Introduction
Definition
Levels of Prevention
Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Strategy Of Prevention
QUIZ
Nurses have 4 Fundamental responsibilities followed below ,
Promotion of Health
Prevention of illness
Restoration of Health
Alleviation of Suffering
Two phases of Disease are
(i) Pre Pathogenesis &
(ii) Pathogenesis
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, tradition...hosamELMANNA
Concept of control:
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing:
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complications
The financial burden to the community.
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, tradition...hosamELMANNA
Concept of control:
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing:
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complications
The financial burden to the community.
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
Occupational therapists are well situated to work collaboratively with communities to identify needs, develop implementation strategies, and deliver health services and programs.
Although the value of occupation for health and well-being is fundamental to the occupational therapy profession, this view is not well recognized in the field of public health.
This lecture slides seek to identify core activities of Public Health in Occupational Therapy
Natural History of Disease & Levels of preventionsourav goswami
I have tried to explain the National History of Disease taking the example of a disease condition. Similarly, the different prevention levels are also explained in a similar manner. The presentation also includes few newer concepts of screening like lead time and length time bias.
N.B: Please download to see all the animations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Occupational therapists are well situated to work collaboratively with communities to identify needs, develop implementation strategies, and deliver health services and programs.
Although the value of occupation for health and well-being is fundamental to the occupational therapy profession, this view is not well recognized in the field of public health.
This lecture slides seek to identify core activities of Public Health in Occupational Therapy
Natural History of Disease & Levels of preventionsourav goswami
I have tried to explain the National History of Disease taking the example of a disease condition. Similarly, the different prevention levels are also explained in a similar manner. The presentation also includes few newer concepts of screening like lead time and length time bias.
N.B: Please download to see all the animations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. Quote of the Day
If You don’t Fight for
What You want
Then
Don’t Cry for what You
Lost…!
4. Content
• Introduction
• Definition
• Levels of Prevention
i. Primordial Prevention
ii. Primary Prevention
iii. Secondary Prevention
iv. Tertiary Prevention
• Strategy Of Prevention
• QUIZ
5. Introduction
• Nurses have 4 Fundamental responsibilities
followed below ,
Promotion of Health
Prevention of illness
Restoration of Health
Alleviation of Suffering
• Two phases of Disease are
(i) Pre Pathogenesis &
(ii) Pathogenesis
6. Definition of Disease
Prevention
• “Activities designed to protect patients or o
ther members of the public from actual or pot
ential health threats and their
harmful consequences.”
• OR
• “Prevention is the action aimed at
eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the
impact of disease and disability.”
10. 1) Primordial Prevention
• “This is a prevention of Development of risk
Factors in a Population group , which they
have not yet appeared.”
• Special Attention is Given in preventing
Chronic Disease.
• Main Intervention is Health Education.
• In this efforts are dedicated towards
Discouraging people from adopting Harmful
Life styles/Habits through Individual & Mass
Education.
11. Cont…
• Primordial prevention, a relatively new concept,
is receiving special attention in the prevention
of chronic diseases. Ex., many adult health
problems (e.g. obesity, hypertension) have their
early origins in childhood, because this is the
time when lifestyles are formed(Ex., smoking,
eating patterns, physical exercise).
• Primordial prevention begins in childhood when
health risk behavior begins. Parents, teachers
and peer groups are important in imparting
health education to children.
12. Examples of Primordial
prevention
National programs and policies on:
• Food and nutrition
• Comprehensive Policies for discourage
smoking , Alcohol & Drugs
• To promote regular physical activity
• Making major changes in lifestyle
13. “Genes load the gun.
Lifestyle pulls the
trigger
”
Dr. Elliot Joslin
Lifestyle Factors
14.
15. 2) Primary Prevention
• “Primary prevention can be defined as the
action taken prior to the onset of disease,
which removes the possibility that the
disease will ever occur.”
• In this Action are taken before the onset of
Disease.
• It signifies intervention in the pre-
pathogenesis phase of a disease or health
problem.
16. Cont…
• It includes the concept of "positive health", a
concept that encourages achievement and
maintenance of "an acceptable level of
health that will enable every individual to
lead a socially and economically productive
life".
17. Primary
Prevention
Achieved by Achieved by
Specific
protection
Health
promotion
Nutritional
interventions
Life style and behavioral
changes
Environmental
modifications
Health education
Immunization and seroprophylaxis
chemoprophylaxis
Use of specific nutrients or
supplementations
Safety of drugs and foods
Control of environmental hazards,
e.g. air pollution
18. Approaches for Primary
Prevention:
• The WHO has recommended the
following approaches for the primary
prevention of chronic diseases where
the risk factors are established:
– A) Population (mass) strategy
– B) High -risk strategy
19. A)Population (mass)
strategy
• “Population strategy" is directed at the
whole population irrespective of individual
risk levels.
• For example, studies have shown that even a
small reduction in the average blood
pressure or serum cholesterol of a
population would produce a large reduction
in the incidence of cardiovascular disease
• The population approach is directed towards
socio-economic, behavioral and lifestyle
changes
20. B) High -risk strategy:
• The high -risk strategy aims to bring
preventive care to individuals at special risk.
• This requires detection of individuals at high
risk by the optimum use of clinical methods.
• Primary prevention is a “Holistic” approach
which relies on the measures teken to
Promote Health.
22. (i).Health Promotion
• “It is the process of enabling people to
increase control over the determinants of
health and thereby improve their health”.
• OR
• “ Health Promotion is directed towards
Strengthening the Host.”
• OR
• Process of enabling people to increase
control over and to improve health
23. Cont…
• Main Aims of Health promotion is To enable
people to increase control over Health & To
Improve the Over all Health.
• There Aim can be achieved by the following
Intervention :
Health Education
Environmental Modification
Behavioral Changes
Life Style change
Nutritional Intervention
24. Cont…
• Health education to improve healthy habits and
health consciousness in the community.
•
• Improvement in nutritional standards of the
community.
•
• Healthful physical environment (Housing, water
supply, excreta disposal etc.,)
• Good working condition
• Periodic Selective examination of risk
population.
25.
26. (i). Specific Protection
• “ Efforts directed toward protection against
specific diseases.”
• OR
• “ The provision of Conditions for normal
Mental & Physical Functioning of the Human
beings & in Group.it includes the Promotion
of Health , Prevention of Sickness , & Care of
Individuals .”
27. Intervention
• Immunization
• Use of specific nutrients
• Chemoprophylaxis
• Protection against occupational hazards
• Protection against accidents
• Control of General Environment
• Avoidance of allergens etc.
28. Cont…
• Use of Specific immunization (BCG, DPT,MMR
vaccines)
• Chemoprophylaxis (tetracycline for Cholera,
dapsone for Leprosy, Chloroquine for
malaria,etc.,)
• Use of specific nutrients (vitamin A for
Children, iron folic acid tablets for Pregnant
mothers)
• Protection against accidents (Use of helmet,
seatbelt,etc.,)
• Protection against occupational hazards.
• Avoidance of allergens.
29.
30.
31. 3.Secondary Prevention
• It is defined as “ An Action which halts the
progress of a disease at its incipient stage
and prevents complications.”
• The specific interventions are:
(i) early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests,
breast self examination, pap smear test,
radiographic examinations etc.)& Treatment
(ii) Referral
32. Cont…
• Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the
disease process, restore health by seeking out
unrecognized disease and treating it before
irreversible pathological changes take place,
and reverse communicability of infectious
diseases.
• It protects others in the community from
acquiring the infection and thus provide at once
secondary prevention for the infected ones and
primary prevention for their potential contacts.
33.
34. Objectives of Secondary
Prevention
Complete cure and prevent the progression
of disease process.
To prevent the spreads of disease by curing
all the known cases.
To prevent the complications and sequel of
disease.
To shorten the period of disability.
35. (i) Early Diagnosis
• The Disease complications can be prevented &
Health can be Restored by Diagnosing the
Disease at it’s Early stages & by providing the
adequate Treatment according to the Health
problem. Includes :
Arrests/Stops the Disease Process
Restore the Health
Treat the Disease before Irreversible
pathological changes occur.
Reverse the Communicability of infectious
Disease.
37. Cont…
• Screening Surveys ( urine Examination for
Diabetes)
• Mass Treatment Approach includes :
Juvenile Mass Treatment
Selective Mass Treatment
Total Mass Treatment
• The type of Approach used depends upon
Nature of Disease & Incidence of Diseaase.
40. 4.Tertiary Prevention
• It is used when the disease process has
advanced beyond its early stages.
• It is defined as “all the measures available to
reduce or limit impairments and disabilities,
and to promote the patients’ adjustment to
irremediable conditions.”
• Intervention that should be accomplished in
the stage of tertiary prevention are disability
limitation, and rehabilitation.
• Intervention in Late Pathogenesis Phase.
43. (i) Disability Limitation
• To prevent or halt the transition of disease
process from Impairment & Handicap.
• Impairment: any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological or anatomic
structure or function.
• Disability: any restriction or lack of ability to
perform an activity in the manner considered
normal for a human being.
• Handicap: disadvantage for a given individual,
resulting from impairment or disability, that
limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that
is normal for that individual
44. ACCIDENT
Impairment: Loss of an
anatomical structure
Disability: Lack of ability to
perform an activity
Handicap: Prevents
fulfillment of normal role
45. Disease - dental caries Impairment – loss of
tooth
Disability – cant talk Handicap – cant socialize
46. (ii) Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation is “ the combined and
coordinated use of medical, social, educational,
and vocational measures for training and
retraining the individual to the highest possible
level of functional ability.”
• Requires cooperation from different sections of
society.
48. Cont…
• Medical rehabilitation: (restoration of Bodily
Function).
• Vocational rehabilitation:( restoration of the
capacity to earn a livelihood)
• Social rehabilitation: (restoration of family
and social relationship).
• Psychological rehabilitation: (Restoration of
personal dignity and confidence).
49. Examples of
Rehabilitation
• Establishing schools for the blind.
• Exercises in neurological disorders
• Prosthetic restoration of lost tooth
• Reconstructive surgery in Leprosy.
• Change of profession for a more suitable one
and modification of life in general in the case of
TB,etc.,
51. Assess
Exposure
Identify
Populations
at High
Disease Risk
(based on
demography /
family history,
host factors..)
Conduct
Research on
Mechanisms
(including the study of
genetic susceptibility)
Apply
Population-Base
Intervention
Programs
Evaluate
Intervention
Programs
Modify Existing
Intervention
Programs
Strategy of Prevention
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57. Mr. Rushi is referred to a
cardiac rehabilitation
program after Coronary
artery bypass surgery?