information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, and processing data and for providing information, knowledge, and digital products. Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. Information systems are used to run inter-organizational supply chains and electronic markets. For instance, corporations use information systems to process financial accounts, manage their human resources, and to reach their potential customers with online promotions. Many major companies are built entirely around information systems. These include eBay, a large auction marketplace; Amazon, an expanding electronic mall and provider of cloud computing services; Alibaba, a business-to-business e-marketplace; and Google, a search engine company that derives most of its revenue from keyword advertising on Internet searches. Governments deploy information systems to provide services cost-effectively to citizens. Digital goods—such as electronic books, video products, and software—and online services, such as gaming and social networking, are delivered with information systems. Individuals rely on information systems, generally Internet-based, for conducting much of their personal lives: for socializing, study, shopping, banking, and entertainment. As major new technologies for recording and processing information were invented over the millennia, new capabilities appeared, and people became empowered. The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century and the invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century are but two examples. These inventions led to a profound revolution in the ability to record, process, disseminate, and reach for information and knowledge. This led, in turn, to even deeper changes in individual lives, business organization, and human governance. The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information systems. One of the first computers used for such information processing was the UNIVAC I, installed at the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1951 for administrative use and at General Electric in 1954 for commercial use. Beginning in the late 1970s, personal computers brought some of the advantages of information systems to small businesses and to individuals. Early in the same decade, the Internet began its expansion as a global network of networks. In 1991 the World Wide Web, invented by Tim Berners-Lee as a means to access the interlinked information stored in the globally dispersed computers connected by the Internet, began operation and became the principal service delivered on the network. The global penetration of the...

2. Information System
Information systems (IS) are formal, sociotechnical, organizational
systems designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information.
In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by
four components:
• Task
• People
• Roles
• Technology

3. The six components that must come together in order to produce an
Information System (IS) are:
1. Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category
includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central
processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipment. Among the
support, equipment are input and output devices, storage devices and
communications devices.
2. Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the
manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-
readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of
the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data.
Programs are generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk
or tape.

4. 3. Data: Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful
information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine
readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them.
4. Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of
a computer system. “Procedures are to people what software is to
hardware” is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of
procedures in a system
5. People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the
most overlooked element of the system are the people, probably the
component that most influence the success or failure of information
systems. This includes “not only the users, but those who operate and
service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who
support the network of computers.”

5. 6. Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS
may be provided with a feedback
Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the
data we collect is only data until we involve people. At that point, data
is now information.

6. Types of information system
Some examples of such systems are:
• Data Warehouses
• Enterprise Resource Planning
• Enterprise Systems
• Expert Systems
• Search Engines
• Geographic Information System
• Global Information System
• Office Automation.

7. Components Of Information System
An Information system is a combination of hardware and software and
telecommunication networks that people build to collect, create and
distribute useful data, typically in an organizational, It defines the flow
of information within the system. The objective of an information
system is to provide appropriate information to the user, to gather the
data, processing of the data and communicate information to the user of
the system.

8. Components of the information system
1. Computer Hardware: Physical equipment used for input, output and
processing. What hardware to use it depends upon the type and size of
the organization. It consists of input, an output device, operating system,
processor, and media devices. This also includes computer peripheral
devices.
2. Computer Software: The programs/application program used to control
and coordinate the hardware components. It is used for analyzing and
processing of the data. These programs include a set of instruction used
for processing information. Software is further classified into 3 types:
a. System Software
b. Application Software
c. Procedures

9. 3. Databases: Data are the raw facts and figures that are unorganized
that are and later processed to generate information. Software's are used
for organizing and serving data to the user, managing physical storage
of media and virtual resources. As the hardware can’t work without
software the same as software needs data for processing. Data are
managed using Database management system. Database software is
used for efficient access for required data, and to manage knowledge
bases.

10. 4. Network:
• Networks resources refer to the telecommunication networks like the
intranet, extranet and the internet.
• These resources facilitate the flow of information in the organization.
• Networks consists of both the physicals devises such as networks
cards, routers, hubs and cables and software such as operating systems,
web servers, data servers and application servers.
• Telecommunications networks consist of computers, communications
processors, and other devices interconnected by communications media
and controlled by software.
• Networks include communication media, and Network Support

11. 5. Human Resources: It is associated with the manpower required to run
and manage the system. People are the end user of the information
system, end-user use information produced for their own purpose, the
main purpose of the information system is to benefit the end user. The
end user can be accountants, engineers, salespersons, customers, clerks,
or managers etc. People are also responsible to develop and operate
information systems. They include systems analysts, computer
operators, programmers, and other clerical IS personnel, and managerial
techniques.