Principles of landscape gardening and types of garden

1. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE
GARDENING AND TYPES OF
GARDENING

2. Contents
1. Principles of Landscape gardening
2. Gardening : Ornamental gardens
3. Indoor gardens
4. Kitchen garden
5. Vertical garden
6. Roof top garden

3. GARDEN
• A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside
for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and
other forms of nature.
• The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made
materials.
GARDENING
Gardening is the art and scientific practice of growing
selected varieties of plants in a specially designed manner
in a particular piece of land for creating a beautiful land-
scape.
INTRODUCTION

4. • Landscape gardening is the process of designing and creating a garden that
uses plants, trees, and other features to improve the appearance of outdoor
space.
• It can involve the creation of gardens, parks, or even entire neighborhoods.
• Landscape architects are responsible for the planning and design of these
spaces.
• The goal of landscape gardening is to create beautiful and functional spaces
that fit the needs of the client.
• Landscape gardening is a growing field, and there are many opportunities for
career growth.
LANDSCAPE GARDENING

7. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING
BALANCE
• The balance in landscape design is visual equilibrium of different garden elements.
• Balance can be created in a garden either formal or informal by grouping the
components, structures and plants equally on both sides of the imaginary central axis.
• In a formal garden or perhaps a symmetrical garden, the balance is a very important
feature which defines the symmetry. It is achieved by using the features in the exact
same size and numbers.
• In the case of an informal garden, the balance can be achieved by balancing the
features but not exact with similar ones in terms of size or number

9. PROPORTION AND SCALE
• Proportion is the pleasing and proper relationship of one part of a design to
another part and to the whole.
• If any part seems large or ungainly in comparison with the rest, it will not give
complete satisfaction.
• The interrelation of the size of one part or object to another should also be
considered in designing a space.
• Scale denotes the relative size of objects and plants.
• This takes into consideration the plant volume as well as the size of both
foliage and blossom.
• Many large-leafed plants would be out of scale in a small garden, as would
large and heavy-looking flowers.
• In a landscape composition, the scale of the objects is established by the
introduction of anything that shows a person’s height, such as steps, seats,
doors, and hand rails.

11. UNITY
• Unity in design simply means all the separate parts of the landscape work
together to create a great total design.
• Colors, shapes, sizes, textures and other features work together to create a
unified space.
• Patterns and colors are often repeated.
• Lighting, special features, bed shapes and hardscapes such as walk ways all need
to work together to create a pleasing look and a unified landscape.

13. FOCALISATION
• Focalization creates a visual break in the landscape.
• Captures the attention of the viewer and draws their focus. Without a
focal point the viewers eye is lost in the landscape.
• Do not place too many focal points, instead use other elements to
guide the viewers eye to the focal point.
• The visual break captures the attention of the viewer and draws to
the focal point.
• Without a point or area on which to focus the viewers eyes become
lost and confused through out the landscape.

15. RESTRAIN
• Overuse of any component including grouping of plants in a particular
location masks the scenic beauty.
• If all the features whether natural or artificial are kept within bounds
or used with restraint, best results can be achieved.
RHYTHUM
• Rhythm is measured as cyclic repetition of an object, effect and
event.
• In a garden, rhythm can be infused through cleverly repeated colours
and shape, topiaries and hedges etc.

17. TEXTURE
• The surface character of a garden unit is referred to as texture. The texture of the
ground, the leaves of a tree or shrub will all determine the overall effect of the
garden.
• Generally, the texture is of three types’ viz., fine, medium and course. The texture
of plant depends on its leaf size, arrangement of branches and compactness of
canopy.
COLOUR
• It is better to have masses of single color against a mixture of colors.
• A bed of roses containing only a single color of red, yellow, or pink has
better beauty than a bed containing various colors.
• In a landscape garden, the permanent backdrop is the green tones of the
various trees and shrubs

18. Texture of landscape gardening

19. Coloring of landscape gardening

20. HARMONY
• Harmony is the pleasing effect obtained due to appropriate arrangement and
collation of the various garden features.
• It is the overall effect of various features styles, colours and structures in the total
landscape.
• Every part of the landscape should synchronize into the other and all the
components into the whole.
• No individual component should project itself beyond its expected limit.

21. MOBILITY
• Garden changes color from one season to another, thus symbolizing mobility or
movement.
• Indian almond changes their leaf color into red twice annually before flowering. This
improves the landscape the movement of the cluttering of birds also brings life and
mobility to the garden.
• Large trees and birdbaths attract birds. Some plants bearing berries, such as
putranzeba, can also be planted in some removed corners to attract birds.
• The seasonal flowers will bring in the motion and movement of colorful butterflies.
• Fountains or even a long sprinkler and strips steams in a garden serve the objective of
the movement.
• The lily pools should be filled with colored fish, the movement of which will be added
attraction.

23. SKYLINE
• Skyline Garden meets the sky in its vertical dimension.
• Planning a garden should include planning for a skyline also.
• A peak of a mountain, gigantic trees, an old monumental building, temple
towers etc.
LIGHT AND TIME
• In a garden the time factor is very important.
• The garden design should be planned in such a way that in the afternoon it is possible to
sit in a shaded place from where the best part of the garden should be visible.
• The growth habits of the plants play a vital role in choosing the right place for them in
the garden and according the layout has to be planned.

24. SPACE
• The aim of every garden design should be such that the garden should appear
larger than its actual size.
• One way of achieving this is to keep vast open spaces, preferably under lawn and
restrict the plantings in the periphery, normally avoiding any planting in the
centre.
• But if any planting has to be done in the centre the choice should be a tree which
branches at a higher level on the trunk (or the lower branches are removed), and
not a bushy shrub.
• Such planting will not obstruct the view or make the garden appear smaller than
its size.
• Another suggestion to create the illusion of more space in a large public garden is
to alternate large lawns followed by a group of trees.

26. • Ornamental gardening can be simply defined as planting various
plants on a piece of ground from and for an artistic point of view.
• Ornamental horticulture consists of floriculture and landscape
horticulture.
• Each is concerned with growing and marketing plants and with the
associated activities of flower arrangement and landscape design.
• The turf industry is also considered a part of ornamental horticulture.
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING

28. Types:
1. Formal gardens
• Gardens which were strictly formal, symmetrical and
geometrical resembling a carpet are called Formal
Gardens.
• Eg. Moghul gardens, Persian gardens, Italian [Roman]
& French gardens.
2. Informal gardens
• Gardens which laid no emphasis on formality and
which resembles nature are called Informal Gardens.
• Eg. Japanese & British Gardens

29. STEPS:
1. Plan : Find out the requirements, gather the essentials and ensure that
you can provide a proper environment for the plants to grow, flourish
and enhance the beauty of your space.
2. Add the right soil: Pick appropriate soil according to a plant’s needs. The
soil should be enriched with the right ingredients (in the right amount)
that are required for the plant to grow.
3. Right amount of sunlight: When you are picking ornamental plants,
make sure you check whether the plant grows best in sunlight or shade
before you add them in your garden or indoor.
4. Keep Watering
5. Fertilize Regularly

30. Layout of ornamental gardening
The layout an ornamental garden takes is dependent on the following
factors:
1. Climate.
2. Plants involved.
3. Surrounding architecture and their uses.
4. Intended use of the garden such as in the case of meditation Zen
gardens.

31. Ornamental plants
• Any plant species can be ornamental if grown primarily for its appearance.
• Most ornamental plants produce showy flowers during the growing season.
• Some varieties that may instantly come to mind include rose, hydrangea, peony,
hibiscus, and begonia.
• Some species — like evergreen shrubs, ferns, or ornamental grasses — are
grown solely for their aesthetically pleasing foliage.
• Others — like cacti or succulents — are planted for their all-around unique shape
and growth habits.
• Many trees are planted primarily as ornamental plants. Popular examples are
species of redbud, lilac, and Japanese maple.
• Even fruit trees can be ornamental if not grown primarily for food.

33. Benefits of ornamental gardening
• Ornamental gardens are pleasant to be in and are used for activities such as
sports, concerts and weddings.
• Pleasantly manicured lawns, hedges and a myriad of flowers and plant make
these gardens attractive. For others, they are the perfect grounds for meditation
purposes.
• They help regulate the micro-climate around them: Plants ability to enrich air of
oxygen and rid it of toxins is immeasurable.
• They also add onto the atmospheric humidity levels for a cooler and cleaner
location to be in.
• The gardens are also a habitat for birds, insects and other creatures.

34. • Indoor gardening is best described as overcoming a lack of natural
space by creating an artificial garden environment in your home.
• This could be due to many different reasons ranging from lack of
outdoor space, cold temperatures outdoors that prevent growing
your desired produce, to wanting to pick your own herbs indoors
• It is generally regarded as growing a selection of plants inside that you
would typically grow outside—whether that be fruit, vegetables,
herbs, or flowers.
• If you have the right space and set up indoors, it can be less time-
consuming and more successful to cultivate a garden indoors.
INDOOR GARDENING

36. Common types:
Hydroponic designs Herb garden Terrariums
Hydroponics is a method of
growing plants without soil.
An herb garden is basically a
garden that is being used solely
to grow herbs.
They are indoor gardens in a sealed
container. The plants and the soil in the
terrarium release water vapor –
essentially recycling water.

37. Air plant collection Living wall

38. Principles of indoor gardening
• Plants selected for indoor gardening should be aesthetically superior, with
beautiful colours, sweet fragrance, or attractive foliage.
• The size of the plant is important. Large plants are ideal for large rooms, but not
for small rooms because they may make small rooms appear too crowded.
Similarly, a small plant has virtually no impact in a large room.
• Optimum light must be provided.
• Water plays a very important role in plant nutrition. Plant species differ in their
moisture requirement. Water may be applied to plants by using any convenient
container.
• All plants need balanced nutrition for normal growth. The nutrients in the
potting soil gradually get depleted. So, they must be regularly supplied as solids,
liquids, powders, crystals, or granules.
• Containers and the plants should be maintained neat and clean.

39. Plants for indoor gardening:
• Certain plants are known for being well-suited to being grown indoors. These
include:
• Veggies: Some veggies grow particularly well indoors. These include carrots, hot
peppers, lettuce, and tomatoes.
• Herbs: Basil, chives, mint, parsley, and thyme are just a few herbs that do well in
a sunny position indoors.
• Low-Light plants: If you are looking to create a low-maintenance tropical jungle in
a shady area in your home, opt for low-light species like spider plants, snake
plants, and certain ferns.
• Humidity-loving plants: If you want plants for a terrarium or to grow in a
bathroom, consider things like begonias, ferns, and peace lilies.

40. Benefits of indoor gardening
• An indoor garden can be set up and managed very easily within the premises of
your house and it won’t require much space, unlike outdoor gardens.
• For starters, Indoor Gardening is the best option to learn.
• Soil preparation in Indoor gardening is very easy.
• You can grow vegetables and flowers all around the year.
• Pests and disease attacks in indoor plants are very less when compared to
outdoor growing.
• Housewives/kids can manage indoor gardening.
• Indoor gardening not only beautifies your home but also produces fresh air.
• Indoor Gardening is the best option for stress-busting.
• The best benefit of some plants is they can purify the air of toxins.

41. Disadvantages
There are a couple of disadvantages of indoor gardening.
• Big trees growing is not possible.
• If you are using chemical fertilizers, they can accumulate in potting
mix and can harm the growing plants.
• Soil moisture regulation of plants is difficult to part.

42. • Kitchen garden is the growing of fruits and vegetables at the backyard of house
by using kitchen waste water.
• Otherwise called as Home garden or Nutrition garden or Vegetable garden.
• A model nutrition garden generally consists of growing vegetables and fruits
either separately or in combination. Thus the plan of growing vegetables and
fruits has to be integrated in a most beneficial manner.
• The size of the garden may depend on the area available in the compound, the
time available for its care and daily requirement of fresh fruits and vegetables of
a family.
• Depending on the space available and the family size the planning may be done
either for a big or a medium or a small size garden.
KITCHEN GARDENS

44. Principles in planning nutrient garden
• It is convenient to layout rectangular plot than a square plot.
• Garden should be well protected with suitable fence.
• Perennial vegetables like curry leaf, drumstick and quick growing fruits like
papaya, banana and lime should be planted along the border.
• Long duration vegetables like tapioca, elephant foot yam, etc., may be planted
together.
• Suitable short duration companion crops such as radish, beetroot, carrot, etc.,
can be grown with the long duration crops. These crops can be grown on the
bunds.
• Crop rotation should be followed in such a way so that each plot will be planted
with leguminous vegetable crop at least once in two years and also see that at
least 4-6 kinds of vegetables are always available.

45. • One plot should be kept reserved for raising nursery seedlings.
• Knowledge of planting season is essential in planning the cropping pattern.
• The entire plot should be divided into a number of small plots (sub plots). The
size and number of sub plots can be decided based on area available (family size)
and crops chosen with convenience.
• One or two compost pits may be dug in the shady corner of the garden.
• The plot should be provided according to convenience using minimum space.
• Creeping vegetables like gourds and others may be trailed on the fence or erected
pendals.
• The area in between the perennial plants may be utilised for short duration
shallow rooted
• If the land is limited preference can be given for growing those vegetables which
are costly, highly perishable, not easily available in the market and which can
produce maximum edible vegetables per unit area.

46. Maintenance of kitchen garden
• Grow the plants on the fence by training.
• Dump all the kitchen waste in the manure pits and maintain in wet condition.
Irrigation : As and when necessary.
Manures and fertilizers: Apply the decomposed kitchen waste to all the crops.
Complex fertilizers @ 5 gram/plant at 30, 60 and 90 day of planting.
Weeding : As and when necessary.
Harvest : When there is a colour change from green to yellow or orange.
Plant protection : Pick and destroy the larvae found on fruits and vegetables and
then spray. Avoid spraying of toxic chemicals.
Organic method of plant protection: Neem oil, Need seed kernal extract.

47. Advantages
• The kitchen garden could supply fresh fruits and vegetables high in nutritive
value also free from toxic chemicals.
• Help to save expenditure on the purchase of vegetables and fruits.
• Vegetables harvested from kitchen garden taste better than those purchased
from the market.
• Successful utilization of kitchen wastewater and kitchen waste materials.
• To grow healthy, fresh fruits and vegetables yourself.
• Wasteland around the home can be made productive.
• You will get your family a regular and convenient supply of healthy vegetables,
and fruits.
• The fruits and vegetable plants grown in your kitchen garden will promote health
because they are rich in nutrients.

48. • A vertical garden is a vertically suspended panel on which plants are
grown using hydroponics.
• These unique structures can either be freestanding or attached to a
wall and go by many different names: living green walls, plant walls
and moss walls.
Vertical garden

50. Principles of vertical garden
• Anchor your vertical gardening structure in place before planting to
allow you to avoid disturbing the roots or stems of plants.
• Pair heavy or more demanding plants with sturdier structures.
• Tall plants or structures cast shadows on the vertical garden that will
affect the growing patterns of nearby plants.
• Plants grow differently on a vertical garden. Some, such as climbing
roses, need to be physically attached to structures, while others, such
as morning glories, are twining and will loop themselves around trellis
openings.
• Plants grown in a vertical garden might need more frequent watering
and fertilizing because they’re exposed to more light and wind.

51. Common vertical garden plants
• A wide variety of vertical garden plants are used on a vertical plant
wall or garden, with plant selection determined by the light
conditions. For traditional vertical planting, consider these selections:
1. Ferns: Broadly adaptive and humid-resistant, those plants can easily
grow on walls and quickly cover up large areas. They are great for
vertical gardening as they generally grow downward

52. 2. Bromeliads
Bromeliads grow shallow roots and need little
space – therefore they make a great fit for
your living wall. Blossoms are kind of funky
and long-lasting.
3. Succelents
succulent plants, also known as succulents,
are plants with parts that are thickened,
fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water
in arid climates or soil conditions.

53. 4. Vines
These plants that grow on walls might not need
an explanation - low maintenance, loving indirect
sunlight and spreading quickly.
5. Herbs
To give your vertical garden even more purpose,
besides the aesthetics side of things, plant herbs.
Choose those that mature quickly and need low
light, such as basil, mint and parsley.

54. Advantages
• Growing more in less space : When vining plants are grown on vertical supports,
rather than allowed to sprawl on the ground, they take up less space.
• Grow in traditional spaces: On of the biggest advantages of vertical gardening is
that you can make use of spaces where you otherwise couldn’t grow anything –
like on walls and fences.
• Growing plants vertically adds beauty and visual interest to the garden. Vertical
structures and supports can be used in gorgeous ways to create privacy.
• Easier to maintain.
• Vertical structures bring your crops up to eye-level, making them much easier to
harvest. Plus, vegetables will hang down from their growing support, making
them easier to spot.

55. • A roof garden is a garden on the roof of a building.
• Besides the decorative benefit, roof plantings may provide food,
temperature control, hydrological benefits, architectural
enhancement, habitats or corridors for wildlife, recreational
opportunities, and in large scale it may even have ecological benefits.
• Green roofs provide shade, remove heat from the air, and reduce
temperatures of the roof surface and surrounding air.
ROOF TOP GARDEN

56. Building and installation of roof gardens
• Layers of roof garden
• Water proofing
• Drainage layer
• Growing media
• Plant selection
• Irrigation

57. Layers of roof garden
Roof garden employs a multilayer system, including a waterproof membrane,
drainage layers, geotextile layer, specialised soil medium, soil stabiliser, and a
selection of appropriate plant species and varieties that best tolerates the often
extreme environmental conditions found in a rooftop setting.
Water proof membrane
• The structure of the building will determine water proofing design and
installation.
• There are many kinds of waterproof membrane.
• Some membranes have added root retardants which acts as root barrier.
• Protection layer is laid to avoid root penetration to the concrete roof

58. Drainage layer
• The purpose of drainage systems is to facilitate water runoff from the roof to prevent
structural collapse and plants from drowning while retaining enough moisture to support
plant life.
• The roof drainage should be integrated into the building drainage system.
• Drainage facilities must be capable of collecting both overflow from the drainage course
and surface water from the vegetation support course and of conveying it away.
• The drainage system should be permanent and cover the entire roof area. Water
retention may be desirable as an environmental mandate
Filter sheet
• Drains water and retains the growing media and roots.

59. Growing medium
Growing medium selection is critical to the long and short term success of a green
roof. The following factors should be considered for selecting growing medium.
• Load bearing capacity
• Slope
• Climate
• Drainage
• Plant species
• Natural mineral components of roof garden substrate include sand, clay, lava,
pumice, gravel, etc. Artificial or modified mineral components such as perlite,
vermiculite, etc., are used in roof garden. Organic materials such as peat,
composts are also added to the substrate formulation.

60. Plant selection
Plant species selection is dependent on a number of factors:
• Maintenance investment and resources
• Aesthetics
• Function
• Climate and weather
• Structural load bearing
• Roof type
• Plant growth rate and nutrient demand
• Supply and availability
Irrigation
• Additional watering should be carried out regularly at roof garden. This
may be provided by using a hose, sprinkler type or drip type hoses, or
overhead irrigation system or automated watering system.

61. BENEFITS
• Aesthetic effect.
• Acts as natural insulation for hot and cold air and a save energy for your
building.
• Reduces CO2 levels and increases oxygen and improved air quality
• Improves thermal insulation and energy efficiency.
• Provides protection to buildings from adverse temperature and hence improves
the life expectancy of the buildings.
• Mitigate urban island heat effect.
• It holds rain water, providing food and shelter for wildlife.

62. REFERENCE
• https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_Landscaping_roofgarde
n.html
• https://www.thespruce.com/indoor-gardening-beginner-guide-
5199347
• https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_Landscaping_kitchenga
rden.html
• https://www.bonasila.com/blog/things-know-ornamental-gardening/