The document provides information on the present perfect tense of the verb "to be" and examples of its use. It discusses the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms of "there is/are" in the present tense. Examples are given for singular and plural forms. The future tense of "have to" is also discussed, with examples given of its conjugation.

1. NORTHENST SCHOOL OF
AGRICULTURA
PRACTICE English VI Engenier. Oscar García
Group Practice #3
Member: Rudy Leonel primero primero

2. PRESENT PERFECT OF THERE IS/ARE
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not
important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week,
when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with
unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Tiene el significado de "haber". Se forma con "there" seguido del presente del verbo "to be" en singular o plural, según
corresponda.
Afirmativo
'There is' y 'there are' se forma con el presente del verbo "to be" en su forma afirmativa.
'There's' es la forma corta de there is.
'There are" generalmente no se puede contraer, aunque a veces se hace en el lenguaje informal
Negativo
La forma negativa de 'there is y 'there are' se forma con el presente negativo del verbo 'to be' (there is not/are not). Es
frecuente encontrar la forma contraída (there isn´t/there aren´t).
En las oraciones negativas hay que tener en cuenta que se usará 'any' y no 'some'.
Interrogativo
El interrogativo se forma con el verbo "to be" (is/are) seguido de "there".
Estas preguntas suelen responderse con la forma corta: "Yes, there is/are" o "No, there isn´t/aren´t".

3. EXAPLE.
There is a book Hay un libro
There are some books
Hay unos libros
Afirmativo
Singular forma larga There is a shop Hay una tienda
Plural forma larga There are some shops Hay algunas tiendas
Singular forma corta There's a shop Hay una tienda

4. EXAPLE.
Negativo
Singular There isn't a shop No hay una tienda
Plural There aren't any shops No hay tiendas
Singular forma larga There was not a shop No había una tienda
plural forma larga There were not any shops No habían tiendas

5. FUTURE TENSE OF “HAVE TO”
In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not
having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the
French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verb aimer ("love"). English does not have a future
tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways to express the future,
particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether
they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English, one and all.
The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking,
although in contexts where relative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in
time under consideration.

6. EXAPLE.
Singular Plural
I will have walked we will have walked
you will have walked you will have walked
he/she/it will have walked they will have walked
By this time next week, I will have worked on this project for twenty days.
Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel.
A Democratic president will have been in the White House for nearly half of the twentieth
century.
How long will it have been since we were together?

7. EXAMPLE.
Singular Plural
I will have slept we will have slept
you will have slept you will have slept
he/she/it will have slept they will have slept
Singular Plural
I will have been we will have been
you will have been you will have been
he/she/it will have been they will have been

8. INTRODUCTION TO THE PASSIVE VOICE.
Where is the doer of the action (seeing)? It is in the object position and is preceded by the preposition by.
When the agent is in the object position or if it is not mentioned, then the sentence will be a passive voice sentence.
Where are most American films made?
American films are made in Hollywood.
What is the subject?
Is American films the agent? The doer of the verb, make?
Is the agent mentioned?
If you wanted to put an agent, who would be the agent, the maker of the films?
What is the time of the verb?
The winner's name will be announced.
What is the subject?
Is American films the agent? The doer of the verb, make?
Is the agent mentioned?
What is the time of the verb?

9. EXAPLE.
Tense Active Voice Passive Voice
Simple Present
A committee chooses the best
actor.
The best actor is chosen by a
committee.
Present continuous
They are presenting an award
now.
An award is being presented
now.
Future
They will pick the best movie.
They are going to pick the
best movie.
The best movie will be picked.
The best movie is going to be
picked.
Simple Past
They announced the winner's
name.
The winner's name was
announced.
Past Continuous
They were taking
photographs.
Photographs were being taken.
Present Perfect
They have chosen the best
movie.
The best movie has been
chosen.
Modal
They should announce the
winner's name.
The winner's name should be
announced.

10. EXAPLE.
Transitive
Subject Verb Object
A storm destroyed his house.
Intransitive
Subject Verb
My sister came.

11. PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE.
Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...
Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.
Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.
Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.
Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.
Active : Who sells umbrellas?
Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?
Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.
Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

12. EXAPLE.
Affirmative Form
Object + am / is / are + verb3 (past
participle)
Question Form
Am / Is / Are + Object + verb3 (past
participle) ?
This writer's articles are read by many people

13. PAST PERFECT TENSE + YET ALREADY.
Already means that something happened earlier than we
expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after
have or has and before the main verb.
Yet means that something that we expected has happened
or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a
sentence.

14. EXAMPLES.
We've already had our breakfast.
- When are you going to do your homework?
- But I've already done it!
- Do you want a cup of coffee?
- No, thanks. I've already had one.“
- Has the post arrived yet?
- Have you done your homework?
- Not yet.
- Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!

15. MUST/MIGHT.
Might Used to suggest a smaller possibility than may does
(actually, might is more common than may in American
English):
Must Used to express something formally required or necessary:

16. EXAPLE.
Might
He might have finished it.
I might go see a doctor.
I might not come this time.
It might be right.
You might have lost it.
The store might have been closed today.
Must
I must complete the project by this week.
The government must provide health care for everybody.
Everyone must save the natural resources of the earth.
The building must have a fire alarm.
You must answer my question right now.

17. PAST SIMPLE OF “CAN”
Simple Past of the verb can - I Could not
sleep
The verb form can in Simple Past Could and is
the same for all people. As it is a modal verb,
the negative form does not specify the verb
to do but is formed simply by adding not,
that is not contracted.

18. EXAPLES.
can - cannot - can't
El verbo modal can en Simple Past:
could - could not - couldn't
I can ski I could ski ten years ago
Yo sé esquiar Yo sabía esquiar hace diez años
I can't sleep I couldn't sleep last night
Yo no puedo dormir Yo no pude dormir anoche
En frases interrogativas, el verbo can se coloca antes del sujeto:
You can speak English very well. Can you speak French?
Tú sabes hablar inglés muy bien ¿Sabes hablar francés?
Seguimos la misma regla con could:
You could understand him perfectly. Could you understand her?
A él podías entenderle perfectamente ¿Podías entenderla a ella?
Veamos otros ejemplos de frases afirmativas y negativas:
My grandfather could remember the First World War ...
Mi abuelo podía recordar la Primera Guerra Mundial ...
... but he couldn't remember what he did the day before
... pero no podía recordar lo que hizo el día anterior.

19. REPORTED SPEECH.
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using 'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is
in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she',
for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:
Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

20. EXAPLES.
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple “I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous “I am living in London” She said she was living in London.
past simple “I bought a car”
She said she had bought a car OR She said
she bought a car.
past continuous “I was walking along the street”
She said she had been walking along the
street.
present perfect “I haven't seen Julie” She said she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect* “I had taken English lessons before”
She said she had taken English lessons
before.
will “I'll see you later” She said she would see me later.
would* “I would help, but..” She said she would help but...
can “I can speak perfect English” She said she could speak perfect English.

21. VERBS.
Verbs have traditionally been defined as words that show action or state of being.
Often, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) will signify that a word is a verb. For example, the
suffixes -ify, -ize, -ate, or -en usually signify that a word is a verb, as in typify,
characterize, irrigate, and sweeten. Prefixes such as be-, de-, or en- may signify that a
word is a verb, as in bestow, dethrone, and encourage.
These affixes, often inconsistent from verb to verb, are called derivational affixes. Added
to a word, they either change the word's part of speech.

22. EXAPLE.
(to write)
Smith writes short stories at home. (-s ending)
Smith is writing short stories at home. (-ing
ending)
Smith wrote short stories at home. (-ed ending)
Smith has written short stories at home. (-en
ending)
*
(to buy)
Jones buys a newspaper each day. (-s ending)
Jones is buying a newspaper today. (-ing ending)
Jones bought a newspaper yesterday. (-ed
ending)
Jones has bought newspapers every day. (-en
ending)
*
(to go)
Students go to the library often. (-s ending)
Students are going to the library often. (-ing
ending)
Students went to the library often. (-ed ending)
Students have gone to the library often. (-en
ending)

23. VERBS CAN.
I can play the trumpet.
Yo puedo/sé tocar la trompeta.
We can take a taxi to the airport.
Podemos tomar un taxi hasta el aeropuerto.
Mary can be very stubborn sometimes.
Mary puede ser muy terca a veces.
You can sit here if you like.
Puedes sentarte aquí si quieres.
It can take longer than we thought.
(Esto) Puede tardar más de lo que pensábamos.
Nobody can understand that.
Nadie puede entender eso.
Your decision can change our lives.
Tu decisión puede cambiarnos la vida.

24. EXAPLE.
I can not swim.
No puedo/sé nadar.
That cannot be true.
Eso no puede ser cierto.
You can't tell me what to do.
No puedes decirme qué hacer
Can Peter speak German?
¿Puede/sabe Peter hablar alemán?
Can you help me with my homework?
¿Me puedes ayudar con mi tarea?
Paul can have gone to Maria's.
Paul puede haber ido a lo de María.
They can't have left without us.
Ellos no pueden haberse ido sin nosotros.
Jane can't have said that.
Jane no puede haber dicho eso.

25. MUSTHN´T.
We use must not to say that something is not
permitted or allowed, for example:
Passengers must not talk to the driver.
Must is an auxiliary verb. It is followed by a
main verb.
The basic structure for must not is:

26. EXPALE.
subject
auxiliary
must + not
main verb
I mustn't forget my keys.
You mustn't disturb him.
Students must not be late.