This document presents a project report for the design of a photovoltaic tracking system with positioning control using Arduino. The system aims to automatically position a solar panel to maximize solar radiation absorption throughout the day. It will use a GPS module and Arduino microcontroller to determine the sun's position and accordingly adjust the panel's orientation on a single horizontal axis. Testing of the prototype showed it maintained an average voltage of 20 volts during daylight hours, demonstrating it effectively tracks the sun for improved photovoltaic efficiency. The project seeks to develop renewable energy solutions and promote environmental protection.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
SOLAR ENERGY TRACKER SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORTeeeraviriet
The document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on solar photovoltaic energy. It states that solar PV capacity has grown rapidly in recent decades and is expected to become a major energy source in the future. However, solar PV still needs to be improved to maximize output, especially in areas with less sunlight. The project aims to develop a prototype solar tracking system to more efficiently orient panels toward the sun and increase solar PV performance.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Development of Automatic PV Power Pack Servo Based Single Axis Solar Tracking...IOSR Journals
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical structure, LDR sensors, microcontroller, servo motor, and battery. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
SOLAR ENERGY TRACKER SYSTEM SEMINAR REPORTeeeraviriet
The document discusses renewable energy sources and focuses on solar photovoltaic energy. It states that solar PV capacity has grown rapidly in recent decades and is expected to become a major energy source in the future. However, solar PV still needs to be improved to maximize output, especially in areas with less sunlight. The project aims to develop a prototype solar tracking system to more efficiently orient panels toward the sun and increase solar PV performance.
A solar tracking system uses a microcontroller and light dependent resistors (LDRs) to automatically orient a solar panel towards the sun throughout the day. The system includes a microcontroller, motor driver IC, two LDRs, DC motor, and power supply. It works by using the LDRs to sense light levels on both sides of the panel and sending that input to the microcontroller. The microcontroller then controls the motor driver and DC motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly, maximizing exposure to sunlight and boosting the system's efficiency. The document outlines the hardware components, block diagram, and software tools needed to design and implement the microcontroller-based solar tracking system.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a student project to design an automatic single axis solar tracker using a microcontroller. The project aims to increase the power generated by a solar panel by keeping it perpendicular to the sun's rays as the sun moves across the sky. The system will use light dependent resistors and a comparator circuit to sense the sun's position and control a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It outlines the components that will be used, including an AT89S51 microcontroller, light sensors, a comparator IC, stepper motor, and driver circuitry. It also includes diagrams of the overall system design and the power supply circuit.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
This document provides information on solar tracking systems and photovoltaic panels. It discusses how solar tracking systems can increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels by keeping them oriented towards the sun throughout the day. By maintaining an angle of incidence close to 0 degrees, solar tracking maximizes the amount of sunlight absorbed. This can boost the output of PV panels by 30-50% compared to fixed panels. The document also provides details on the components and functioning of solar tracking systems, including sensors, microcontrollers and motors. It examines how improvements in solar cell technology and solar tracking have increased the viability of solar power as a renewable energy source.
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
Two axis solar tracking system based on microcontrollerJagadeesh Yadav
The document describes a two-axis solar tracking system based on a microcontroller that uses light dependent resistors and differential signals from sensor pairs to control motors and position a solar panel to continuously face the sun for optimal energy collection. A PIC16F877 microcontroller receives input from four LDR sensors to calculate the angular error in both the azimuth and elevation plane and minimize the error by repositioning the panel. The system allows for increased solar collection over fixed panels and can operate independently based on location.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
This document describes a solar dust cleaning system project. It found that dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar panels can reduce efficiency by up to 50%. The project uses an automatic sensor-controlled wiper to remove dust from solar panels in order to increase efficiency. When sensors detect dust or particles on the panels, the wipers are activated to clean the panels. This system allows for increased solar panel efficiency, protection from dust damage, and extended panel lifespan compared to non-cleaned panels.
The document summarizes a 6-month internship project report on developing a solar tracking system. It provides background on the company where the internship was completed, Visesh Transmission Pvt. Ltd., an engineering company in Bangalore, India. It then describes the purpose and components of a solar tracking system, including photovoltaic panels, motors, microcontrollers, and actuators. The system works by using a microcontroller programmed with the sun's position over the year to orient the solar panels towards the sun for maximum efficiency. Solar tracking can increase energy output by 30% compared to fixed panels.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
7th sem final presentation solar tracking systemDebajyoti Chanda
This document presents a project on a solar tracking system developed by a group of students. It discusses how solar tracking can increase solar panel output by ensuring the panels always face the sun. It includes block diagrams of the system design using a microcontroller and sensors to control stepper motors and adjust the panel orientation. The document also discusses the concept design, Pro-E CAD model, design evaluation, and applications of the solar tracking system.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
Synopsis of solar tracker and charging monitorTarun Arora
This document provides an overview and objectives of a minor project on developing a solar tracker and charging monitor system. The solar tracker uses light dependent resistors and a motor driver IC to adjust a solar panel to maintain optimal sunlight exposure throughout the day. The charging monitor uses an LED voltmeter IC to indicate the charge level of a solar power battery. The project will involve designing and implementing the circuitry on a PCB board, including ICs, resistors, capacitors, and other components to achieve the solar tracking and battery monitoring functions.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
The document describes a sun tracking solar panel system that uses two light dependent resistors (LDRs), a solar panel, DC motor, and PIC16F72 microcontroller. The system works by using the LDRs to sense the maximum solar radiation and direct the microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the direction of maximum energy using the DC motor. This allows the panel to continuously face the sun and receive optimal solar exposure throughout the day. The system provides a solution to make best use of solar energy by automatically adjusting the panel position according to sun movement.
Sun tracking schemes for photovoltaic panelsavocado1111
Presented at 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology, ICDRET 2014, on January 9-11, 2014 at Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://icdret.uiu.ac.bd/
Award: Prof. H. Rashid Best Paper Presentation Award (2nd Position)
Presented by: Samiul Alam
the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
Hydro Photovoltaic Technology- A new approachRupal Jain
A brief description about hydro photovoltaic technology- PV panels on water bodies to improve their efficiency and to reduce water evaporation losses. A government scheme on this technology in Khandwa district MP state
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
The document describes a solar tracking system that uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to optimize the power output of solar panels. It discusses how single-axis and dual-axis trackers work to keep the panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. Experimental results showed that a dual-axis active tracker increased power output compared to fixed panels, while a passive tracker using reflectors performed nearly as well at lower cost. The system aims to maximize solar energy collection with a low-cost design.
single axis solar tracker with out micro controllerNarendhar Kumar
This document is a project report for a solar tracker system developed by six students. It includes:
1) An introduction describing solar energy potential in India and motivation for the project.
2) Details of the solar tracker system components including a light sensor, motor driver, comparator, battery, and DC motor.
3) A circuit diagram and description of how the solar tracker functions to keep the solar panel oriented towards the sun using feedback from the light sensor.
4) Acknowledgements and future work sections noting the guidance received and potential to improve the system with a real-time clock.
In summary, the document presents a student project to develop a single-axis solar tracker using various electrical components
Two axis solar tracking system based on microcontrollerJagadeesh Yadav
The document describes a two-axis solar tracking system based on a microcontroller that uses light dependent resistors and differential signals from sensor pairs to control motors and position a solar panel to continuously face the sun for optimal energy collection. A PIC16F877 microcontroller receives input from four LDR sensors to calculate the angular error in both the azimuth and elevation plane and minimize the error by repositioning the panel. The system allows for increased solar collection over fixed panels and can operate independently based on location.
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day.
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
This document describes a solar dust cleaning system project. It found that dust accumulation on photovoltaic solar panels can reduce efficiency by up to 50%. The project uses an automatic sensor-controlled wiper to remove dust from solar panels in order to increase efficiency. When sensors detect dust or particles on the panels, the wipers are activated to clean the panels. This system allows for increased solar panel efficiency, protection from dust damage, and extended panel lifespan compared to non-cleaned panels.
The document summarizes a 6-month internship project report on developing a solar tracking system. It provides background on the company where the internship was completed, Visesh Transmission Pvt. Ltd., an engineering company in Bangalore, India. It then describes the purpose and components of a solar tracking system, including photovoltaic panels, motors, microcontrollers, and actuators. The system works by using a microcontroller programmed with the sun's position over the year to orient the solar panels towards the sun for maximum efficiency. Solar tracking can increase energy output by 30% compared to fixed panels.
Project details - I have made a project Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino to align the solar panel towards the higher density of Sun light. I have used a ATMEGA168 controller IC for programming, and two servo motor for movement of solar panel. It was now also available on EngineersGarage with the link- http://www.engineersgarage.com/contribution/how-to-make-a-solar-tracker. Check this out.
7th sem final presentation solar tracking systemDebajyoti Chanda
This document presents a project on a solar tracking system developed by a group of students. It discusses how solar tracking can increase solar panel output by ensuring the panels always face the sun. It includes block diagrams of the system design using a microcontroller and sensors to control stepper motors and adjust the panel orientation. The document also discusses the concept design, Pro-E CAD model, design evaluation, and applications of the solar tracking system.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
Synopsis of solar tracker and charging monitorTarun Arora
This document provides an overview and objectives of a minor project on developing a solar tracker and charging monitor system. The solar tracker uses light dependent resistors and a motor driver IC to adjust a solar panel to maintain optimal sunlight exposure throughout the day. The charging monitor uses an LED voltmeter IC to indicate the charge level of a solar power battery. The project will involve designing and implementing the circuitry on a PCB board, including ICs, resistors, capacitors, and other components to achieve the solar tracking and battery monitoring functions.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
The document describes a sun tracking solar panel system that uses two light dependent resistors (LDRs), a solar panel, DC motor, and PIC16F72 microcontroller. The system works by using the LDRs to sense the maximum solar radiation and direct the microcontroller to rotate the solar panel towards the direction of maximum energy using the DC motor. This allows the panel to continuously face the sun and receive optimal solar exposure throughout the day. The system provides a solution to make best use of solar energy by automatically adjusting the panel position according to sun movement.
Sun tracking schemes for photovoltaic panelsavocado1111
Presented at 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology, ICDRET 2014, on January 9-11, 2014 at Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://icdret.uiu.ac.bd/
Award: Prof. H. Rashid Best Paper Presentation Award (2nd Position)
Presented by: Samiul Alam
the need of electrical energy is essential part of
any state to stable itself as well as to promote itself. The most
reliable resources of electrical energy are Renewable
resources. In these renewable resources, Sun is the biggest
resource of energy. In active solar technique, electrical energy
is produced by the phenomenon of Photoelectric effect. The
Reliability and efficiency of solar power system can be
improved by making sure that we are using this system
properly. First of all, the main factor of solar power generation
is the efficiency of solar cell that is made of Crystalline
Silicon cell mostly. The efficiency of solar cell is not good yet,
but the capability of solar cell to produce power is excellent.
Secondly, there are many factors affecting the efficiency of
PV system during installation and maintenance. This paper
emphasizes on the efficiency of PV module affected by
direction, angle, irradiance, shade, load and temperature. This
paper describes the conceptual design of a smart battery health
monitoring system along with protection of battery from over
charging & over discharging using an embedded system. The
working mechanism of this system is based on the input
voltages to the embedded system from the battery which are
further processed using ADC to convert them into Digital
form which are then used to observe the state of battery’s
condition The deeply study of these factors is essential before
using this system and implementation of these results after
study, enhance the efficiency of this system.
Hydro Photovoltaic Technology- A new approachRupal Jain
A brief description about hydro photovoltaic technology- PV panels on water bodies to improve their efficiency and to reduce water evaporation losses. A government scheme on this technology in Khandwa district MP state
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
The document describes a solar tracking system that uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to optimize the power output of solar panels. It discusses how single-axis and dual-axis trackers work to keep the panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. Experimental results showed that a dual-axis active tracker increased power output compared to fixed panels, while a passive tracker using reflectors performed nearly as well at lower cost. The system aims to maximize solar energy collection with a low-cost design.
This document describes a project to develop a dual-axis solar tracker using Arduino. It consists of an Arduino board, four light dependent resistors to sense light intensity, and two servo motors to rotate the solar panel horizontally and vertically. The system aims to maximize solar energy collection by continuously orienting the panel towards the sun. It was found to improve energy efficiency over fixed and single-axis tracking systems. The dual-axis tracker automatically adjusts the panel position to follow the sun's movement across the sky throughout the day.
The project deals with design of solar power LED lighting system using Horizontal
Two-Axis Arduino based Solar Tracking System. The main goal of this project is to design
a very precise solar tracker. The project is divided into two parts; hardware and
software. Hardware part generally composed of solar panel, two-DC motors with
gearbox, LDR sensor module and electronic circuit. Software part represents the thinking
behavior of the system, that is how the system acting under several weather conditions. In
this work sensing of the sun position carried out in two stages primary and secondary.
Primary stage or indirect sensing performed via sun-earth relationship as a coarse
adjustment and second stage or direct sensing performed via set of LDR sensors as output
tuning to trims the azimuth and altitude angles. If the weather is cloudy or dusty, the
tracking system uses primary stage or sun-earth geometrical relationships only to identify
the location of the sun; so the system tracks the position of the sun regardless the weather
condition. The energy extracted from photovoltaic (PV) or any solar collector depends on
solar irradiance. For maximum extraction of energy from the sun, the solar collector
panel should always be normal to the incident radiation Solar trackers moves the solar
collector to follow the sun path and keeps the orientation of the solar collector at an
optimal tilt angle. Solar tracking system improves substantially the energy efficiency of
photovoltaic (PV) panel. In this paper, an automatic dual axis solar tracking system is
designed and developed using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) and DC motors on a
mechanical structure with gear arrangement. Two axis solar tracking (azimuth angle as
well as altitude angle) is implemented through Arduino UNO controller based on Sun
Earth Geometry. The results indicated that the automatic solar tracking system is more
reliable and efficient than fixed one.
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
This document describes the design and implementation of a solar tracker using light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a servo motor. The solar tracker aims to maximize solar energy collection by keeping solar panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. It works by using two LDR sensors to detect changes in light intensity and orient the solar panels using a servo motor so they remain perpendicular to the sun. The Arduino microcontroller reads the LDR sensor values and controls the servo motor accordingly. When constructed and tested, the solar tracker was able to successfully track a light source and maintain optimal orientation of simulated solar panels.
This document describes the design and implementation of a solar tracker using light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a servo motor. The solar tracker aims to maximize solar energy collection by keeping solar panels oriented towards the sun throughout the day. It works by using two LDR sensors to detect light levels and determine the position of the sun relative to the solar panels. An Arduino board controls a servo motor to rotate the panels based on the LDR sensor readings so that the panels remain perpendicular to the incoming sunlight. When built and deployed, this solar tracker is expected to improve energy collection from solar panels by continuously adjusting their orientation to track the sun's movement across the sky.
This document summarizes a project report on developing a dual-axis solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses light dependent resistors and servo motors controlled by an Arduino to position a solar panel to always face the direction that receives the maximum sunlight. This allows the system to maximize the amount of solar energy collected. The project aims to develop an efficient solar tracking system to help address energy issues. It provides advantages like increased flexibility and accuracy in positioning compared to fixed panels. The system has applications for power generation in remote areas, street lighting, vehicle charging and more.
Arduino based Dual Axis Smart Solar TrackerIJAEMSJORNAL
Solar energy is rapidly advancing as an important means of renewable energy resource. It is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. Trackers direct solar panels or modules toward the sun. These devices change their orientation throughout the day to follow the sun’s path to maximize energy capture. The use of solar trackers can increase electricity production by around a third, and some claim by as much as 40% in some regions, compared with modules at a fixed angle. In any solar application, the conversion efficiency is improved when the modules are continually adjusted to the optimum angle as the sun traverses the sky. This paper presents the designing of a solar tracking system which is based on Arduino UNO and which provides movement of solar panel in the direction of maximum sun light incident. As a result of which we get more efficient system which is compact, low cost as well as easy to use.
Design and Development of Reliable Solar Tracking System with Rotation and Ti...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a solar tracking system that allows for both rotation and tilt of solar panels. The system uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity and determine the sun's position. An Arduino microcontroller receives input from the LDRs and controls stepper motors to rotate the solar panel. A mechanical damper is also used to tilt the panel for maximum sunlight absorption. The tracking system aims to keep the solar panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day for improved energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels.
The document summarizes a project to design and develop an automatic Solar Tracker Robot (STR) using a microcontroller that is capable of tracking maximum sunlight. The STR consists of components like a PIC16F877A microcontroller, light dependent resistors (LDRs) as sensors, servo motors, and a digital compass. The LDRs detect sunlight and the servo motor aligns the solar panel to receive maximum light. The digital compass is used to detect the robot's position. Experimental results found the STR could increase the efficiency of the solar panel by an average of 19.26% compared to a fixed panel. The STR automatically adjusts its position using the digital compass and microcontroller programming.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker system that uses dual-axis tracking to maximize solar panel efficiency. It uses four photodiode sensors and motors to continuously adjust the panel's position based on the sun's location. The system aims to improve energy output by keeping the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day. It consists of a two-axis structure to rotate the panels vertically and horizontally. A microcontroller processes input from the sensors to control the motors accordingly. The authors conclude that such a tracking system can increase solar panel efficiency by 30-40% compared to stationary panels.
1. The document discusses solar tracking systems which allow solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the sky in order to maximize energy output. It describes how a fixed panel is less efficient since the sun's rays hit it at an angle for most of the day, while a tracking system orients the panels perpendicular to the sun to maintain optimal energy absorption.
2. It provides background on solar energy technology, including the components of solar tracking systems like sensors, motors, and controllers. The evolution of solar tracking from fixed panels to mobile systems is examined, noting tracking can increase energy output by tens of percent.
3. Maintaining the sun's rays at a near perpendicular angle through tracking is described as key to minimizing
This document describes the development of an automatic single-axis solar tracking system using a servo motor mechanism. The system includes light dependent resistors (LDRs) to sense sunlight intensity, a microcontroller to send signals to the servo motor, and a mechanical structure to support the photovoltaic panel. The controller coding and servo mechanism were first simulated using PROTEUS 7 software. Then a prototype was developed including the mechanical design, active control components like the LDRs, microcontroller and servo motor, and a power system. Testing showed the tracking system improved average efficiency by 7.67% compared to a fixed panel.
This document describes an automatic solar tracker designed using a microcontroller. It uses light dependent resistors as sensors to track the sun's position and maximize the efficiency of solar panels. The solar tracker operates in both normal and bad weather conditions. In normal conditions, the sensors detect sunlight and the solar panel tracks the sun. In bad weather when sensors cannot detect sunlight, the tracker rotates the panel in 3.75 degree increments every 15 minutes based on the earth's rotation. The tracker was tested and shown to successfully track the sun and increase in water temperature inside the solar cooker.
A NOVEL APPROACH TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT FROM SOLAR PANEL USING PSOijsrd.com
The configuration of a most extreme force point following (MPPT) controller for a sun based photovoltaic force framework is proposed using a help converter topology utilizing PSO calculation. Sunlight based board voltage and current are consistently checked by a shut circle focused around PSO microcontroller control framework, and the obligation cycle of the help converter persistently changed in accordance with concentrate greatest force. Framework testing affirms crest force following under changing lighting conditions. Under particular conditions, efficiencies in overabundance of 96% are demonstrated to be conceivable.
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1. The document describes the design and development of a dual axis solar tracking system that aims to maximize the performance of photovoltaic modules by constantly aligning them with the sun's rays.
2. The system uses an ATmega328P microcontroller to control two servo motors that rotate the solar array in two axes based on inputs from four light sensors located near the array.
3. Testing showed the designed dual axis solar tracking system was able to keep the panels aligned with the sun or any light source repeatedly, and such a system could increase the energy output of a PV installation by up to 8 times compared to a fixed structure.
Similar to Primer avance de fisica3 paneles solares (20)
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF CEILING BOARD USING SAWDUST AND WASTE CARTON MATERI...
Primer avance de fisica3 paneles solares
1. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
UNIVERSIDAD PRIVADA DEL NORTE – CIENCIAS
DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE SEGUIMIENTO FOTOVOLTAICO CON
CONTROL DE POSICIONAMIENTO USANDO ARDUINO
DESIGN OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC TRACKING SYSTEM WITH POSITIONING
CONTROL USING ARDUINO
Aaron Alcalde V. (1)
Diosdado Jurado M. (2)
Miguel Nureña E. (3)
Angel Villafuerte C. (4)
(1)
Ing. Mecatrónica.
Docente: Arturo Dávila Obando
Olivos, Lima, Perú
Septiembre – 2021
2. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
AGRADECIMIENTOS
El presente proyecto de investigación va dirigido a todas las personas que brindaron su
apoyo y consejos en especial al docente, estamos agradecidos por sus enseñanzas,
virtudes, paciencia y empatía a lo largo del proceso de la elaboración del presente
proyecto este trabajo no hubiera logrado desarrollarse o completarse. Así mismo,
agradecer a todos los docentes de la universidad UPN involucrados en el aprendizaje,
revisión y elaboración de los conocimientos adquiridos de física a lo largo de todo el
ciclo para el desarrollo del proyecto presentado hoy.
A dios porque gracias a él se pudo superar aquellas dificultades que nos mantenían
preocupados y estresados, siendo la única solución para lidiar con todos nuestros
problemas.
¡¡MUCHAS GRACIAS!!
3. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
RESUMEN
En la actualidad el uso de la energía renovable o limpia ha constituido una parte
importante de la humanidad desde tiempos remotos. Las principales son energía solar,
eólica e hidráulica. Por lo cual, como grupo decidimos enfocarnos en la elaboración de
un sistema fotovoltaico que sigue la trayectoria del sol, de esa manera aprovechar al
máximo la radiación solar para cuidar la salud del planeta. Así mismo, este sistema será
automatizado empleando un dispositivo GPS y un microcontrolador Arduino para que así
pueda encontrar la mejor posición de este en dirección al sol.
Teniendo en cuenta la dinámica celeste de los astros y la variación del sol que se presenta
durante el día y la fecha para así tener una mejor eficiencia de potencia, este proyecto
emplea un solo eje horizontal debido a que Perú se encuentra cerca del Ecuador terrestre
y así seguir la dirección aparente del sol gracias a un dispositivo GPS y el lenguaje de
programación será c++, usando un microcontrolador Arduino Uno Rev3.
Como resultado se obtiene un sistema que se posiciona de forma automática en el punto
de máxima radiación solar durante el monitoreo y las pruebas realizadas al prototipo, se
pudo observar que el panel fotovoltaico mantenía un voltaje promedio de 20 volts durante
el día.
Palabras Claves: GPS, microcontrolador, potencia, fotovoltaico, dinámica.
4. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
ABSTRACT
Today the use of renewable or clean energy has been an important part of humanity since
ancient times. The main ones are solar, wind and hydro power. Therefore, as a group, we
decided to focus on the development of a photovoltaic system that follows the path of the
sun, thus making the most of solar radiation to take care of the health of the planet.
Likewise, this system will be automated using a GPS device and an Arduino
microcontroller so that it can find the best position for it in the direction of the sun.
Taking into account the celestial dynamics of the stars and the variation of the sun that
occurs during the day and date in order to have a better power efficiency, this project uses
a single horizontal axis because Peru is close to the terrestrial Ecuador and thus follow
the apparent direction of the sun thanks to a GPS device and the programming language
will be c ++, using an Arduino Uno Rev3 microcontroller.
As a result, a system is obtained that is automatically positioned at the point of maximum
solar radiation. During the monitoring and tests carried out on the prototype, it was
observed that the photovoltaic panel maintained an average voltage of 20 volts during the
day.
KEYWORD: GPS, microcontroller, power, photovoltaic, dynamic.
5. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
OBJETIVOS
OBJETIVO GENERAL: Diseño de un panel solar automatizado para la generación de
energía limpia.
OBJETIVO ESPECÍFICO:
● Identificar las propiedades físicas aplicadas para el funcionamiento de los paneles
solares
● Realizar una comparación de eficiencia y rendimiento de un sistema fotovoltaico
que permanezca inmóvil con uno de igual capacidad con seguimiento solar
● Modelar el prototipo en 3D usando el software AutoCAD y el circuito electrónico
en Proteus
1. INTRODUCCIÓN
Actualmente en el Perú hay escasez de energía eléctrica en diferentes distritos y regiones
del país. Así mismo, la generación y distribución de energía eléctrica tiene diferentes
problemas en el costo, intensidad de energía eléctrica y el bajo alcance en aquellas zonas
rurales donde la electricidad no es disponible, pero existen otros tipos de generación de
energía eléctrica más accesibles, tales como la energía eólica, hidráulica y solar, que son
más amigables con el medio ambiente. Los paneles solares aprovechan la radiación solar
y la convierten en energía eléctrica mediante el efecto fotoeléctrico. Así mismo, la
producción de cada celda solar dependerá de la temperatura y la cantidad de radiación
logre captar del sol, por ello se implementará un prototipo el cual seguirá la trayectoria
del sol durante el día, mejorando la eficiencia y rendimiento del sistema fotovoltaico en
la producción de energía eléctrica, para su desarrollo usaremos un módulo GPS y un
microcontrolador Arduino Uno R3. En cuanto a su estructura serán diseñados en
programas CAD usando SolidWorks y AutoCAD, los principios teóricos que se usarán
serán la carga eléctrica, la ley de coulomb, campo eléctrico, flujo eléctrico, potencial
eléctrico, etc.
El principal objetivo de este trabajo será diseñar un modelo de panel solar automatizado
eficiente y óptimo para generar una eficaz distribución en el almacenamiento de energía
eléctrica, siendo muy amigable con el medio ambiente. Para ello aplicaremos
fundamentos físicos los cuales serán utilizados en la generación de energía fotoeléctrica
y registramos la producción de corriente continua (DC) producida y almacenada mediante
medidores de tensión.
6. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
2. REVISION BIBLIOGRAFICA
Los paneles solares son dispositivos que cumple la función de transformar la radiación
de la luz solar, mediante captación, en energía. Para el funcionamiento de este, se utiliza
el Silicio como principal componente. Estos paneles contienen diversas celdas encargadas
de producir energía; dichas celdas fotovoltaicas se encargan de realizar el efecto
fotovoltaico, captando luz solar para producir electricidad.
Figura1: Silicio dopado
Nota: Se aprecian las combinaciones del Silicio con impurezas para
formar Semiconductores N y Semiconductores P, respectivamente.
Al unir estos dos semiconductores (tipo N y tipo P) los fotones moverán los
electrones del semiconductor tipo N al semiconductor tipo P. por lo que de esta manera
se forma un flujo de electrones y así una corriente eléctrica. En la siguiente imagen se
aprecia un panel solar donde la parte N siempre está orientada a la luz.
Figura2: Panel solar
Nota: Se aprecia la unión de semiconductores N y P en el panel
La eficiencia de estos paneles puede variar y con el tiempo, los costos de
adquisición disminuyeron, originando más instalaciones de estos mismos. Factores como
7. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
los cambios de temperatura, la intensidad solar y la potencia máxima, hacen que el
sistema fotovoltaico varié en su rendimiento.
Para el cálculo de la corriente que produce el panel fotovoltaico lo
representaremos mediante un diagrama el cual presenta un circuito de elementos tales
como el panel solar, un diodo que impide el regreso de la corriente, de tal manera que
este también servirá como interruptor de corto circuito, las resistencias Rs (resistencia en
serie) y Rp (resistencia en paralelo), que ayudan a la regulación del voltaje de salida de la
celda fotovoltaica. Ver figura (3).
Figura3: Representación eléctrica de una celda
Nota: La imagen representa el esquema eléctrico de una celda fotovoltaica expuesta al sol.
Tomado de MODELADO Y SIMULACION DE CELDAS Y PANELES SOLARES (pag18)
Para lograr determinar la corriente que posee la celda fotovoltaica cuando está en
contacto directo con la radiación solar y cuando la celda fotovoltaica no se encuentra en
contacto permanente con el sol, utilizaran las siguientes formulas.
La corriente producida por la radiación por contacto directo con la radiación solar
se muestra en la formula (1), donde se puede observar que la corriente del circuito será
igual que la corriente de iluminación emitida por el sol.
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 … …(1)
DONDE:
𝐼0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑗𝑒
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑎
𝑞 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛(1.6𝑥10−19𝐶)
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟
La corriente de oscuridad o corriente de diodos, característica de las uniones P-N,
en la formula (2), está dada de forma exponencial, donde I0(es la corriente de saturación
inversa), q (carga del electrón), V (voltaje del sistema), Tc es la temperatura a la cual se
8. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
encuentra la celda fotovoltaica, K es la constante de Boltzmann usada en la ecuación de
los gases idéalas.
𝐼𝐷 = 𝐼0 [𝑒
𝑞𝑉
𝑇𝑐𝐾 − 1] …… …. (2)
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒:
𝐼0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑗𝑒
𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛
𝑇𝐶 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑎
𝑞 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛(1.6𝑥10−19𝐶)
𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝐸𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑟
Por otro lado, la curva característica del diodo esta dado los valores de las
corrientes y el voltaje que actúan sobre él, es difícil medir la corriente del diodo en
circuitos y mallas ya que este está representado por una ecuación matemática de la curva
que se observa en la figura (4), una vez calculado el valor de la corriente de saturación
inversa podemos reemplazar en la formula (2), y calcular el valor de la corriente de
oscuridad.
FIGURA4: Grafica de la ecuación de la Curva característica del diodo.
Nota: imagen que representa una gráfica para los distintos valores del voltaje
y la corriente sometida al diodo. Tomado de Electrónica Básica (2001)
La ecuación de la curva es:
𝐼𝐷𝑖 = 𝐼0 [𝑒
𝐾𝑉
𝑇𝑎 − 1]… ….(3)
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒:
𝐼𝐷𝑖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜
𝐼0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎
9. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
𝐾 =
11600
𝑛
𝑛 = 1(𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑜)
𝑛 = 2(𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜)
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑗𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑛 𝐾°
Dado el valor de la corriente de iluminación y corriente oscura podemos calcular
la fórmula de la corriente total sobre la celda fotovoltaica, para ello restamos la formula
(1) y la formula (2), como se representa en la siguiente formula.
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼0 [𝑒
𝑞𝑉
𝐴 𝑇𝑐𝐾 − 1] …… .. (4)
Para la formula (4), podemos integrar las resistencias en serie y paralelo vistas en
la figura (1), así mismo, para integrar las resistencias debemos tener en cuenta el factor
de idealidad(A). de tal manera hallaríamos la fórmula de la corriente de corto circuito,
para calcular el máximo valor de la corriente en el circuito.
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼0 [𝑒
𝑞(𝑉+𝑅𝑠)
𝐴 𝑇𝑐𝐾 − 1] −
𝑉 + 𝑅𝑆
𝑅𝑃
…… …… (5)
𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒:
𝑅𝑆 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒
𝑅𝑃 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑜
𝐴 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑
El sistema de seguimiento mecánico permite dar diferentes orientaciones al panel
solar, permitiendo captar con mayor frecuencia la radiación directa del sol. Una estructura
de dos ejes proporciona mayor movilidad, aumentando la eficiencia, estando por encima
de estructuras fijas o de un solo eje.
El microcontrolador ARDUINO viene a ser una plataforma gratuita de computación
creada con bajos costos, basándose en una placa de entrada y salida, desarrollándose en
un entorno de desarrollo IDE el cual lleva a cabo el lenguaje Processing/WiringHARware.
Con ARDUINO es posible desarrollar diversos proyectos interactivos automáticos
además de conectarse a software desde un ordenador. El entorno de programación sirve
para la comunicación con el microcontrolador y para lograr subir los programas usamos
IDE (Integrated Development Envoroment), un sistema de desarrollo de Arduino.
El motor posee la capacidad de transformar la energía eléctrica, recibida, en energía
mecánica, siendo esto posible por la contención de un campo magnético que es un
bobinado que puede tener diferentes formas. El paso de la corriente por su bobina provoca
que se comporte como un imán que cambia sus polaridades rápidamente y para su
funcionamiento constante sólo debe de interrumpirse el paso de la corriente para que su
movimiento inercial genere una media vuelta, lo cual hará que se repita el ciclo. La fuerza
10. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
de giro o potencia de todo motor radica en muchas de sus partes, ya sea por el espesor del
alambre, la cantidad de corriente suministrada, La cantidad de vueltas del bobinado. Todo
esto puede ser detallado por su proveedor, por lo que debemos de saber más acerca del
tipo de motor que deseamos obtener.
Para el movimiento del panel solar se usará la fuerza del motor DC, para ello el motor
tendrá que ser alimentado por un voltaje, para relacionar la alimentación del voltaje y la
corriente en la cual el motor funciona usaremos la ley de ohm, que relaciona el voltaje
con la corriente y resistencia del elemento eléctrico. Fórmula (6)
𝑉 = 𝐼 × 𝑅 …… … (6)
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑗𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎
Para el control del movimiento del panel solar se usará un sensor de posición SGPS
(Sistema de Posicionamiento Global basado en Intensidad de Luz Solar), tiene como fin
localizar un objeto libre, generando coordenadas, utilizando información de su entorno.
Este sistema debe de permanecer en reposo para posibilitar su posicionamiento durante el
día. Los componentes que permiten el desarrollo de este sistema son un sensor de luz, un
microprocesador y un reloj que pueda mantener la hora adecuada. Estos componentes
podrán ser de bajo costo, pero realizan una medición eficaz para implementar en el panel
solar de 2 ejes.
11. Informe de proyectode curso
Diseño de un sistema de seguimiento fotovoltaico con control de posicionamiento usando ARDUINO
3. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS:
Andres.A(2001), ELECTRONICA BASICA, España. Recuperado de: default (uned.es)
E.E. Granda, O. A. Orta, J. C. Díaz, M. A. Jiménez, M. Osorio, M. A. González, (2013).
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SIMULACION-DE-CELDAS-Y-PANELES-SOLARES.pdf (researchgate.net)
J. D. Aguilar, J. Francisco, (2014), ELECTRONICA APLICADA A LOS SISTEMAS
FOTOVOLTAICOS. Recuperado de: Electrónica Aplicada a Sistemas Fotovoltaicos by
Juan Aguilar - issuu
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Despadrel, N. (2008). Microcontroladores. Recuperado de:
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Jim, H. (2021). Diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD). Recuperado de:
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Autodesk. (2021) AUTOCAD. Recuperado de:
https://www.autodesk.mx/products/autocad/overview
Jorge, P. (2018). Motores de corriente continua. Recuperado
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