Problem #4 (20 points) a.A bus route having seven scheduled stops has the following number of passengers alighting and boarding the bus Sto Alighting 0 Boarding 20 0 per passenger 1.8 seconds and boarding Passengers board and alight through the front door. Alighting time p time per passenger 3 seconds. Compute the dwell time at each stop and the total dwell time. Assume the clearance ime 5 seconds. Briefly describe the four categories of transit system characteristics. c. Briefly describe the various transit modes of transportation End of Problem #4 Problemi #5 (20 points) Transportation Engineering is a multidisciplinary area of study. It is a profession that carries distinct societal responsibilities. What would a comprehensive training include? Provide examples of each training tem a) b) c) d) Explain the difference between direct elasticity and cross elasticity. Give one example of each What does CBD mean? Give an example of a CBD A transportation network having the following characteristics Travel time (minutes) between nodes Nodes From 10 10 10 0 16 12 Each node represents an activity center, and each link represents travel time in minutes. Draw a link/node diagrams for the travel times and distances, if the average travel speed on all links is 30 miles per hour End of Problem #5 Solution 4. (a). There are 2 ways in general to model the dwell time at a particular stop which depends on whether the boarding and alighting processes are sequential or simultaneous. Assuming in the question given that sequential boarding and alighting takes place since only one front door is available for flow of passengers: Dw = a * A + b*B + td ; where A and B are the number of boarding and alighting passengers respectively a and b are time intervals for boarding and alighting per passenger. td is the average clearance time for opening and closing the doors. Here a= 3 sec, b=1.8sec Therefore, at Stop 1: Dw1 = 3*20 + 1.8*0 + 5 = 65 sec Stop 2: Dw2 = 3*5 + 1.8*3 + 5 = 25.4 sec Stop 3: Dw3 = 3*7 + 1.8*5 + 5 = 35 sec Stop 4: Dw4 = 3*3 + 1.8*6 + 5 = 24.8 sec Stop 5: Dw5 = 3*4 + 1.8*8 + 5 = 31.4 sec Stop 6: Dw6 = 3*2 + 1.8*7 + 5 = 23.6 sec Stop 7: Dw7 = 3*0 + 1.8*12 + 5 = 26.6 sec Total dwell time= 231.8 seconds (b). Transit system characteristics can be classified into four main categories: i. System performance elements: Contains entire set of physical performance related elements which decides the raw efficiency of the central system employed as the primary functional core unit of the transit model. This includes Service frequency, operating speed, reliability and safety measures and line and productive capacities. ii. Level of Service (LOS) is an important service parameter that affects the users drastically due to differential change in its delivery. It is a simple basic most powerful characteristic that can attract the users or provide bad experiences to them if miniscule error occurs in provider’s implementation. The factors that affect LOS are performance.

1. Problem #4 (20 points) a.A bus route having seven scheduled stops has the following number of
passengers alighting and boarding the bus Sto Alighting 0 Boarding 20 0 per passenger 1.8
seconds and boarding Passengers board and alight through the front door. Alighting time p time
per passenger 3 seconds. Compute the dwell time at each stop and the total dwell time. Assume
the clearance ime 5 seconds. Briefly describe the four categories of transit system characteristics.
c. Briefly describe the various transit modes of transportation End of Problem #4 Problemi #5
(20 points) Transportation Engineering is a multidisciplinary area of study. It is a profession that
carries distinct societal responsibilities. What would a comprehensive training include? Provide
examples of each training tem a) b) c) d) Explain the difference between direct elasticity and
cross elasticity. Give one example of each What does CBD mean? Give an example of a CBD A
transportation network having the following characteristics Travel time (minutes) between nodes
Nodes From 10 10 10 0 16 12 Each node represents an activity center, and each link represents
travel time in minutes. Draw a link/node diagrams for the travel times and distances, if the
average travel speed on all links is 30 miles per hour End of Problem #5
Solution
4. (a). There are 2 ways in general to model the dwell time at a particular stop which depends on
whether the boarding and alighting processes are sequential or simultaneous. Assuming in the
question given that sequential boarding and alighting takes place since only one front door is
available for flow of passengers:
Dw = a * A + b*B + td ;
where
A and B are the number of boarding and alighting passengers respectively
a and b are time intervals for boarding and alighting per passenger.
td is the average clearance time for opening and closing the doors.
Here a= 3 sec, b=1.8sec
Therefore, at Stop 1:
Dw1 = 3*20 + 1.8*0 + 5 = 65 sec
Stop 2: Dw2 = 3*5 + 1.8*3 + 5 = 25.4 sec
Stop 3: Dw3 = 3*7 + 1.8*5 + 5 = 35 sec
Stop 4: Dw4 = 3*3 + 1.8*6 + 5 = 24.8 sec
Stop 5: Dw5 = 3*4 + 1.8*8 + 5 = 31.4 sec
Stop 6: Dw6 = 3*2 + 1.8*7 + 5 = 23.6 sec
Stop 7: Dw7 = 3*0 + 1.8*12 + 5 = 26.6 sec

2. Total dwell time= 231.8 seconds
(b). Transit system characteristics can be classified into four main categories:
i. System performance elements: Contains entire set of physical performance related elements
which decides the raw efficiency of the central system employed as the primary functional core
unit of the transit model. This includes Service frequency, operating speed, reliability and safety
measures and line and productive capacities.
ii. Level of Service (LOS) is an important service parameter that affects the users drastically due
to differential change in its delivery. It is a simple basic most powerful characteristic that can
attract the users or provide bad experiences to them if miniscule error occurs in provider’s
implementation. The factors that affect LOS are performance elements as discussed above,
service qualities including basic comforts, aesthetics, simplicity and durability of using the
system and behavior of passengers.
iii. Capital and operational costs: Divided into two categories that are costs involving
investments to construct and functionalize the system plant and operational costs which are
running costs to maintain the system on regular basis.
iv. Impacts are rather indirect yet important characteristic that has effects on the whole
surrounding and areas which the system sweeps. Short term effects include comfort level of
passenger, reduced street congestion, reduced air pollution etc. while long term effects include
social environment, valuation of land etc.
(c). Following are some of the popular transit modes of public transportation:
i. Buses are the most common category of mode of transit where public is involved mostly in
urban areas. They operate on roads and have extensive routes and networks. In many developed
cities, there are provisions of separate bus lanes and preferential signals. Challenges include
traffic congestion and inefficiency in overall dwell time at multiple stops.
ii. LRT represents are a common mode for semi rapid transit. State-of-the-art articulated electric
and magnetic based transit systems are more efficient than street buses mode of transportation
and require less investment than metros. It is rapidly becoming the future of the urban
metropolitan commuting lifestyle.
iii. Metro systems have the highest performance in public transportation modes till now.
Capacity, user-friendly level of services, reliability, punctuality in time, highly efficient central
system, speed, comfort are some of the parameters where Metro systems are easily considered
the affluent ones.