This document provides an overview of preventive dentistry, including its history, definitions, concepts, principles, levels of prevention, and strategies for preventing common oral diseases. Some key points include:
- Preventive dentistry aims to prevent and limit dental diseases and disabilities through interventions like patient education, risk assessment, and early treatment.
- There are three levels of prevention - primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention occurs before disease onset, secondary prevention treats early-stage disease, and tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation.
- Common strategies for diseases like dental caries include fluoride applications, dental sealants, and oral health education to promote behaviors like proper brushing and a non-cariogenic diet
Dental management of children with special health care needsaravindhanarumugam1
hope this will throw a light in understanding special children and dental management of the same particularly for pediatric dentistry PGs .children with genetic diseases and emotionally handicapped ( child abuse and neglect ) are not discussed here as they are separate topics.
dr. aravindhan
Dental management of children with special health care needsaravindhanarumugam1
hope this will throw a light in understanding special children and dental management of the same particularly for pediatric dentistry PGs .children with genetic diseases and emotionally handicapped ( child abuse and neglect ) are not discussed here as they are separate topics.
dr. aravindhan
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
Stainless steel crowns in Pediatric DentistryRajesh Bariker
A crown is a tooth shaped covering which is cemented to the tooth structure & its main function is to protect the tooth structure & retain the function
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Preventive dentistry
1.
2. Contents
Introduction and history
Definitions
Concepts of preventive dentistry
Scope of preventive dentistry
Principles of preventive dentistry
Modes of intervention
Levels of prevention
Prevention of caries
Prevention of periodontal diseases
Prevention of oral cancer
Preventive orthodontics
Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
Dr. Greene Vardiman Black (1836-1915)
Black made a
prophetic
statement "The day
is surely coming
and perhaps within
the lifetime of you
young men before
me when we will be
engaged in
practicing
preventive rather
than reparative
dentistry".
5. DEFINITIONS
HEALTH - “a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity” (World Health
Organization 1946)
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY – It is that specialized
branch of dentistry which deals with the
prevention and interpretation of the progress of
all dental and oral diseases, prevention and
limitation of disabilities and provides
rehabilitation.
7. Control of disease
Patient education and motivation
Development of host resistance
Restoration of function
Maintenance of oral health
PRINCIPLES
8. SCOPE
Factors
predisposing to
disease can be
controlled
Factors
encouraging the
advancement of
disease can be
altered
Complication of
disease and
deformity can
be avoided
Factors causing
recurrence of
disease can be
eradicated.
10. PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
A new concept
Prevention of the emergence or
development of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not
yet appeared
Individual and mass education
11. PRIMARY PREVENTION
Taken prior to the onset of disease which
removes the possibility that the disease will
ever occur (K. Park)
Uses strategies and agents to prevent the
onset of disease, reverse the progress of
disease or arrest the disease process before
secondary treatment becomes necessary.
This level is sometimes thought of as dental
hygiene (Norman Harris)
12. Concept of positive health
Encourages
achievement
and
maintenance
of an
acceptable
level of
health
that will
enable every
individual to
lead a
socially and
economically
healthy life
13. Approaches for Primary Prevention
1Population
(mass)
strategy
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary
prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established:
2 High -risk
strategy
• “Population strategy" is directed at the whole population
irrespective of individual risk levels.
• The population approach is directed towards socio-
economic, behavioral and lifestyle changes
• The high -risk strategy aims to bring preventive care to
individuals at special risk.
• This requires detection of individuals at high risk by the
optimum use of clinical methods.
15. Primary
prevention
Health promotion
Life style and behavioral
changes
Nutritional interventions
Health education
Environmental modifications
Specific protection
Immunization and
seroprophylaxis
Use of specific nutrients or
supplementations
Protection against
occupational hazards
Safety of drugs and foods
Control of environmental
hazards,
16. Goal:
Reduce number of new casesPhase of disease:
• Specific Causal Factors
Typical
activities:
• Remove or reduce source of
the risk
• Educate and make aware of
disease risk
• Include behavioral changes
to reduce exposure
• Improve general health
Target
population: Those who are most likely to
be exposed (high risk) and/or
could increase their resistance
PRIMARY PREVENTION
17. SECONDARY PREVENTION AND EARLY
INTERVENTION
It is defined as “ action which halts (stop)
the progress of a disease at its incipient
stage and prevents complications.”
Reverse the initiation of disease
An outcome of good health can still be
achieved
18. Approaches for Secondary Prevention
Early
diagnosis
and
treatment.
Early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, and case finding
program)
Treating it before irreversible pathological changes take
place, and reverse communicability of infectious diseases
19. Goal:
• Reduce number of new cases;
• Reduce number of severe cases
Phase of disease:
Early stage of disease
Typical
activities:
• Screening for exposure
and/or disease
• Post-exposure prophylaxis
• Early treatment to reduce
impact of disease/reverse
course
Target
population:
Those who have been exposed to
the disease-causing agent or have
early symptoms of the disease
SECONDARY PREVENTION
20. Tertiary Prevention
All measures available to reduce or limit impairments
and disabilities, minimize suffering caused by existing
departures from good health and to promote the
patients adjustment to irremediable conditions
Disease impairment disability handicap
A.Disability limitation early symptomatic disease
B.Rehabilitation late symptomatic disease
21. IMPAIRMENT
- any loss or abnormality of
physiological, psychological or
anatomical structure or function.
DISABILITY
- any restriction or lack of ability to
perform an activity in the manner or
within the range considered normal
for a human being.
HANDICAPPED
- a disadvantage for a given individual
resulting from an impairment or a
disability, that limits or prevents the
fulfillment of a role that is normal for
that individual
IMPAIRMENT Vs DISABILITY Vs
HANDICAPPED
22. Rehabilitation
The combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for
training and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.
VOCATIONAL
REHABILITATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL
REHABILITATION
SOCIAL
REHABILITATION
MEDICAL
REHABILITATION
Restoration
of Function
Restoration of
Personal
Dignity and
Confidence Restoration of
the Capacity
to earn a
livelihood Restoration of
Family and
Social
Relationship
23. Goal:
Reduce number/impact of
complications
Phase of disease:
Late stage of disease
Typical
activities:
• Treatment tailored to the
patient
• Rehabilitation to promote
recovery
Target
population:
Those who have disease and need
treatment
TERTIARY PREVENTION
24. 1.Oral evaluation
2.Dental Prophylaxis
3.Fluoride as
preventive agent
4.Dental sealants
5.Health education
6.Health promotion
1.Dental restoration
2.Periodontal
Debridement
3.Fluoride use on
incipient caries
1.Prosthodontics
2.Implants
3.Oromaxillofacial
Surgery
Primary
prevention
Tertiary
prevention
Secondary
prevention
25. THE PROCESS OF DISEASE AND
INTERVENTION
INTERVENTION
RECOVERY
PROCESS
WELLNESS ILLNESS DISABLITY
DEATH
SECONDARY
PREVENTION
CLINICAL CARE
PRIMARY
PREVENTION
PREVENTIVE CARE
HEALTH PROMOTION
TERTIARY
PREVENTION
REHABILITATION
MAINTAINAENCE CARE
26. MODIFIED VERSION OF LEAVELLS
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
TERTIARY
PREVENTION
SECONDARY
PREVENTION
PRIMARY
PREVENTION
NO KNOWN RISK
FACTORS
HIDDEN STAGE:
ASYMPTOMATIC
DISEASE
INITIAL CARE
DISEASE
SUSCEPTIBLITY
SUBSEQUENT
CARE
PRE-DISEASE
STAGE
LATENT STAGE
SYMPTOMATIC
DISEASES
HEALTH PROMOTION:
• Lifestyle Changes
• Nutrition
• Environment
SPECIFIC PROTECTION:
• Nutrition Supplements
• Immunizations
• Occupational And Automobile
Safety Measures
• SCREENING(for population )
• CASE FINDING(for individuals)
• TREATMENT: If disease found
DISABLITY LIMITATION:
Medical or Surgical
treament to limit damage
REHABILITATION:
Identify and teach
methods to reduce
physical and social
disalbity
29. LEVELS OF
PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY
PREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Preventive Services Health Promotion Specific Protection Early Diagnosis and
Prompt Treatment
Disability
Limitation
Rehabilitation
Services provided
by the individual
• Diet planning
• Demand for
preventive
services
• Periodic visits to
the dental office
• Appropriate use of
fluoride
• Ingestion of
fluoridated water
• Use of fluoride
dentifrices
• Oral hygiene
practices
• Self examination
and referral
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
Services provided
by the community
• Dental health
education
• Promotion of
research efforts
• Lobby efforts
• Community school
water fluoridation
• School fluoride
tablet program
• School sealant
program
• Screening and
referral
• Provision of
dental services
• Provision of
dental services
• Provision of
dental services
Services provided
by the dental
professional
• Patient
education
• Plaque control
program
• Diet counselling
• Recall
• Reinforcement
• Topical application
of fluoride
• Fluoride
supplement/rinse
• Pit and fissure
sealants
• Caries activities
tests
• Complete exam
• Prompt
treatment of
incipient lesions
• Preventive resin
restorations
• Simple
restorations
• Pulp capping
• Complex
restorative
dentistry
• Pulpotomy
• RCT
• Extraction
• Removable and
fixed
prosthodontics
• Minor tooth
movements
• Implants
31. LEVELS OF
PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY
PREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Preventive Services Health Promotion Specific Protection Early Diagnosis and
Prompt Treatment
Disability Limitation Rehabilitation
Services provided by
the individual
• Periodic visits to
dental office
• Demand for
preventive
services
• Oral hygiene
practices
• Self examination
and referral
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
Services provided by
the community
• Dental health
education
programs
• Promotion of
research
• Provision of oral
hygiene aids
• Supervised
school brushing
programs
• Periodic Screening
and referral
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
Services provided by
the dental
professional
• Patient education
• Plaque control
program
• Recall
• Reinforcement
• Plaque control
program
• Correction of
mal-aligned
teeth
• Prophylaxis
• Complete
examination
• Scaling and
curettage
• Corrective
restorative and
occlusal services
• Deep curettage
• Root planing
• Splinting
• Periodontal
surgery
• Selective
extraction
• Removable or
fixed partial
dentures
• Minor tooth
movement s
33. LEVELS OF
PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY
PREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Preventive Services Health Promotion Specific Protection Early Diagnosis and
Prompt Treatment
Disability Limitation Rehabilitation
Services provided by
the individual
• Dental health
education
programmes
• Promotion of
protective grab
• Lobby efforts
• Patient education
• Use of protective
devices
• Habit control
• Use of dental
services
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
Services provided by
the community
• Mouthgaurd
programme
• Safety of school
buildings and
playgrounds
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
Services provided by
the dental
professional
• Caries control
• Space
maintainers
• Genetic
counselling
• Prenatal care
• Parental
counselling
• Minor
orthodontics
• Major
orthodontics
• Surgery
• Maxillofacial and
removable
prosthodontics
• Plastic surgery
• Speech therapy
• Counselling
35. LEVELS OF
PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION SECONDARY
PREVENTION
TERTIARY PREVENTION
Preventive Services Health Promotion Specific Protection Early Diagnosis and
Prompt Treatment
Disability Limitation Rehabilitation
Services provided by
the individual
• Demand for
preventive services
• Periodic visits to the
dental office
Avoidance of
known irritants
• Self examination
and referral
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
• Utilization of
dental services
Services provided by
the community
• Dental health
education
programs
• Promotion of
research efforts
• Lobby efforts
Avoidance of
known irritants
• Periodic Screening
and referral
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
• Provision of dental
services
Services provided by
the dental
professional
• Patient education Removal of known
irritants
• Complete
examination
• Biopsy
• Complete excision
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Surgery
• Maxillofacial and
removable
prosthodontics
• Plastic surgery
• Speech therapy
36. ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE
“Anticipatory Guidance is defined as proactive counseling of
parents and patients about developmental changes that will
occur in the interval between health supervision visits that
includes information about daily caretaking specific to that
upcoming interval [1]..”
37. INTEGRAL PARTS
COUNSELLING
INDIVIDUALIZED
DISCUSSION
• Oral hygiene Maintenance
• Dietary Habits
• Oral tissue Development
• Fluoride Needs
• Non Nutritive habits
• Anti-microbials & Meds in oral health
• Speech and Language development
• Injury prevention
38. Maternal oral
health and
caries status
Vertical
transmission
of S.mutans
Affects infants
oral health
Maternally
Derived
Streptococcus
Mutans
Disease
Prenatal counselling
MOTHERS WHO USED
XYLITOL PRODUCTS
MOTHERS WHO DID
NOT USE XYLITOL
Reduction in
caries activity in
infants
No significant
reduction in
caries activity in
infants
40. Perinatal Oral care
Before
Eruption
of primary
teeth After
Use of soft
toothbrush and
smear of
fluoridated
toothpaste
Wiping baby’s
mouth with a
soft cloth
twice daily
41. ERUPTION
UNNOTICED
MAY CAUSE STRESS OR
DISCOMFORT IN A CHILD
Applying pressure
over the gums
Numbing the
gums by applying
topical anestheisa
42. Diet , nutrition and food choices
1
The Parents /
caregivers
should be
intimated
against putting
baby to bed
with a bottle.
2
Children should
be encouraged
to use the cup
as early as
possible (by 1
year of age)
3
Parents should be
educated that the
frequency of
sugar exposures is
more detrimental
to oral health
rather than the
amount of sugar
4
Prolonged bottle
feeding with
sugar containing
drinks and
frequent
between meal
consumption of
sugar containing
snacks or drinks
(juice, formula,
soda) should be
thoroughly
discouraged
5
Acids in
carbonated
beverages can
have a
deleterious
effect on tooth
enamel causing
erosion
6
Dietary analysis
is to be done at
periodic intervals
and healthy
alternatives are
to be suggested
for replacing the
cariogenic foods
43. Non Nutritive Habits
Although the use of pacifiers and digit sucking are
considered normal, habits of sufficient intensity,
duration and frequency can contribute to deleterious
changes in occlusion and facial development. So it
becomes important to discuss the need to wean
from the habits as early as possible (by 3years of
age) [2]. For school aged children and adolescents
patient counseling regarding any existing habits (nail
biting, bruxism, clenching) is appropriate.
44. Sucking Habits
The Parents /
caregivers
should be
intimated
against putting
baby to bed
with a bottle.
1
Sucking is a
natural reflex
which is
present inutero
and is generally
given up by 4 –
5 years of age
2
BUT if it
persists
beyond this
age it may
result in
malocclusions.
3
To break the
habit, child
must be
educated
about the
harmful effects
of thumb
sucking
45. Speech and language
Speech and language are integral components of
child’s early development. Deficiencies and
abnormal delays in speech and language
production should be recognized early and
appropriate referral made to address these
concerns
46. Injury prevention
Facial trauma that results in fractured, displaced or lost tooth
can have significant negative, functional, esthetic and
psychological effects on children. Greatest incidence of
trauma to the primary dentition occurs at 2 – 3 years of age
and most common injuries to the permanent dentition occur
secondary to falls, traffic accidents and sports
47. Fluoride needs
Since fluoride contributes to the prevention, inhibition and
reversal of caries, the family’s source of drinking water
(bottled versus tap water, filtered or non-filtered, water
treated by reverse osmosis) is to be assessed for the content
of fluoride. Supplements of fluoride or topical fluoride
applications may be advocated depending upon the needs of
the patient.
49. R
E
F
E
R
N
C
E
S
Primary preventive dentistry (7th ed) -
Norman O. Harris
Parks textbook of preventive and social
medicine
Essentials of preventive and community
dentistry - Soben Peter
Textbook of preventive and community
dentistry (2nd ed )- SS Hiremeth