable by both communicators.
What is a Programming Language?
A programming language is a computer language that is used by programmers (developers) to communicate with computers. It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C, C++, Java, Python) to perform a specific task.
A programming language is mainly used to develop desktop applications, websites, and mobile applications.
Types of programming language
1. Low-level programming language
Low-level language is machine-dependent (0s and 1s) programming language. The processor runs low- level programs directly without the need of a compiler or interpreter, so the programs written in low-level language can be run very fast.
Low-level language is further divided into two parts -
i. Machine Language
Machine language is a type of low-level programming language. It is also called as machine code or object code. Machine language is easier to read because it is normally displayed in binary or hexadecimal form (base 16) form. It does not require a translator to convert the programs because computers directly understand the machine language programs.
The advantage of machine language is that it helps the programmer to execute the programs faster than the high-level programming language.
ii. Assembly Language
Assembly language (ASM) is also a type of low-level programming language that is designed for specific processors. It represents the set of instructions in a symbolic and human-understandable form. It uses an assembler to convert the assembly language to machine language.
information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. Information systems are used to run inter-organizational supply chains and electronic markets. For instance, corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, manage their human resources, and to reach their potential customers with online promotions. Many major companies are built entirely around information systems. These include eBay, a large auction marketplace; Amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud computing services; Alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and Google, a search engine company that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising on Internet searches. Governments deploy information systems to provide services cost-effectively to citizens. Digital goods—such as electronic books, video products, and software—and online services, such as gaming and social networking, are delivered with information systems. Individuals rely on information systems, generally Internet-based, for conducting much of their personal lives: for socializing, study, shopping, banking, and entertainment.
As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two examples. These inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual lives, business organization, and human governance.
The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information systems.
One of the first computers used for such information processing was the UNIVAC I, installed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1951 for administrative use and at General Electric in 1954 for commercial use. Beginning in the late 1970s, personal computers brought some of the advantages of information systems to small businesses and to individuals. Early in the same decade, the Internet began its expansion as a global network of networks. In 1991 the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access the interlinked information stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the Internet, began operation and became the principal service delivered on the network. The global penetration of the...
Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy
Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive.
Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer-assisted learning.
The Internet is a huge collection of data. It is available with just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, and Bing help in searching online data related to the pharmacy field just one has to enter his or her area of interest in the search engine.
In the Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started in 1980. Since then there is a great demand for computers in the pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in manpower, speed, multitasking, non-fatigued, high memory, data storage and many more.
Computers in pharmacy are used for the information of drug data, records and files, drug management (creating, modifying, adding and deleting data in patient files to generate reports), business details.
Applications of Computer Science in Pharmacy
Computer is mandatory in this advanced era and pharmacy and related subjects are not exception to it. This review mainly focuses on the various applications, software’s and use of computers in pharmacy. Computer science and technology is deeply utilized in pharmacy field everywhere like in pharmacy colleges, pharmaceutical industries, research centers, hospital pharmacy and many more. Computer significantly reduces the time, expenditure, and manpower required for any kind of work. Development of various softwares makes it trouble-free to handle huge data. In short, computers are playing critical role in pharmacy field, without computers pharmacy research will be long-lasting andexpensive.
Pharmacy field plays a crucial role in patient health care. It is a huge field which is present worldwide. To run pharmacy field professionally and efficiently, it requires huge management and manpower. But nowadays use of computers in pharmacy field reduced the manpower and time. Computers are almost related to every corner of pharmacy field. These are utilized in the drug design technique, retail pharmacy shop, clinical research centers, crude drug identification,drug storage and business management, hospital and clinical pharmacy, in pharmacy colleges for computer assistedlearning.
Internet is huge collection of data. It is available in just one click. Various search engines like Google, Yahoo, Rediff, Bing help in searching online data related to pharmacy field just one have to enter his or her area of interest in search engine.
In Pharmacy field, effective use of computers started from 1980. Since then there is great demand of computers in pharmacy field. Computers are having their own advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, and reduction in man power, speed, multitasking, non-fatiguness, high memory, data storage and many more.
USE OF INTERNET IN PHARMACY
Internet is collection of huge data. And this data is available for us in just a one click. Internet is useful tool in literature survey. Books are also available on the internet. Various research journals can be easily accessed via internet. There are number of web-sites which are related to pharmacy field. Some of these web sites are as follows;
www.phrma.org
Organization representing America's pharmaceutical research companies provides details of drug development, industry news, and health guides.
www.healthcareforums.com
Created to facilitate interaction among healthcare professionals on specific topics which include discussion of cases, research and other relevant issues.
www.astra.com
This is the official web-site of ASTRA pharmaceuticals which produces medications for respiratory tract, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases, and for pain
Log in to github.com.
Click + and then select New repository.
In the Repository name field, enter myJavaApp, select Public, and then click Create repository.
Extract the contents of the hello-world-app.zip file.
Open a Git Bash window and go to the hello-world-app directory.
Create your repository.
git init
git add .
git commit -m "Starting Node project"
git remote add origin https://github.com/YourGitProject/myJavaApp.git
git push -u origin master
Deploy an Application to Oracle Application Container Cloud Service
In the command-line window, deploy the MyJavaApp application. Make a note of the job ID. You'll use it in the next step.
psm accs push -n MyJavaApp -r java -s hourly \
-g https://github.com/YourGitProject/myJavaApp.git \
-m /local-path-to-manifest.json
Check the deployment job status and replace the job-ID placeholder with your job ID.
psm accs operation-status -j job-ID -of json
Get the application information. Make a note of the URL, you'll use it in the next step.
psm accs check-health -n myJavaApp
Open the application in the CLI, replacing the url-app placeholder with your URL.
curl url-app
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Introduction to Software Project Management
In today's dynamic business landscape, successful project
management is essential for organizations aiming to stay
competitive and meet evolving demands. This comprehensive
guide aims to provide insights into the fundamentals of project
management, particularly focusing on software projects. From
understanding the basic concept of a project to delving into
specific methodologies and common challenges, this content will
equip you with the knowledge needed to navigate the
complexities of software project management effectively.
3. Introduction
Software project management includes the tools, techniques, and knowledge
essential to deal with the growth of software products. In Software Project
Management, the end users and developers require to know the cost of the project,
duration and length. It is a process of managing, allocating and timing resources to
develop computer software that meets necessities. It consists of eight tasks:
• Problem Identification
• Problem Definition
• Project Planning
• Project Organization
• Resource Allocation
• Project Scheduling
• Tracking, Reporting and Controlling
• Project Termination
4. • In problem identification and definition, the conclusions are made as approving,
declining or prioritizing projects. In problem identification, project is recognized, defined
and justified. In problem definition, the use of the project is clarified.
• The main product is project proposal. In project planning, it explains a series of actions
or steps that are needed to for the growth of work product. In project organization, the
functions of the personnel are incorporated. It is done in corresponding with project
planning.
• In resource allocation, the resources are allocated to a project in order that the goals and
objectives are attained. In project scheduling, resources are allocated so that project
objectives are attain within a sensible time span.
• In tracking, reporting and controlling, the process engage whether the project results are
in accordance with project plans and performance specification. In controlling, suitable
action is taken to correct improper deviations. In project termination, the concluding
report is submitted or a release order is signed.
5. What is Project?
A project is a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities
having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific
time, within budget, and according to specification.
This definition tells us quite a bit about a project. To appreciate just
what constitutes a project let’s look at each part of the definition.
At its core, a project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to
create a unique product, service, or result. It involves a sequence
of activities aimed at achieving a predefined goal within specified
parameters, such as time, budget, and quality.
Let's break down the essential characteristics of a project:
6. Sequence of Activities
A project includes a number of activities that must be completed in some particular
order, or sequence. An activity is a defined chunk of work. The chain of the
activities is based on technical requirements, not on management concern. To
conclude the sequence, it is helpful to think in terms of inputs and outputs as
follows:
• What is needed as input in order to begin working on this activity?
• What activities produce those as output?
Unique Activities Notes: The activities in a project must be unique. A project has
never happened before, and it will never happen again under the same conditions.
Something is always different each time the activities of a project are repeated.
Usually, the variations are random in nature—for example, a part is delayed,
someone is sick, a power failure occurs. These are random events that can happen,
but we never are sure of when, how, and with what impact on the schedule. These
random variations are the challenge for the project manager.
7. Complex Activities: The activities that make up the project are not simple, repetitive
acts, such as mowing the lawn, painting the house, washing the car, or loading the
delivery truck. They are complex. For example, designing an intuitive user interface to
an application system is a complex activity.
Connected Activities: Connectedness implies that there is a logical or technical
relationship between pairs of activities. There is an order to the sequence in which the
activities that make up the project must be completed. They are considered connected
because the output from one activity is the input to another. For example, we must
design the computer program before we can program it.
Unconnected Activities: You could have a list of unconnected activities that must all be
complete in order to complete the project. For example, consider of developing a
payroll system. With some exceptions, the different modules of payroll system like, data
entry module, updating module, calculation module, etc. can be developed separately
in any order. But the pay roll system as a whole cannot be completed until all its
modules are completely developed, but the different modules may be developed in any
order. So developing a payroll system with various modules in which the modules can
be developed in any order is not considered a project according to the definition.
8. One Goal
Projects must have a single goal.
Example: Consider the development of Management Information
System (MIS) project for an institute. Each module of the MIS like,
Personal information system accounting system, administration control
system, examination system can be consider as a subproject, each of
which is a project in its own right.
This division makes for better management control. This artificial
decomposition of a complex project into subprojects often simplifies
the scheduling of resources and reduces the need for
interdepartmental communications while a specific activity is worked
on. The downside is that the projects are now interdependent. Even
though interdependency adds another layer of complexity and
communication, it can be handled.
9. Specified Time
Projects have a specified completion date. This date can be self-
imposed by management or externally specified by a customer or
government agency. The deadline is beyond the control of anyone
working on the project. The project is over on the specified completion
date whether or not the project work has been completed.
10. Within Budget
Projects also have resource limits, such as a limited amount of people,
money, or machines that are dedicated to the project. While these
resources can be adjusted up or down by management, they are
considered fixed resources to the project manager.
Example: Suppose a company has only one Web designer at the
moment. That is the fixed resource that is available to project
managers. Senior management can change the number of resources,
but that luxury is not available to the project manager. If the one Web
designer is fully scheduled, the project manager has a resource conflict
that he or she cannot resolve.
11. According to Specification
The customer, or the recipient of the project’s deliverables, expects a
certain level of functionality and quality from the project. These
expectations can be self-imposed, such as the specification of the
project completion date, or customer-specified, such as producing the
sales report on a weekly basis. Although the project manager treats the
specification as fixed, the reality of the situation is that any number of
factors can cause the specification to change.
For example, the customer may not have defined the requirements
completely, or the business situation may have changed (this happens
in long projects). It is unrealistic to expect the specification to remain
fixed through the life of the project. Systems specification can and will
change, thereby presenting special challenges to the project manager.
12. Software Projects vs. Other Types
Software projects are disreputably hard to define. Unlike a house, you can’t see software
or touch it or feel it or visualize it and it’s hard for the layman to get a theoretical grip of
its size or cost or how long it might take to construct. Software projects have numerous
properties that make them exceptionally different to other kinds of engineering project.
The properties of Software Projects are as follows:
• The technology changes very rapidly: Most large software projects utilize new
technology; for many projects.
• The product is intangible: It’s very difficult to declare a bridge is 90% complete if there
is not 90% of the bridge there. It is easy to declare that a software project is 90%
complete, even if there are no visible outcomes.
• Large software projects are generally modified: Most large software systems are one-
off, with experience gained in one project being of little help in another.
• We don’t have much knowledge: Software engineering is a new discipline, and so we
basically don’t have much understanding of how to engineer large scale software
projects.
13. Other Types of Projects
Construction Projects: The project produces an artifact. The worth generated by the
project is implanted in the artifact. The artifact may be a compound system with human
and mechanical components.
Research Projects: The project generates information. The information may be formally
symbolized as models, patterns or patents. Or the information may be embedded in a
working process or artifact.
Reengineering Projects: The project generates a desired change in some system or
process.
Procurement Projects: The project create a business relationship contractually based
with a chosen supplier for a describe product or service based on a fixed specification
and/or a described specification process.
Business Implementation Projects: The project constructs an operationally effective
process. The value generated by the project is embedded in the process.
14.
15. Activities by Software Project Management
1. Project Scope Definition and
Scope Planning
2. Project Activity Definition and
Activity Sequencing
3. Time, Effort and Resource
Estimation
4. Risk Factors Identification
5. Cost Estimation and Budgeting
6. Organizational and Resource
Planning
7. Schedule Development
8. Quality Planning
9. Risk Management Planning
10. Project Plan Development and
Execution
11. Performance Reporting
12. Planning Change Management
13. Project Rollout Planning
16.
17. Methodologies
Software development methodologies provide structured
frameworks for managing the software development process.
Popular methodologies include Agile, Waterfall, Scrum, and
Lean, each offering distinct approaches to project planning,
execution, and delivery.
19. Project Methods/Techniques
Project management techniques such as Gantt charts, critical
path analysis, risk management, and stakeholder analysis are
instrumental in monitoring progress, identifying bottlenecks, and
making informed decisions throughout the project lifecycle.
20. Problems with Software Projects
Despite meticulous planning and execution, software projects often
encounter various challenges that can hinder their success. Common
problems include scope creep, resource constraints, technical
complexities, communication breakdowns, and changing requirements.
21. Summary
In summary, effective software project management is
essential for delivering high-quality software products on
time and within budget.
By understanding the fundamental principles of project
management, leveraging appropriate methodologies and
techniques, and addressing common challenges proactively,
organizations can enhance their chances of project success and
achieve their business objectives.
22. Step Wise Project Planning
• Project Scope: boundaries
• Project Objectives: Performance and Quality, timing, budget
• Project Infrastructure: Organizational Structure, Processes, Tools,
Techniques, Training
• Project Characteristics: Temporary, Unique, Product Service or
Result, Aims/Tasks/Purpose, Limited Time Scale
• Project Effort Estimation:
• Project Risk Identification: