2. Research Instrument
A Research Instrument is a tool used to
collect, measure, and analyze data related to your
research interest. These tools are most commonly
used in health sciences, social sciences, and
education to assess patients, clients, students,
teachers, staff, etc.
3. Instrument
device used to collect data from the
respondents/ participants.
• questionnaire • Rating Scales
• Interview Guide • Observation Guide
• Tally Sheets • Checklist
• Tests • Personality Inventories
4. Instrumentation
is the process how the instrument was made,
validated, tested, and used.
2 TYPES OF A GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
• VALIDITY
• RELIALABILITY
5. TYPES OF VALIDITY
2. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
3. CONTENT VALIDITY
4. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
1. FACE VALIDITY
7. There are two forms of Research:
Primary Research
Secondary Research
8. What are primary data collection techniques?
Primary data can be collected in a number of ways. However, the
most common techniques are self-administered surveys, interviews,
field observation, and experiments. Primary data collection is quite
expensive and time consuming compared to secondary data
collection.
9. What are primary data in research methods?
Primary data is a type of data that is collected by researchers
directly from main sources through interviews, surveys, experiments,
etc. Primary data are usually collected from source-where the data
originally originates from and are regarded as the best kind of data in
research.
10. What are major sources of primary data?
• raw data.
•Original research (journal articles, books)
•Diary entries, letters and other
correspondence.
•Photographs
•Audio or video broadcasts (that catch
events as they unfold) e.g. Real-estate film
shot at Hatley Park c.
•Eyewitness accounts or interviews
11. What is the difference between primary and secondary data?
Primary data is the type of data that is collected by the
researchers directly from main sources
Secondary data is the data that has already been collected
through primary sources and made readily available for researchers
to use for their own research.
12. What are the examples of primary and secondary data?
Primary Source Secondary
Source
Letters and diaries written by a historical
figure
Biography of the historical figure
Essay by a philosopher Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s ideas
Photographs of historical event Documentary about historical event
13. What are the main sources of secondary data?
Common sources of secondary data for social science include
censuses, surveys, organizational records and data collected
through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Primary
data, by contrast, are collected by the investigator conducting the
research.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of primary and
secondary research?
Pros: Perhaps the greatest advantage of primary research is that it
allows the researcher to obtain original data that are current and
highly specific to his/ her needs.
Cons: Because of the processes involved, primary research can be
very time-consuming, sometimes requiring months or even years.
15. Why textbook is a secondary source?
In most cases, the author of a textbook interprets prescribed
theories of a topic and would, therefore, be a secondary source.
Finally, if you were to research the development of textbooks during
a specific time period, then a textbook could be used as a primary
source.
16. Why are the benefits of using primary source?
Primary Sources help students develop knowledge, skills, and
analytical abilities. When dealing directly with primary sources,
students engage in asking questions, thinking critically, making
intelligent inferences, and developing reasoned explanations and
interpretations of events and issues in the past and present.
