1. The document provides instructions for first aid treatment of snake bites, including applying a narrow bandage to the bite site to restrict blood flow, cleaning the wound, keeping the victim at rest, and calling a doctor for anti-venom treatment. 2. It also outlines steps for administering first aid to victims of automobile accidents, such as turning unconscious victims on their side to facilitate breathing, looking for severe bleeding and applying pressure, and preventing choking by keeping the airway clear. 3. Additional sections describe how to perform CPR by opening the airway, providing rescue breaths, and doing chest compressions in a cycle, as well as first aid for burns including not applying ointments or breaking blist

1. First Aid to a Snake Bite Victim
1. Apply a narrowing bandage on the site of the bite to stop the blood circulation
through the veins of the affected part. Let it remain for half an hour and then allowed
to be relaxed for 30 seconds. The constriction should be maintained until anti-venin
can be obtained. Watch for 3 hours with relaxation at regular intervals. If no
symptoms develop then the bandage can be removed. Remember that bandage will
not work if it is applied more than one hour after the bite has occured.
2. Wash the wound. Use Potassium permanganate if it is available.
3. Remove the wrist watch, rings and anything else from the victim. These can
restrict the flow of blood.
4. After the bandage is in place and the surface area cleaned , remove some tissue
from the area close to the bite with a sharp blade or knife after it is passed through a
burning flame or kept in antiseptic spirit. This will promote bleeding and help to wash
the snake venom from the bite.
4. Only as an emergency and suck the poison out of the wound and spit it.
Remember this can be dangerous. To be safe suck through a piece of rubber or
polythene sheeting.
5. Keep the victim at total rest.
6. Should he find it difficult to breathe, give him artificial respiration.
7. Give him warm tea or coffee.
8. Do not try to catch the snake. The idea is to know what type of anti-venin will
work. If you can describe the snake to the doctor. He should know what will work.
Trying to catch the snake will invite for the possibility of another bite.
9. Call the doctor.

2. Administer First Aid to a Victim of Automobile Accident
1) To facilitate breathing, an unconscious victim should be turned to lie on
his side (unless it appears that he has a severe injury of the back or of the
neck) and his mouth cleared of any dirt, stones, or false teeth so that he
can breathe easily through his mouth. Using a handkerchief, grasp his
tongue and pull it forward, thus preventing it from falling back into his
throat and interfering with breathing. If the chest has been seriously
injured, examine it to see if there is an opening in the chest wall through
which air is passing. If so, this "sucking wound" should be covered at once
with anything available. Use folded cloth or newspaper and bind this firmly
to the chest wall so that the patient will breathe through his mouth without
losing air through this wound. If the victim still does not breathe, it may be
necessary to give him artificial respiration, preferably mouth-to-mouth.
2) Next, look for severe hemorrhage. Do not bother yet with superficial
wounds. Concern yourself, rather, with blood that may be spurting from a
severed artery or welling up in a deep wound. Usually this can be
controlled by direct pressure over the area or by a firmly applied abso rbent
bandage, preferably white. As a last resort, in severe hemorrhage from
the arms or legs, apply a tourniquet – a belt or circular-type bandage –
around the limb, between the wound and the victim’s heart. Note the time
of its application on a label pinned to the victim’s clothes where it will be
seen by later attendants, and leave the tourniquet exposed.
3) Keep the injured person’s mouth and nose free from obstruction by
vomit. Otherwise, fatal choking may ensue. Turn the victim on his side,
or, if he is lying face down, turn his head to one side so that the vomitus
will flow away from his face.
4) In preparing an injured person for transportation to the hospital, handle
the victim so that further damage will not be done as he is moved. His
back or neck may have been broken, and moving him carelessly may
permanently damage the spinal cord. Have three or four persons work
together in moving the victim, avoiding bending or twisting his body. If it is
probable that the neck has been broken, one person should be assigned to
do nothing else but hold the victim’s head, making sure that it does not
change position.
When a person has been severely burned, the burned area should be
covered lightly with whatever soft cloth may be available such as a
handkerchief, a shirt, or a sheet. Never should a blanket be placed in
direct contact with a burned area of the body.
While awaiting the ambulance, keep the victim’s body warm by covering it
with one or two blankets or extra coats.

3. If possible, arrange for someone to accompany the victim to the hospital –
someone informed as to the nature of the accident and the first-aid
measures used. Otherwise, this information can be jotted down and sent
along with the victim.

4. How to Perform CPR
Airway
 If a person has collapsed, determine if the person is unconscious. Gently prod
the victim and shout, “Are you okay?” If there is no response, shout for help.
Call 911 or your local emergency number.
 If the person is not lying flat on his or her back, roll him or her over, moving
the entire body at one time.
 Open the person’s airway. Lift up the chin gently with one hand while pushing
down on the forehead with the other to tilt the head back. (Do not try to open
the airway using a jaw thrust for injured victims. Be sure to employ this head
tilt-chin lift for all victims, even if the person is injured.)
 If the person may have suffered a neck injury, in a diving or automobile
accident, for example, open the airway using the chin-lift without tilting the
head back. If the airway remains blocked, tilt the head slowly and gently until
the airway is open.
 Once the airway is open, check to see if the person is breathing.
 Take five to 10 seconds (no more than 10 seconds) to verifynormal breathing
in an unconscious adult, or for the existence or absence of breathing in an
infant or child who is not responding.
 If opening the airway does not cause the person to begin to breathe, it is
advised that you begin providing rescue breathing (or, minimally, begin
providing chest compressions).
Breathing (Rescue Breathing)
Pinch the person’s nose shut using your thumb and forefinger. Keep the heel of your
hand on the person’s forehead to maintain the head tilt. Your other hand should
remain under the person’s chin, lifting up.
 Inhale normally (not deeply) before giving a rescue breath to a victim.
 Immediately give two full breaths while maintaining an air-tight seal with your
mouth on the person’s mouth. Each breath should be one second in duration
and should make the victim’s chest rise. (If the chest does not rise after the
first breath is delivered, perform the head tilt-chin lift a second time before
administering the second breath.) Avoid giving too many breaths or breaths
that are too large or forceful.
Circulation (Chest Compressions)
After giving two full breaths, immediately begin chest compressions (and cycles of
compressions and rescue breaths). Do not take the time to locate the person’s pulse
to check for signs of blood circulation.
 Kneel at the person’s side, near his or her chest.
 With the middle and forefingers of the hand nearest the legs, locate the notch
where the bottom rims of the rib cage meet in the middle of the chest.
 Place the heel of the hand on the breastbone (sternum) next to the notch,
which is located in the center of the chest, between the nipples. Place your
other hand on top of the one that is in position. Be sure to keep your fingers

5. up off the chest wall. You may find it easier to do this if you interlock your
fingers.
 Bring your shoulders directly over the person’s sternum. Press downward,
keeping your arms straight. Push hard and fast. For an adult, depress the
sternum about a third to a half the depth of the chest. Then, relax pressure on
the sternum completely. Do not remove your hands from the person’s
sternum, but do allow the chest to return to its normal position between
compressions. Relaxation and compression should be of equal duration.
Avoid interruptions in chest compressions (to prevent stoppage of blood flow).
 Use 30 chest compressions to every two breaths (or about five cycles of 30:2
compressions and ventilations every two minutes) for all victims (excluding
newborns). You must compress at the rate of about 100 times per minute.
 Continue CPR until advanced life support is available.
Burn First Aid
When a burn occurs, it is human instinct to attempt to treat the victim immediately.
However, some first aid decisions can actually harm the victim and complicate the
burn injury.
First aid assistance for major burns:
 Do not apply ointment, butter, ice, medications, fluffy cotton, adhesive
bandages, cream or oil spray. These can interfere with the healing process.
 Do not allow the burn to become contaminated. Avoid coughing or breathing
on the burn.
 Do not touch or peel blistered and dead skin.
 Do not give the victim anything to ingest if he/she has a severe burn.
 Do not immerse a severe burn in cold water or apply cold compresses. This
can cause shock.
 Do not place a pillow under a victim’s head if he/she has an airway burn
because the airway could close, blocking the flow of air into the lungs.
Call emergency assistance immediately if:
 The victim has a severe or extensive burn
 The victim has a chemical or electrical burn
 The victim shows signs of shock are present
 Airway burn has occurred

6. Treatment of Minor Burns
If a minor burn occurs, there are several steps you can take for immediate treatment
of the burn. Run cool water, not ice water, over the areas where the skin is
unbroken. Soak the burned skin in this cool water. Keep the burn under water for at
least five minutes. Do not apply water if the burn occurred in a cold environment.
Instead, use a clean, cold and wet towel to reduce the pain.
Cover the burn with a sterile bandage or clean cloth and protect it from pressure and
friction.
Over-the-counter pain medications may help reduce inflammation and swelling as
well as help with the pain.
Minor burns usually heal without more treatment. Treat a burn as a major burn if the
area is more than 2 to 3 inches in diameter or if it is located on the hands, feet, face,
groin, buttocks or major joints.

7. Treatment of Major Burns
If a major burn occurs, there are several steps you can take to immediately treat and
care for the burn. “Stop, drop and roll” is a helpful tool if your clothes catch on fire.
If someone else has caught fire, douse them with water, wrap them in a thick, non-
synthetic material such as wool or cotton or lay them on the ground flat and roll
them.
If clothing cannot be removed from the victim make sure the victim is not in contact
with smoldering materials.
If the victim has stopped breathing or his/her airway is blocked, open the airway and
perform rescue breathing and CPR as needed.
If the victim is breathing, cover the burn area with a moist, cool sterile bandage or
clean cloth. Do not apply ointments and be careful not to break burn blisters.
Separate the victim’s fingers and toes with dry, sterile, non-adhesive bandages.
Protect the burned area from pressure and friction by elevating it. To prevent shock,
lay the victim flat, elevate the feet 12 inches and cover the victim with a coat or
blanket. Do not put the victim in this position if he or she is uncomfortable or if you
suspect a head, neck, back or leg injury.
Until medical help arrives, continue to monitor victims’ pulse, rate of breathing and
blood pressure if possible.
Burn Treatment