The document summarizes several major problems faced by Pakistan after independence in 1947, including administrative issues due to the relocation of government functions to Karachi; a massive refugee crisis of over 12 million Hindus and Muslims migrating between Pakistan and India; disputes over the division of military and financial assets between the two countries; conflicts over water resources and control of rivers; economic difficulties after most businessmen migrated to India; movements for autonomous regions like Pakhtoonistan; constitutional issues during its early governance; shortage of trained military officers; and disputes over the accession of princely states like Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagadh.

1. By: Saif Khalid khan Kakar
Lecturer (Civics/Pol. Sci)
Pakistan Education Center

3. 1. Administrative Problems:
 Karachi was declared as Capital of Pakistan and all
government functionaries were relocated there.
 There was Shortage of trained personals, Buildings and
office equipment.
 Constituent Assembly was housed in Sindh Provincial
assembly and Federal court was relocated to Lahore.
 Pakistan Became Member of UNO in September 1947.
2. Refugee Problem:
 As a result of partition 5.5 million Non-Muslims migrated to
India from Pakistan and over 6.5 million Muslims migrated
to Pakistan from India.
 Refugee camps were set up in Kasur, Gujranwala, Sialkot
and Karachi.
 According to 1951 Census there were 7.2 million refugees in
Pakistan out of a total population of 75.6 million.

4. 3. Division of Assets:
 At the time of Independence there were 4 Billion rupees in
the Indian Reserve bank, out of which Pakistan's share was 1
Billion rupees.
 India refused to pay Pakistan its share and an initial amount
of 25 crore was paid. Later on the insistence of Mr. Gandhi
50 crore were paid to Pakistan.
 India also made Pakistan Liable for 20% of united India's
external debt.
 Similarly India also refused to transfer 33% of all military
assets which were reserved for Pakistan.
 A committee was established under Field Marshal
Auchinleck for fare division of military assets but all the
recommendations were flouted by Indian government and
Defense Minister Sardar Baldev Singh.

5. 4. Canal water dispute:
 During Partition the Headwork's of the three eastern rivers were given
to India.
 After Occupying Kashmir it further gained control of Jhelum and
Chenab rivers.
 On 1st April 1948 it closed the ferozpur Headwork and deprived
Pakistan of precious water needed for Agriculture.
5. Economic Problems:
 In the Pre-partition era Hindu’s dominated the commercial life of the
country. During partition they transferred all their revenue/ capital to
India.
 Most of the accountants, businessmen and moneylenders were Hindu’s
and after their migration their was a great shortage of financial experts
and money.
6. Pakhtoonistan Stunt:
 Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, Khan sahib and others worked for the
congress and harbored Anti-Pakistan Sentiment. They started a
movement for an independent Frontier state for Pashtoon's.

6. 7. Constitutional Problem:
 Since the time of their election the members of the constituent
assembly were entrusted with the task of framing the
constitution.
 For the time being Pakistan adopted the government of India
Act 1935 as the interim constitution with some amendments.
 Unfortunately the 1st constituent assembly could not frame the
constitution up till its dissolution in October 1954 and the first
constitution of Pakistan was framed in 1956 Nine years after its
creation.
8. Military Problem:
 There was short of Muslim army officers and some British
officers and military trainers had to be employed by Pakistan
army.
 the first army of Pakistan was Sir frank Messer and later Sir
Douglas Gracey.

7. 9. Accession of Princely States:
 At the time of partition their were 562 princely states.
 According to 3rd June plan Rulers of princely states will decide
their future but keeping in mind the geographical location/proximity
and composition of population.
 Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh were states which were
supposed to accede to Pakistan but India intervened and occupied
them forcefully.
 Kashmir was a Muslim majority state with a non-Muslim ruler
Maharaja Hari Singh. The people wanted to be part of Pakistan but
the ruler secretly signed accession with India.
 In Case of Hyderabad the ruler wanted Dominion status but Indian
Army Over threw the Muslim ruler Nizam Osman Ali Khan Asaf
Jah VII and in this way under operation POLO the State of
Hyderabad was annexed by India in September 1948.
 Junagadh was a state located between Bombay and karachi and had
a Hindu majority with Muslim ruler, India also annexed this small
state.