This document summarizes research on reading achievement from several areas: 1. Speech rhythm and its links to reading comprehension, fluency, and decoding skills. Training children's sensitivity to speech rhythm can improve reading outcomes. 2. Technology and literacy, finding that use of "textspeak" is not harmful and may help develop phonological skills. 3. Reading groups and their benefits, such as improved reading attitudes, vocabulary, and comprehension. Adding dialogic prompts to reading groups was found to particularly increase struggling readers' enjoyment of reading.

1. Reading Research and Insights into
Achievement
Prof. Clare Wood (c.wood@coventry.ac.uk)

2. Overview
Reading Research and Insights into Achievement
• Speech Rhythm and Reading
• Technology and Literacy
• Reading Groups

3. Speech Rhythm and Reading
Links to Comprehension, Fluency, and
Decoding Skills
• Individuals with reading difficulties also have
difficulties ‘hearing’ speech rhythm (e.g.
Corriveau et al. 2007, Wood & Terrell, 1998)
• Sensitivity to speech rhythm has been linked to
• Vocabulary knowledge
• Phonological skills
• The ability to read with appropriate
expression
• The ability to comprehend text
• Recent research has shown that sensitivity to
speech rhythm can be trained in primary school
aged children, and that this training impacts
reading achievement

4. Speech Rhythm and Reading
A Speech Rhythm-Based Reading Intervention (Harrison et al, in prep.)
• Small group activities 3 times a week, raising children’s awareness of
• Stress
• Intonation
• Timing
• Each task involves pictures and corresponding pre-recorded audio stimuli.
• Children respond using picture cards, so the intervention is suitable for small
groups as well as one-on-one support.
• Trialled with reception aged children and older children with early signs of reading
difficulties

6. Beginning Readers
3.46
1.04
1.81
0.62
9.19
1.31
1.96
0.65
8.38
1.29
0.46
0.17
0.58
7.29
0.96
6.71
0.65
0.2
0.0
0.45
5.45
3.7
0.7
4.4
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Mean
Change
T1:T2
SR
PA
Maths
Can training on the speech rhythm-based intervention result
in gains that are at least equivalent to those observed by a
more traditional, PA-based intervention?

7. 2.19
1.12
1.08
0.0
16.11
2.66
0.96
12.0
-0.38
0.08
-0.29
-0.25
12.12
0.71
1.71
9.34
0.7
0.55
0.05
0.1
10.65
4.45
1.35
10.35
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
SR
PA
M
Mean
Change
T1:T2
Overall gains between T1 and T3

8. Reading Difficulties
4.65
0.87
1.1
2.3
1.25
13.8
8.67
3.65
1.85
1.93
2.1
2.35
19.15
1.67
0.00
0.09
0.8
9.4
0.73
1.45
0.73
11.64
12.0
0.45
0.64
-0.27
6.91
4.73
0.55
1.18
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
Mean
Change
T1:T2
SR
PA
Sem
Can training on the speech rhythm-based intervention result in gains that
are at least equivalent to those observed by a more traditional, PA-based
intervention?

9. 4.15
1.1
1.95
0.0
16.8
2.35
2
12.0
6.7
22.2
1.37
1.07
0.2
0.07
10.33
0.33
2.8
1.46
10.74
17.73
1.09
1
0.09
0
10.82
1.91
1.82
3.36
9.73
10.82
0
5
10
15
20
25
SR
PA
Maths
Mean
Change
T1:T2
Overall gains between T1 and T3

10. Technology and Literacy
Links to Spelling, Reading and Phonological
Skills
• Very young children are very skilled at knowing how
to use ‘talking books’ to support their level of
literacy achievement (Wood et al. 2005)
• Girls are better able to engage in collaboration
around computer-based texts than boys are
• Talking books / e-books are only resources, they
are not teaching surrogates
• It’s the nature of the interaction that matters in
determining outcomes (Wood, 2005, Littleton et al.,
2006)

11. Background
Digital communication
• Use of ‘textspeak’ in digitally mediated contexts
• Mobile phone texts
• Instant messaging
• Social media (Facebook, Twitter)
• Concern regarding informality, lack of awareness re appropriateness, and
assumed to be an indicator of low effort, poor understanding and
attainment

12. Background
The ‘essay’:
My smmr hols wr CWOT. B4, we used 2 go 2 NY 2C my bro, his GF & thr 3:-@ kds FTF.
ILNY, its gr8. Bt my Ps wr so {:-/ BC o 9/11 tht thay dcdd 2 stay in SCO & spnd 2 wks up N.
Up N, WUCIWUG – 0. I ws vvv brd in MON. 0 bt baas & ^^^^^.
My summer holidays were a complete waste of time. Before, we used to go to New York to
see my brother, his girlfriend and their three screaming kids face to face. I love New York,
it’s a great place. But my parents were so worried because of the terrorism attack on
September 11 that they decided we would stay in Scotland and spend two weeks up north.
Up north, what you see is what you get - nothing. I was extremely bored in the middle of
nowhere. Nothing but sheep and mountains.

13. Background
What is a ‘textism’?
• Shortenings - ‘bro’ ‘tues’
• Contractions - ‘txt’ ‘hmwrk’
• G-clippings - ‘swimmin’ ‘goin’
• Other clippings - ‘hav’ ‘wil’
• Missing apostrophes - ‘cant’ ‘dads’
• Acronyms - ‘BBC’ ‘UK’
• Initialisms - ‘ttfn’ ‘tvm’ ‘lol’
• Symbols - ‘@’  <) xxx
• Homophones - ‘2moro’ ‘l8r’
• Misspellings - ‘comming’
• Unconventional spellings - ‘fone’ ‘rite’ ‘skool’
• Accent stylisation - ‘wiv’ ‘elp’ ‘anuva’ ‘gonna’
(Adapted from Thurlow, 2003)

14. Textism Use and Basic Literacy Skills
Use of text-speak is not a threat to literacy achievement
• Knowledge of textisms was linked to better verbal abilities, and performance on a conventional
spelling test (10-11 year olds; Plester et al. 2008)
• Positive relationship between reading and textism use even after taking into account for
phonological and alphabetic skills, memory and age at which the children got their first phone
(10-12 year old children; Plester, et al. 2009)
Wood, Meachem et al. (2011)
• Longitudinal study of reading, spelling, phonological awareness, phonological processing,
verbal IQ and textism use in 119 8-12 year olds
• Textism use could predict growth in spelling ability after controlling for IQ, but reading / spelling
could not predict textism use
• Textism use seems to develop children’s phonological processing abilities.
Wood, Jackson et al. (2011)
• 114 9-10 year old children recruited to texting intervention study (10 weeks)
• No significant differences between treatment and control group on phonological awareness or
literacy measures (mean scores favoured texting group, however)
• But within the treatment group, growth in spelling development was positively associated with
use of textisms in text messages sent / received.

15. Textism Use and Basic Literacy Skills
• Rethinking our preconceptions / misconceptions about digital communication
• Offer an environment for developing the phonological processing skills of
students in a motivating environment (stealth phonics?)
• Potential for creating a safe environment for students with dyslexia to practice
writing

16. Reading Groups
Why Reading Groups Matter
• Interest in reading for pleasure declines during the ages of 11–15 years and boys are
more likely than girls to report that they spend no time reading for pleasure (Nippold,
Duthie & Larsen, 2005)
• While reading achievement increases substantially from age 8 to 12 years, reading
enjoyment and reading self-efficacy declines (Smith, Smith, Gilmore & Jameson,
2012)
• Children in England report less frequent reading for pleasure outside of school than
children in many other countries (Twist et al., 2007)
• When pupils were asked which book they had enjoyed most, 80% of them said that
the one they had enjoyed most was the one they had selected themselves
(Gambrell,1996).

17. Reading Groups
Clark and Rumbold (2006) identified several main areas of the benefits to reading for
pleasure:
 Reading attainment and writing ability
 Text comprehension and grammar
 Breadth of vocabulary
 Positive reading attitudes
 Greater self-confidence as a reader
 Pleasure in reading in later life
 General knowledge
 A better understanding of other cultures
 Community participation
 A greater insight into human nature and decision-making.

18. Reading Groups as ‘Dialogic Reading’
• A structured approach which promotes children’s active participation in shared
reading interactions
• Found to impact
• Vocabulary
• Fictional narrative skills
• Concepts about print
• Word identification
• Spelling
• Our project with The Reading Agency aimed to
1. determine whether Chatterbooks can be enhanced through the addition of dialogic
prompts aimed to improve comprehension of texts
2. formally evaluate the immediate and delayed impact of this approach on the reading
attitudes and ability of Year 7 children underachieving in English

19. The Group Activity
• One hour a week for 10 weeks with up to 12 children per group and external
tutors
• Run as an alternative to a normal lesson of school’s choice
• Secondary schools were reluctant to run it as extra curricular provision
Classic
 Icebreaker
 Each session completed various
activities designed by the leaders
relating to books in the weekly topic
 What have you been reading?
 Choose a book
Plus
 Icebreaker
 Each session had two activities
relating to books in the weekly topic
 SPICE
 What have you been reading?
 Choose a book

20. The dialogic prompts
SPICE
Share a story
Predict what happens next
Improve the story
Cognitions
Emotions

21. Key Findings
• No difference in reading attainment across the three groups in the study
• Delivery of Chatterbooks / Chatterbooks plus ‘as good as’ normal
classroom attendance re impact on literacy
• Reading attitudes in the ‘Plus’ group increased more than in the traditional
Chatterbooks groups for these children
• Factors that affected outcomes included:
• Group size
• School buy-in
• Librarian involvement and understanding
• Location of session
• Author contact
• Gender dynamics of group
• Behaviour management issues
• Child perception of activities
• Baseline ability of students
• Book access

22. Observations
• A more structured approach seemed to work well in secondary school contexts
with these types of readers
• Predictability important?
• The author contact proved critical in changing attitudes for many children
• Variations in themes enables different ‘points of entry’ for children with different
interests and attitudes
• Gender was a factor – boys had lower attitudes coming into the project than
the girls did and the girls seemed to benefit the most overall
• School librarian input was critical