Nowadays, Wireless Sensor Network has been greatly used with RFID technology because of its certain advantages. RFID is abbreviated as radio frequency identification. The frequency identification RFID technology is similar to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) as it also captures the physical environment data, process it and provide the rapid response about location and target tracking [3]. RFID active tags are connected with sensors to communicate with users [4]. RFID technology uses radio waves to communicate the data and other necessary information. It includes RFID tags and RFID readers. The tags are equipped on an object which we want to sense. It can discover the information about that object even without coming in contact with it. The data is then send to the host system through intranet. RFID can easily discern the objects and can trace the location even if no information about the physical position is provided. The main difference is that RFID provides much more and accurate information about physical environment than a Wireless Sensor Network could provide. There is a major drawback of this technology which is its lowest communication range up to 12m only due to limited battery problem. This drawback can be made insignificant by integrating it with WSN. As a result, combination of RFID and WSN can provide us with a bundle of environment related information such as how the data is routed by the nodes, which routing protocol is used, resource ID, location and ID of communicating nodes and also the physical condition of nodes. 80 percent of the node’s energy is utilized during the process of communication, processing, and activation [3]. Figure 1 shows the advantages that we can have by integrating these two technologies.

1. Chandigarh University
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“PRIORITY BASED CONGESTION AVOIDANCE
HYBRID SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORK”
JASLEEN KAUR

2. Chandigarh University
University Institute of Engineering
Department of CCE & CSE
• Introduction
• Literature survey
• Problem Formulation
• Objectives
• Methodology
• Work Done
• References
CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION-WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
(WSNs)
• Dense wireless networks which consists of small, low cost sensors
• Monitors the physical environment
• Pass the data through the network to the Base Station for evaluation.
• Base station is a kind of node which is away from the area of sensor
nodes
• Energy of nodes keeps on dissipating
• Sensor nodes have limited battery life
• Sensors are connected to the waspmotes or mica motes in order to
make a sensor node.
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• Pressure/ Weight sensor
• Bend sensor
• Hall effect sensor
• Liquid Presence sensor
• Luminosity sensor
• Presence(PIR) sensor
• Temperature sensor
TYPES OF SENSORS
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• Monitoring of parking spaces available in the city [14]
• Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings,
bridges, and historical monuments
• Smartphone Detection
• Intelligent and weather adaptive lightening in street lights.
• Smart Roads
• Forest Fire Detection
• Snow level Monitoring
• Detecting leakage and wastes of factories in rivers
• Animal Tracking
• Patients Surveillance
APPLICATIONS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
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DEPLOYMENT
OF NODES IN
WSN
STATIC
DEPLOYMENT
DYNAMIC
DEPLOYMENT
DEPLOYMENT OF NODES IN WSN
Figure1. Types of sensor nodes deployment in WSNs
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CONGESTION IN WSNs
• Congestion , in simple terms, means “ An excess of traffic” .
• In terms of a network whether it is wired or wireless, congestion occurs
when the traffic load exceeds the available capacity.
• Congestion happens mainly in the sensors-to-sink direction when
packets are transported in a many-to-one manner.
• In wired networks can provision bandwidth. But difficult in
wireless.
• Radio is unpredictable.
• Channel quality and radio interference can change and reduce the
bandwidth.
• Adding new nodes to WSN introduces more interference, thus
congestion.
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Why?

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• Finally, sensor network’s traffic patterns can be derived from the
physical processes that they can sense.
• Resulting in extremely bursty and event-driven traffic.
• The results is CONGESTION COLLAPSE.
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9. Chandigarh University
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CONGESTION IN WSNs
• Nowadays, with the ever-increasing use of environmental sensing and
smart grids, in the wireless sensor networks, especially in multi-hop
networks, the quantity of data volume is rapidly increasing.
• To reach the main goal of creating the “smart environments”, in a
narrow space, a large number of sensors are being used and
transmission packets in the same time also increases.
• They have caused an increase traffic in WSN.
• When there is a sudden surge of simultaneous data transmission,
problems arise. This type of surge causes traffic overload at a full buffer
at the receiving node. This state is called traffic congestion.
• Deployment of sensor networks results in network congestion due to
many concurrent transmission attempts made by several sensor nodes.
[9].
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• Congestion can result into
– high dropping of packets and delay of packets
– Low throughput
– More energy consumption due to retransmissions
• Congestion can occur at node level or link level [2].
CONGESTION IN WSN continued..
Node level congestion Link level congestion
Figure2. Types of congestion in WSNs
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11. DIAGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION OF WSNs
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Figure3. A wireless sensor network

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NAME OF
PROTOCOL
YEAR DESCRIPTION
ARC (Adaptive
Rate control)
2001 Mohamed A.K., ARC uses packet loss as collision or
congestion indication at each hop to adjust transmission rate.
If an intermediate nodes overhears that the packets it sent
previously are successfully forwarded again by its parent
node, it will increase its transmission rate. Otherwise it
decreases its sourced rate.
Disadvantage: Prioritized fairness has been envisaged with
ARC. Course rate adjustment could result in packet loss.
ESRT (Event to
sink reliable
transport)
2003 Xong et al., sensors change their sending rate using the sinks
feedback regarding the reliability level or congestion
detection. Every node sets the CN congestion notification bit
in the packets as soon as its buffer reaches its threshold.
When sink receives a packet with CN bit set, it broadcasts a
control signal notifying all source nodes to reduce their
reporting frequency.
LITERATURE SURVEY
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NAME OF
PROTOCOL
YEAR DESCRIPTION
CODA 2003 Wan,C-Y et al. proposed Congestion detection and
avoidance in sensor networks. It detects congestion based
on buffer occupancy as well as wireless channel load.
Drawback: This scheme does not consider the fairness issue.
It also results in decreased reliability under conditions such
as high data rate.
FUSION 2004 Mohamad et al., Congestion is detected in each node based
on measurement of queue length. The node that detects
congestion sets CN bit in the header of each outgoing
packet. Once CN bit is set, neighboring nodes can over hear
it and stop forwarding packets to the congested node.
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NAME OF
PROTOCOL
YEAR DESCRIPTION
PCCP 2007 Wang et al. proposed “upstream congestion control in WSNs”.
It considers that sensor nodes may have different priorities and
need different throughput. It periodically detects the
congestion using the ratio between packet service time and
packet interval arrival time at MAC Layer. It considers to work
under both single path and multi-path routing scenario.
Drawback: It also does not consider the fairness issue.
Priority-based
rate control for
service
differentiation
and congestion
control
2009 Yaghmaee,M.H.,Adjeroh et al. says that this scheme uses
packet inter-arrival time along with packet service time to
measure a parameter defined as congestion degree and
furthermore imposes hop-by-hop control based on the
measured congestion degree as well as the node priority index.
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NAME OF
PROTOCOL
YEAR DESCRIPTION
CSNM 2014 Joy Iong-Zong, a cooperative strong node mechanism is
presented and is named as Cooperative Strong Node
Mechanism(CSNM), in which a threshold is set to determine
whether node traffic is over or not. When the load exceeds, the
privilege of corresponding sensor nodes is upgraded so that it
can command its child nodes to change the transmission path
to distribute the traffic effectively.
SUIT 2014 Cagatay Sonmez et al. In this paper, the authors proposed a
new protocol called Sensor fuzzy-based image transmission
(SUIT) which is a first and new progressive image transport
protocol for efficient multimedia transmission over wireless
multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs). SUIT uses the error
resilience advantage of PJPEG (progressive JPEG) format.
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NAME OF
PROTOCOL
YEAR DESCRIPTION
Mobile Sink
based
congestion
avoidance
2014 Authors had compared their scheme with the scenario where the
sink is static. Thus, they have got the improved results for delay,
packet loss and throughput. Still there are some limitations like
more packet loss in the network.
Load balanced
clustering
algorithm
2003 It tries to balance the load among the cluster head nodes named
as gateway nodes here. These gateway nodes initiate the
clustering in the network by broadcasting a message to the nearby
nodes. Every gateway node figure out the communication cost and
exchange this information with other gateway nodes. Only some of
the nodes are selected to be the part of clusters whose distance is
less than the threshold defined distance value.
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• Congestion in the network causes the packet loss, reduced throughput,
reliability ,inter packet arrival time and packet service time, and increased
energy consumption and end to end delay.
• In some applications like in in healthcare WSN applications, it is very
important to control the congestion because increase in energy
consumption and end-to-end delay for the packets that carry EKG signals
may even results in the death of the patient.
• So, there is a need to develop an algorithm which detects and controls the
incipient congestion occurring in a wireless sensor network.
Problem Formulation
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• To simulate the proposed PCAH algorithm for avoiding the congestion in
wireless sensor network.
• To analyze the results with existing techniques: CSNM and Congestion
avoidance using Mobile sink, in terms of PDR, end-to-end delay, Packet
loss and energy consumption.
Objectives
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INFORMATION FLOW OF PROPOSED SCHEME (PCAH)
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Figure4. Congestion
Avoidance Algorithm

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• Radio duty cycling helps in saving node energy and power.
• The energy wasted in idle listening when node has no data to send
can be saved.
• The cluster head nodes will stay in awake mode all the times
whereas the cluster member nodes can go to sleep mode when
directed by the cluster head node.
• The energy of the cluster member node in sleep mode will be
reduced by unit 1 i.e. En = En – 1 where En is the energy of node n.
• The energy of rest of the nodes in awake mode will decrease by
unit Ω which is directly proportional to the time when the node is
up to transmit the data.
Reason to use RDC
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• The nature of the wireless medium is unstable due to the
– channel fading,
– interference between the nodes and from other wireless standards
like nodes with 802.11 mac layer protocol faces interference with
nodes with 802.15.4 protocol.
– Also, the wireless link faces connectivity and coverage problems due
to node mobility.
• Hence, it results in network degradation.
• To attain the better performance under various circumstances, the
wireless nodes needs to adjust their transmission rates dynamically.
Reason to use Rate adaptation approach
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• Each node in a network has different task to do.
• There are very few chances that the nodes will be performing the
same task. So if the nodes are performing the same task, then each
node must have different priority.
• So, it’s important to distinguish the task of node according to its
priority.
• For example, a node measuring the heart rate of heart patient has
higher priority than a node measuring the blood rate of diabetic
patient. Node priority could be set initially by the base station.
Reason for giving nodes ‘a priority’
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Flow Chart
Figure5. PCAH
Algorithm
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PCAH Algorithm
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Tools used
SKILLS REQUIRED IN
SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE DESIGNATION
Front End NAM
Back End NS2.35
Operating System Ubuntu 12.04
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Cluster Head Selection Phase
Figure 6 Cluster Head Selection
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Getting Updated Energy of each Sensor Node
Figure 7 Accessing Updated energy of nodes
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Data Transmission Phase
Figure 8. Multi-node transmission to cluster head (CH)
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Figure 9. Congestion going to occur at CH
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Figure 10. CH9 multicasts notification message to its members
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Accessing Queue Length of Sensor Nodes
Figure 11 Accessing Queue of nodes
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Figure 12. Low priority nodes goes to sleep mode
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Figure 13. High priority nodes sending data at low rate
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Figure 14. Low priority nodes wake up after some time interval
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Figure 15. Congestion mitigated in the network
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Figure 16. CH sends aggregated data to base station node
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Comparison Results-Packet Delivery Ratio
Figure 17. Average PDR ratio of network using PCAH is 96%
Packets generated by CBR=12570 , Packets received = 11961
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• Use following command to get the number of packets sent and received
by the traffic source.
grep "^s.*AGT.* cbr.*" out1.tr | wc -l
grep "^r.*AGT.* cbr.*" out1.tr | wc -l
PDR Calculation

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Packet Loss
Figure 18. No packet loss for PCAH
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End-to-end Delay
Figure 19. Minimum average delay of 0.01009 seconds (10.09ms) for
PCAH , 0.02067 sec (20.67 ms) for CSNM and 0.38444 sec for Mobile sinks
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Residual Energy
Figure 20. Minimum residual energy of nodes using PCAH is 79.9967 Joules
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Remaining Energy of Nodes 1-10
Figure 21. Minimum energy of nodes 1-10

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Remaining Energy of Nodes 11-20
Figure 21. Minimum energy of nodes 11-20
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Remaining Energy of nodes 21-40
Figure 22(a) Energy of nodes 21-30 Figure 22(b) Energy of nodes 31-40
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Remaining Energy of nodes 41-50
Figure 23 Remaining Energy of nodes 41-50
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5. Joseph Kabara and Maria Calle. “MAC Protocols Used by Wireless Sensor
Networks and a General Method of Performance Evaluation” in
International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 834784, 11 pages, Sep 16, 2011.
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1369-1390.
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9. Dashkova, Ekaterina, and Andrei Gurtov. "Survey on congestion control
mechanisms for wireless sensor networks." In Internet of Things, Smart
Spaces, and Next Generation Networking, pp. 75-85. Springer Berlin
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Donmez, and Cem Ersoy. "Fuzzy-based congestion control for wireless
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13. Sankarasubramaniam, Yogesh, Ozgur B. Akan, and Ian F. Akyildiz. "ESRT:
event-to-sink reliable transport in wireless sensor networks."
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References Continued..
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Thank You !
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