This document provides descriptions of 12 different types of gardens: container garden, patio garden, vertical garden, cottage garden, xeriscape garden, fern garden, town garden, water garden, kitchen garden, rock garden, rose garden, and low maintenance garden. It includes details on the defining features, design considerations, and plants suitable for each garden type. The container garden section provides the most detailed description, covering topics like container materials, repotting plants, and the advantages of container gardening.

1. LANDSCAPE DESIGN
SUBMITTED BY-
SHREYA MITRA

2. TYPES OF GARDENS
1. 2.
CONTAINER GARDEN PATIO GARDEN
3. 4.
VERTICAL GARDEN COTTAGE GARDEN

3. 5.
XERISCAPE GARDEN
6.
FERN GARDEN
7. 8.
TOWN GARDEN WATER GARDEN

4. 9. 10.
11. 12.
KITCHEN GARDEN ROCK GARDEN
ROSE GARDEN LOW MAINTENANCE GARDEN

5. CONTAINER GARDEN
Container gardening or pot gardening is the practice of
growing plants, including edible plants, exclusively
in containers instead of planting them in the ground.
A container is the general term used in gardening for a small,
enclosed and usually portable object used for displaying live
flowers or plants. It may take the form of pot, box, tub, pot,
basket, tin, barrel or hanging basket.
Pots, traditionally made of terracotta but now more commonly
plastic, and window boxes have been the most commonly seen.
Small pots are commonly called flowerpots. In some cases, this method of growing is used for
ornamental purposes. This method is also useful in areas where the soil or climate is unsuitable
for the plant or crop in question. Using a container is also generally necessary for house
plants. Limited growing space, or growing space that is paved over, can also make this option
appealing to the gardener.

6. Containers range from simple plastic pots, teacups to
complex automatic-watering irrigation systems. This
flexibility in design is another reason container gardening is
popular with growers. They can be found on porches, front
steps, and in urban locations, on rooftops. Sub-irrigated
planters. (SIP) are a type of container that may be used in
container gardens. Potting material must be loose and allow
drainage to offer proper aeration for roots to breathe,
preventing root rot.
PLANTING
ADVANTAGES
Many types of plants are suitable for the container, including decorative
flowers, herbs cacti, vegetables, and small trees. There are many advantages to growing plants in
containers, namely:
•Less risk of soil-borne disease
•Virtually eliminate weed problems
•Mobile plants gives more control over
moisture, sunlight & temperature

7. •Re-potting is the action of placing an already potted
plant into a larger or smaller pot.
• A pot that fits a plant's root system better is
normally used.
•Plants are usually re-potted according to the size of
their root system.
•Most plants need to be re-potted every few years,
because they become "pot-bound" or "root-bound."
•Plants' roots can sense its surroundings, including the
size of the pot it is in, and increasing the pot size
allows plant size to increase proportionally.
CONSIDERATIONS

8. PATIO GARDEN
A Patio Garden is an open inner courtyard,
especially one in a Spanish or Spanish-
American house or an area adjoining a house,
especially one that is paved and used for
outdoor activities and has use of various
landscape materials with use of plant covers
and flowers

9. PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS AND SPECIALISED ELEMENTS USED FOR
DESIGNING A PATIO GARDEN:
• Patios are most commonly paved with concrete or
stone slabs (also known as paving flags). Patios can
also be created using bricks, block paving, tiles or
cobbles.
• These outdoor spaces can become lush gardens
through the use of container gardening, automated
drip irrigation and low-flow irrigation systems, and
outdoor furnishings.
• Creating two levels of hedging by underplanting the
raised hedge is a nice twist on the stilted hedge that
has become popular with patio garden designs.
• Movement, spontaneity and color are the keys to achieve a patio garden. Abundance
doesn't have to occur in the form of a grand landscape.
• Different lanscape element along with plants are clubbed together to enhance functionality
of the space.
• Bamboo is an attractive, inexpensive option for patio garden designing.
• Linear perspective in the garden tends to work only from a single viewpoint, but there are other
techniques we can use in the patio garden to create the illusion of size and depth.
• Six to eight hours of bright light daily is best and sufficient for patio gardens.

10.  Linsey of LLH Designs planted herbs in wine boxes.
 Increase growing space on a tiny balcony with this DIY
pallet garden.
 Canning jars mounted to the wall are cute and practical.
 Possibly the cheapest and easiest gardening idea is the re-
purpose of an old shoe organizer.
 Here's another vertical solution. One could grow an entire
salad.
Gutters easily mount to a wall or balcony railing for plants
that don't have deep roots.
This patio garden is made from a couple of galvanized tubs
stacked together.
If one is looking to grow larger plants, the self-irrigating
planters made from plastic tubs are a great idea.
• DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IMPLEMENTED FOR PATIO GARDEN ARE:

11. VERTICAL GARDEN
A verticsl garden or green wall is a wall partially or
completely covered with greenery that includes a
growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also
feature an integrated water delivery system. Green
walls are also known as living walls or vertical
gardens.
It is useful to distinguish green walls from green
facades. Green walls
have growing media supported on the face of the
wall (as described below), while green facades have
soil only at the base of the wall (in a container or in
ground) and support climbing plants on the face of
the wall to create the green, or vegetated, facade.

12. •Green walls are found most often in urban
environmentswhere the plants reduce overall
temperatures of thebuilding. "The primary cause of
heat buildupin cities is insolation, the absorption of
solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city
and the storage of this heat in the building material
and its subsequent reradiation.
•Plant surfaces however, as a result of
transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C above
the ambient and are sometimes cooler.
•Green walls may be indoors or outside, freestanding or attached to anexisting wall, and come
in a great variety of sizes

13. COTTAGE GARDEN
The cottage garden is a distinct style of garden that
uses an informal design, traditional materials, dense
plantings, and a mixture of ornamental and edible
plants. English in origin, the cottage garden depends
on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal
structure. Homely and functional gardens connected
to working-class cottages go back several centuries,
but their reinvention in stylised versions grew in
1870s England, in reaction to the more structured and
rigorously maintained English estate gardens that used
formal designs and mass plantings of brilliant
greenhouse annuals.
The earliest cottage gardens were more practical than their modern descendants — with an
emphasis on vegetables and herbs, along with some fruit trees, perhaps a beehive, and even
livestock. Flowers were used to fill any spaces in between. Over time, flowers became more
dominant. The traditional cottage garden was usually enclosed, perhaps with a rose-bowered
gateway. Flowers common to early cottage gardens included traditional florist's flowers, such
as primroses and violets, along with flowers chosen for household use, such as calendula and
various herbs. Others were the old-fashioned rosethat bloomed once a year with rich scents,
simple flowers like daisies, and flowering herbs. Over time, even large estate gardens had
sections they called "cottage gardens

14. Modern-day cottage gardens include countless regional and
personal variations of the more traditional English cottage
garden, and embrace plant materials, such as ornamental
grasses or native plants that were never seen in the rural
gardens of cottagers. Traditional roses, with their full
fragrance and lush foliage, continue to be a cottage garden
mainstay — along with modern disease-resistant varieties
that keep the traditional attributes. Informal climbing plants,
whether traditional or modern hybrids, are also a common
cottage garden plant. Self-sowing annuals and freely
spreading perennials continue to find a place in the modern
cottage garden, just as they did in the traditional cottager's
garden.
While the classic cottage garden is built around a cottage,
many cottage-style gardens are created around houses and
even estates such as Hidcote Manor with its more intimate
"garden rooms".The cottage garden design is based more on
principles than formulae: it has an informal look, with a
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
seemingly casual mixture of flowers, herbs, and vegetables often packed into a small area. In
spite of their appearances, cottage gardens have a design and formality that help give them their
grace and charm. Due to space limitations, they are often in small rectangular plots, with practical
functioning paths and hedges or fences. The plants, layout, and materials are chosen to give the
impression of casualness and a country feel.

15. Modern cottage gardens frequently use local
flowers and materials, rather than those of the
traditional cottage garden. What they share with
the tradition is the unstudied look, the use of every
square inch, and a rich variety of flowers, herbs,
and vegetables.
The cottage garden is designed to appear artless,
rather than contrived or pretentious. Instead of
artistic curves, or grand geometry, there is an
artfully designed irregularity. Borders can go right
up to the house, lawns are replaced with tufts of
grass or flowers, and beds can be as wide as
needed. Instead of the discipline of large scale
color schemes, there is the simplicity of
harmonious color combinations between
neighbouring plants. The overall appearance can
be of "a vegetable garden that has been taken over
by flowers."[The method of planting closely
packed plants was supposed to reduce the amount
of weeding and watering required, but planted
stone pathways or turf paths, and clipped hedges
overgrown with wayward vines, are cottage garden
features requiring well-timed maintenance.

16. Paths, arbors, and fences use traditional or antique
looking materials. Wooden fences and gates, paths
covered with locally made bricks or stone, and
arbors using natural materials all give a more
casual—and less formal—look and feel to a
cottage garden. Pots, ornaments, and furniture also
use natural looking materials with traditional
finishes—everything is chosen to give the
impression of an old-fashioned country garden.
MATERIALS USED

17. XERISCAPE GARDEN
Xeriscaping (often incorrectly spelled zero-
scaping or xeroscaping) is landscaping and
gardening that reduces or eliminates the need
for supplemental water from irrigation.
•It is promoted in regions that do not have
easily accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies
of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in
other areas as access to water becomes more
limited. Xeriscaping may be an alternative to
various types of traditional gardening.
•Plants whose natural requirements are
appropriate to the local climate are emphasized,
and care is taken to avoid losing water to
evaporation and run-off. The specific plants
used in xeriscaping depend upon the climate.
Xeriscaping is different from natural
landscaping, because the emphasis in
xeriscaping is on selection of plants for water
conservation, not necessarily selecting native
plants.
•Xeriscaping may be an alternative to various
types of traditional gardening

18. •Xeriscape can be irrigated efficiently by hand or with an
automatic sprinkler system. Zone turf areas separately from
other plants and use the irrigation method that waters the plants
in each area most efficiently. For grass, use gear-driven rotors or
rotary spray nozzles that have larger droplets and low angles to
avoid wind drift. Spray, drip line or bubbler emitters are most
efficient for watering trees, shrubs, flowers and groundcovers.
•If watering by hand, avoid oscillating sprinklers and other
sprinklers that throw water high in the air or release a fine mist.
The most efficient sprinklers release big drops close to the
ground.
•Water deeply and infrequently to develop deep roots. Never
water during the day to reduce water lost to evaporation. With
the use of automatic sprinkling systems, adjust the controller
monthly to accommodate weather conditions. Also, install a rain
sensor to shut off the device when it rains.
• Mulch keeps plant roots cool, prevents soil from crusting,
minimizes evaporation and reduces weed growth. Organic
mulches, such as bark chips, pole peelings or wood grindings,
should be applied 2 to 4 inches deep. Fiber mulches create a web
that is more resistant to wind and rain washout. Inorganic
mulches, such as rocks and gravel, should be applied 2 to
3 inches deep. Surrounding plants with rock makes the area
hotter; limit this practice

19. FERN GARDEN
Hardy Ferns are the most ornamental of foliage
plants, and their near-infinite diversity
guarantees that every garden can make good
use of them. Ferns require little care and will
thrive in many locations that would discourage
fussier plants
Indispensable for shady areas, these delicate
plants make the hottest summer day seem
cooler. Great variety exists in form and size,
giving the creative gardener many planting
options. Most Ferns are slow growing and can
take several years to reach their mature size,
which varies greatly between varieties.

20. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Light/Watering: All Ferns thrive in light to
heavy shade. Water Ferns regularly if rain is not
sufficient, and do not let the soil get completely
dry. A two-inch thick mulch of composted leaves
or pine needles will help keep roots cool and
damp.
Fertilizer/Soil and pH: Ferns prefer soils high
in organic matter that are well-drained but do not
dry out. Most will tolerate poor soils and a pH of
4 to 7; Apply fertilizer in spring, just after new
growth has begun. Ferns are very sensitive to
fertilizers; use a slow-release fertilizer when new
growth appears in early spring.
Dividing/Transplanting: When Fern fronds
appear to be smaller, or the clump has a bare
center, it is time to divide. Some Ferns form
crowns while others grow as mats of fibrous roots.
Dig up the whole clump and take 6-inch-square
pieces from the most vigorous growth. Replant at
the original depth and water well.

21. TOWN GARDEN
Town gardens have much to offer and provide
an exciting, if challenging, opportunity to
produce many interesting and original garden
designs. A little forward planning and careful
thought can go a long way towards overcoming
any immediate problems, such as lack of direct
sunlight, shadows cast from neighbouring
buildings, poor soil or atmospheric pollution.
You will find that town gardens are easier and
cheaper to maintain than most country gardens,
simply because they are usually smaller.
Urban sites also tend to be mote sheltered than
rural ones and may even be frost-free, so that you
can grow a wide range of tender plants without
having to protect them or take them into a
greenhouse in winter.
Formal rather than informal designs rend to be more popular for town gardens because it is
easier to incorporate surrounding parry walls into a methodical, precise concept. When you are
choosing a design, remember that the garden will be seen as much from the upper storeys of the
house as from the lower ones, and formal designs tend to look better from above than informal
ones

22. WATER GARDEN
Water gardens, also known as aquatic gardens, are a type
of man-made water feature. They can be defined as any
interior or exterior landscape or architectural element
whose primary purpose is to house, display, or propagate a
particular species or variety of aquatic plant. The primary
focus is on plants, but they will sometimes also house
ornamental fish in which case the feature will be a
fish pond.
Water gardening is gardening that is concerned with
growing plants adapted to pools and ponds. Although water
gardens can be almost any size or depth, they are typically
small and relatively shallow, generally less than twenty
inches in depth. This is because most aquatic plants are
depth sensitive and require a specific water depth in order
to thrive. The particular species inhabiting each water
garden will ultimately determine the actual surface area and
depth required.
When the aquatic flora and fauna are balanced, an aquatic ecosystem is created that will
support sustainable water quality and clarity. Elements such
as fountains,statues, waterfalls, boulders, underwater lighting, lining treatments, edging details,
watercourses, and in-water and bankside planting can add visual interest and help to integrate the
water garden with the local landscape and environment.

23. Water gardens, and water features in
general, have been a part of public and
private gardens since ancient Persian
gardens and Chinese gardens. For
instance, the (c. 304) Nanfang Caomu
Zhuang records cultivating Chinese
spinach on floating gardens. Water
features have been present and well
represented in every era and in every
culture that has included gardens in their
landscape and architectural environments.
Up until the rise of the industrial age ,
when the modern water pump was
introduced, water was not recirculated but
was diverted from rivers and springsinto
the water garden, from which it exited
into agricultural fields or natural
watercourses. Historically, water features
were used to enable plant and fish
production both for food purposes
and for ornamental aesthetics.
Though the term "water garden" is normally used to describe a particular type of natural or
man-made water feature that is used for a relatively specific purpose, there are many other
types, styles and designs of water feature.

24. KITCHEN GARDEN
The traditional kitchen garden, also known as
a potager (in French, jardin potager) or in Scotland
a kailyaird,is a space separate from the rest of the
residential garden – theornamental plants and lawn areas.
Most vegetable gardens are still miniature versions of old
family farm plots, but the kitchen garden is different not
only in its history, but also its design.
The kitchen garden may serve as the central feature of an
ornamental, all-season landscape, or it may be little more
than a humble vegetable plot. It is a source of herbs,
vegetables and fruits, but it is often also a structured
garden space with a design based on repetitive geometric
patterns.
The kitchen garden has year-round visual appeal and can
incorporate permanent perennials or
woody shrub plantings around (or among) the annuals.
A vegetable garden (also known as a vegetable patch or vegetable plot) is a garden that exists
to grow vegetables and other plants useful for human consumption, in contrast to a flower garden
that exists for aesthetic purposes. It is a small-scale form of vegetable growing. A vegetable
garden typically includes a compost heap, and several plots or divided areas of land, intended to
grow one or two types of plant in each plot. Plots may also be divided into rows with an
assortment of vegetables grown in the different rows.

25. The kitchen garden may serve as the central
feature of an ornamental, all-season landscape,
or it may be little more than a humble vegetable
plot. It is a source of herbs, vegetables and
fruits, but it is often also a structured garden
space with a design based on repetitive
geometric patterns.
The kitchen garden has year-round visual
appeal and can incorporate permanent
perennials or woody shrub plantings around (or
among) the annuals.
The goal is to make the function of providing
food aesthetically joyful.
A vegetable garden (also known as a vegetable patch or vegetable plot) is a garden that
exists to grow vegetables and other plants useful for human consumption, in contrast to
a flower garden that exists for aesthetic purposes. It is a small-scale form of vegetable
growing. A vegetable garden typically includes a compost heap, and several plots or divided
areas of land, intended to grow one or two types of plant in each plot. Plots may also be
divided into rows with an assortment of vegetables grown in the different rows. It is usually
located to the rear of a property in the back garden or back yard. Many families have home
kitchen and vegetable gardens that they use to produce food. In World War II, many people
had a garden called a "victory garden" which provided food and thus freed resources for the
war effort.

26. ROCK GARDEN
The rock gardens are more than putting
two or three stones as decoration
around a plant. It is about using rocks
and stones in space to mimic nature
, especially in areas where there
abundant growth of grass and plants
and thus they grow among the rocks.
Steps you must take in order
to build a beautiful rock
garden:
•The first step is choosing the right
area where we will rock garden. It is
important that guidance is adequate.
Although the guidance will vary
according to climate and geography,
which usually gives good results is that
the sun shine directly into our rock
garden

27. •After choosing the area, you should clean the place of
unwanted plants like shrubs and dead plants. You must
also ensure that the drainageis good.To do this, you can
make a composite layer of pebbles, slag and heavy
elements. The layer should be about 50 centimeters.
•The most important of your rock garden is to place the
stones and rocks in a good way. It is important to begin
by placing large stones are like the base of your rock
garden and then the smaller stones. The stones should be
buried in the middle so they are stable and do not leave
and should not be all together as this would prevent the
plants grow well in space. Rather, you must leave some
space between stones and rocks and everything depends
on your imagination. There is no specific rule to measure
the distances between the rocks.

28. ROSE GARDEN
A rose garden or rosarium is a garden or
park, often open to the public, used to present
and grow various types of garden roses or rose
species. Designs vary tremendously and roses
may be displayed alongside other plants or
grouped by individual variety, colour or class
in rose beds.
As the garden design chosen will impact on the
health of your roses, the choice of position
should be guided not only by aesthetical
reflections but also by practical considerations.
For a larger rose garden preferably choose a
pattern composed of geometric beds either
stand-alone or arranged symmetrically along
the borders, the main walk or any other central
element of the garden. The geometric beds can
in turn be separated by narrow paths within
the pattern
Shrub roses or climbers can be planted along
the perimeter of the garden.
Climbing roses can also be trained to climb up trees, such as olive trees or apple trees, provided
these have been pruned in a shape that allows enough sunlight to reach the rose plant.

29. Choose larger rose groups rather than dividing
up the space into numerous, small groups of
roses. In a small garden, a single, central rose
bed is a nice alternative.
Structures, such as gazebos, arbors, pillars and
treillage will give a beautiful, romantic touch
and break up the monotony.
Along a central path borders made of three
rows of roses combined with low, grey-leaved
plants or trimmed buxus produce a very nice
visual effect.

30. LOW MAINTENANCE GARDEN
Low or easy maintenance gardening is what
many people would like to embrace, either
through necessity or preference. No garden will
be zero maintenance but most gardening
activities have a lower input solution or
alternative to consider.
Although this might rule out more time-
consuming pursuits such as clipping topiary
sculptures or manicuring fine lawns, it does not
mean a low maintenance garden need be bland
or uninspired. It just means giving a little
thought to some of the jobs we perhaps have
always done or eliminating tasks through better
design and

31. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
•Let the grass grow long. Consider keeping a
small area of short grass in the most formal area
of garden but reduce the amount of cutting in
other areas. Experiment with different frequencies
of cut; some parts may be acceptable with being
mown just once a fortnight, while some ‘wilder’
areas could be left unmown between March and
September. Introduce a sense of purpose to long
grass by mowing a path through the centre or a
strip at the edge. You can even add interest by
introducing wildflower plug plants into the sward.
•Stop collecting the clippings. By allowing the
clippings to drop back onto the grass, less time
and effort is needed to empty the box. The lawn
will also need feeding less as some of the
nutrients will return in the fallen grass. To reduce
problems with unsightly strips of brown, dead
grass sitting on the surface of the lawn, mow as
regularly as possible. It may be worth investing in
a ‘recycling’ or 'mulching' mower which is
designed to chop the clippings before returning
them to the lawn.

32. Shrubs are easy to plant through a weed-
suppressing membrane. Overlay this with an
attractive mulch such as bark or gravel and it
may be several seasons before weeding or
topping up of the mulch is required. Weed
seedlings are unlikely to get a hold in the
mulching material but if they do can be easily
hoed off. Once established, these beds are also
unlikely to require regular watering
BORDERS AND WEED CONTROL
Reduce the need for pumps and filters by not
introducing fish into the pond. Fish-free ponds or
wildlife ponds often settle into a good natural
balance, and suffer from blanket weed and algae
problems less frequently too.
Don’t be afraid of natural succession. Rather than the
arduous task of removing silt from the bottom of a
pond every few years, consider allowing your pond to
fill in. Or deliberately convert a pond into a bog
gardento reduce tasks such as removing leaves,
cleaning out, planting or pulling out blanket weed.
Avoid very shallow water features that quickly dry
out and need topping up.
PONDS AND WATER FEATURES