This study examined dyslipidemia among type 2 diabetes patients in Somalia. The study found:
- 22.5% of patients had dyslipidemia, slightly lower than other African studies.
- Risk factors for dyslipidemia included female sex, insufficient physical activity, and high BMI.
- Many patients had multiple cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension and a family history of heart disease, despite a short time since diabetes diagnosis.
- Management challenges for diabetes in Somalia include lack of funding, unreliable access to medications, and inequity in healthcare access between public and private sectors. Effective prevention and treatment strategies are needed that address Somalia's unique healthcare context.
Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome among Young AdultsPremier Publishers
Acute Coronary Syndrome accounts for 30% of hospital admissions with cardiovascular diseases. The risk of this syndrome is increasing among the younger adults, and a deep insight into the clinical profile among these patients will help in devising a preventive strategy, in order to alleviate the morbidity and mortality due to the syndrome. A cross sectional study was done among 125 subjects admitted to our tertiary care hospital with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Their risk factors were assessed and a 12 Lead electrocardiogram and 2D Echocardiogram were taken. Cardio III panel which consists of Troponin I, CK MB, BNP by COBAS meter machine was also measured. STEMI was present in 73.6% of the patients, while unstable angina was present in 16%. About 90% of STEMI patients were males and 62% of them were hypertensives. LV Ejection Fraction <30% was found in 9% of STEMI patients. This study elucidates the need for a preventive strategy for primordial prevention of cardiovascular events among young adults. The study envisaged the male, urban preponderance towards these events.
Trategies for preventing type 2 diabetes an update for cliniciansRodrigo Diaz
The document discusses strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity globally. Individuals with prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions targeting diet and exercise changes are the main strategy recommended for preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals.
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in Canada, accounting for over 78,000 deaths in 1998. While mortality rates have declined, it remains unclear if incidence rates have also decreased. Women experience a 10 year delay in onset compared to men but have higher rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stays. Risk factors like hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes disproportionately impact women's cardiovascular health. Vulnerable subgroups including low-income women and some ethnic minorities experience even greater rates of cardiovascular disease.
This document discusses coronary heart disease (CHD), including its causes, presentations, burden, measurements, risk factors, prevention strategies, and intervention trials. It notes that CHD is caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart and is a leading cause of death. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, genetics, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Prevention strategies involve population-wide approaches like diet/lifestyle changes and controlling risk factors, identifying and counseling high-risk individuals, and secondary prevention after events. Several trials showed community programs and clinical interventions can significantly reduce CHD incidence.
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
This document reviews traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It discusses how hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol are traditional risk factors. It also examines non-traditional markers like homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, and various inflammatory markers that may help predict cardiovascular risk. While many non-traditional markers show promise, most are not routinely used in clinical practice and their predictive value requires further confirmation.
Heart disease causes prevention and currentArhamSheikh1
This document summarizes an article from the JCCC Honors Journal that discusses heart disease, including its causes, prevention, and current research. The article provides an overview of lipids like fatty acids and cholesterol, and how dietary recommendations have historically focused on limiting saturated fats and cholesterol. However, recent studies call into question the benefits of strictly limiting these or replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Exercise is shown to benefit heart health for all. Overall, the causes of heart disease are complex with interactions between diet, genetics, and environment not fully understood.
Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—aArhamSheikh1
High levels of both leisure time physical activity and moderate levels of occupational physical activity are associated with a 20-30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women. The meta-analysis included 21 prospective cohort studies with over 650,000 participants followed for an average of 10 years. Both high leisure time physical activity and moderate occupational physical activity were associated with roughly a 20-30% lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke for men and women. No evidence of publication bias was found across the studies.
Clinical Profile of Acute Coronary Syndrome among Young AdultsPremier Publishers
Acute Coronary Syndrome accounts for 30% of hospital admissions with cardiovascular diseases. The risk of this syndrome is increasing among the younger adults, and a deep insight into the clinical profile among these patients will help in devising a preventive strategy, in order to alleviate the morbidity and mortality due to the syndrome. A cross sectional study was done among 125 subjects admitted to our tertiary care hospital with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Their risk factors were assessed and a 12 Lead electrocardiogram and 2D Echocardiogram were taken. Cardio III panel which consists of Troponin I, CK MB, BNP by COBAS meter machine was also measured. STEMI was present in 73.6% of the patients, while unstable angina was present in 16%. About 90% of STEMI patients were males and 62% of them were hypertensives. LV Ejection Fraction <30% was found in 9% of STEMI patients. This study elucidates the need for a preventive strategy for primordial prevention of cardiovascular events among young adults. The study envisaged the male, urban preponderance towards these events.
Trategies for preventing type 2 diabetes an update for cliniciansRodrigo Diaz
The document discusses strategies for preventing type 2 diabetes. It provides background on the rising prevalence of diabetes and obesity globally. Individuals with prediabetes, defined as impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, are at high risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle interventions targeting diet and exercise changes are the main strategy recommended for preventing or delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in prediabetic individuals.
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in Canada, accounting for over 78,000 deaths in 1998. While mortality rates have declined, it remains unclear if incidence rates have also decreased. Women experience a 10 year delay in onset compared to men but have higher rates of hospitalization and longer hospital stays. Risk factors like hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes disproportionately impact women's cardiovascular health. Vulnerable subgroups including low-income women and some ethnic minorities experience even greater rates of cardiovascular disease.
This document discusses coronary heart disease (CHD), including its causes, presentations, burden, measurements, risk factors, prevention strategies, and intervention trials. It notes that CHD is caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart and is a leading cause of death. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, genetics, physical inactivity, and alcohol consumption. Prevention strategies involve population-wide approaches like diet/lifestyle changes and controlling risk factors, identifying and counseling high-risk individuals, and secondary prevention after events. Several trials showed community programs and clinical interventions can significantly reduce CHD incidence.
There has been an increase in the predominance of diabetes mellitus over the past 40 years worldwide. The worldwide occurrence of diabetes in 2000 was approximately 2.8% and is estimated to grow to 4.4% by 2030. This data interprets a projected rise of diabetes from 171 million in 2000 to well over 350 million in 2030. The presence of hypertension in diabetic patients substantially increases the risks of coronary heart disease, stroke, nephropathy and retinopathy. Indeed, when hypertension coexists with diabetes, the risk of CVD is increased by 75%, which further contributes to the overall morbidity and mortality of an already high risk population. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a considerably higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease. Most of this excess risk is associated with high prevalence of well-established risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and obesity in these patients. Hypertension plays a major role in the development and progression of microvascular and macrovascular disease in people with diabetes. Lifestyle Modifications and pharmacotherapy are the choice for the Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes.
This document reviews traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It discusses how hypertension, diabetes, high total cholesterol, high LDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol are traditional risk factors. It also examines non-traditional markers like homocysteine, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, and various inflammatory markers that may help predict cardiovascular risk. While many non-traditional markers show promise, most are not routinely used in clinical practice and their predictive value requires further confirmation.
Heart disease causes prevention and currentArhamSheikh1
This document summarizes an article from the JCCC Honors Journal that discusses heart disease, including its causes, prevention, and current research. The article provides an overview of lipids like fatty acids and cholesterol, and how dietary recommendations have historically focused on limiting saturated fats and cholesterol. However, recent studies call into question the benefits of strictly limiting these or replacing them with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Exercise is shown to benefit heart health for all. Overall, the causes of heart disease are complex with interactions between diet, genetics, and environment not fully understood.
Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—aArhamSheikh1
High levels of both leisure time physical activity and moderate levels of occupational physical activity are associated with a 20-30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women. The meta-analysis included 21 prospective cohort studies with over 650,000 participants followed for an average of 10 years. Both high leisure time physical activity and moderate occupational physical activity were associated with roughly a 20-30% lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke for men and women. No evidence of publication bias was found across the studies.
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
Prevalence of vascular complication among type2 of diabetes mellitus At Aden ...Abdi fitaax dahir
This document appears to be a cover page and table of contents for a research study on the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and data collection forms to gather information. Key findings included that the majority of participants were male, over 60 years old, and 62.3% reported taking medications regularly. However, 24.6% of participants had developed complications including issues with eyes, kidneys, heart and legs. The document recommends increased awareness efforts, screening, and management of diabetes to reduce complications.
This study examined the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 patients. The majority were male, over age 60, and married. Most common complications were heart and leg issues. Over half did not have kidney disease, but 18% did, with 11 receiving dialysis 1-3 times per week. About a quarter reported numbness in their legs. The study provides insight into the burden of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in Somalia.
Low and middle income countries now account for over 75% of global cardiovascular disease deaths. In India, cardiovascular diseases are a growing epidemic due to increasing risk factors like tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity accompanying urbanization. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases aims to promote healthy lifestyles and provide screening, treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases nationwide. Globally, the WHO's action plan targets a 25% reduction in premature deaths from non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease by 2025 through cooperation between countries.
Degree of Suspicion of Peripheral Artery Disease among Geriatrics and Policem...Jan Igor Galinato
This document summarizes a study that examined the degree of suspicion of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among geriatrics and policemen in Iligan City, Philippines. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational-comparative research design and purposive sampling to gather data from 40 respondents, including 20 geriatrics and 20 policemen, using a modified standardized questionnaire. The results showed that 50% of respondents were 50 years or older, and 65% were male. Age and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise were found to have a significant relationship with degree of suspicion of PAD, but not other factors like gender, family history of diseases, smoking, or alcohol use. While age cannot be controlled, the study concludes that
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) and its epidemiology in India. It provides three real stories about myocardial infarctions occurring in young individuals to illustrate the severity of the issue. It then presents statistics on the leading causes of death in India, showing that cardiovascular diseases are becoming more common, now accounting for over a third of deaths and occurring at younger ages compared to developed countries. The document discusses the traditional risk factors for CAD, including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. It provides data on the prevalence of these risk factors in India. The document emphasizes that risk factor assessment is not prevalent in India's public health system. It concludes by describing clinical features of
This document summarizes a study on mortality trends among type 2 diabetes patients in two hospitals in Nigeria. The study found that diabetic foot ulcer had the highest percentage of deaths at 42.8% of cases. Other leading causes of death were diabetic ketoacidosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Married patients accounted for the majority of diabetes-related deaths at both hospitals. The study aimed to identify causes of premature death in diabetes patients to help reduce complications and mortality.
ANTHONY KEEL RESEARCH PROPOSAL 17 MAY 2013Anthony Keel
This document discusses high blood pressure and hypertension in the African American community. It notes that African Americans have a higher rate of hypertension than other races. Some of the key causes identified include diet, genetics, income levels, and attitudes towards healthcare. The consequences of untreated hypertension can be severe, including damage to arteries, heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and even brain damage at a young age. Effectively addressing the causes of hypertension in the African American community could help reduce these health impacts.
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Under...ijtsrd
AIM A study on food habits and social habits as risk factors among patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty PTCA OBJECTIVE To know the association of food habits and social habits as risk factors for PTCA. To observe various co morbidities among the patients To study the bio chemical parameters in patients such as heamoglobin, PVC, platelet count, bilirubin levels. To observe various social habits in the patient, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Food consumption pattern. METHODOLOGY The sample population n = 60 of 28 80 years of age were chosen from a multi speciality hospital in Hyderabad. All the patients were of different age groups, sex, socio economic status, ethnicity with different co morbidities. A pre tested format consisting of patients profile, subjective data, objective data, biochemical data, medications and 24 hour dietary recall followed by medical nutrition therapy during the hospital stay. RESULTS Among n=60 subjects from 28 80 years of age, the detailed study identified the common risk factors with respect to cardiovascular diseases. The study showed a higher percentage of age from 28 70 years and is mostly in males. Majority of the patients are with increased BMI and are alcholics smokers. Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes are predominant and dietary patterns recorded are mostly non vegetarians with high calorie, high fat and high protein consumption. CONCLUSION From the result it is very clear that majority of the patients studied with cardiovascular diseases belong to the age group 28 70 years and is mostly seen in males. Majority of them are accompanied with co morbidities with obesity, hypertension and diabetic. And predominantly follow a high calorie and high fat diet .Thus leading to a conclusion that consumption of high calorie and high fat food, presence of co morbidities and smoking could be the risk factors of PTCA. Mrs. Meena Kumari | Mrs. Y. V. Phani Kumari | Gwyneth Madhulika Bashapaga | Ittamala Jaya Rachel ""A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Undergoing Percatenous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23372.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23372/a-study-on-food-habits-and-social-habits-as-risk-factors-among-patients-undergoing-percatenous-transluminal-coronary-angioplasty-ptca/mrs-meena-kumari
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Self Admin...ijtsrd
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar glucose in the blood. When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar level to decrease to normal levels. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not being produced at all, is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes 5 , which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes 95 , which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single gene mutation. For many years, scientists have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may explain why some people are more likely to get diabetes than others are. The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes introduces some of the genes that have been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetes. Archana | G. Ramalakshmi "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Self Administration of Insulin Injection among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rural Area at Dehradun" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35843.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/35843/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-self-administration-of-insulin-injection-among-diabetes-mellitus-patients-in-rural-area-at-dehradun/archana
Certain diabetes drugs may increase the risk of heart failure in patients by 14%, according to a study of 95,000 patients. The risk was directly associated with the type of drug used, as some drugs carried a higher risk than others or standard care. While some drugs increased the risk, intensive weight loss strategies showed a trend toward lower heart failure risk. The study also found that for every 1 kilogram of weight gain linked to a diabetes drug, there was a 7% higher risk of associated heart failure. The results could change how high-risk diabetes patients are managed going forward.
Dr Vivek Baliga - Chronic Disease Management In Heart Failure And DiabetesDr Vivek Baliga
Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal Medicine at Baliga Diagnostics discusses the management of 2 common problems in medical practice - heart failure and type 2 diabetes, including the link between the two. For more articles for patients, visit http://heartsense.in/author/dr-vivek-baliga-b/. For scientific articles and short reviews, visit http://drvivekbaliga.net/
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Doug Levy
Presentation by Lee Goldman, MD, at TCT 2011 conference. Goldman is dean of the faculties of health sciences and medicine and executive vice president of Columbia University Medical Center. For more information, go to http://cumc.columbia.edu/newsroom or call 212-305-3900.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Common Diabetic Patients among Diabetic C...Dr. Mohamed Hassan
This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 98 diabetic patients visiting an Egyptian hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia regarding common diabetic complications. Most respondents were aged 40-60 years and had type 2 diabetes for over 10 years. While 60% had regular checkups and 54% received treatment, only 52% followed a diet and 63% did not exercise regularly. Most respondents knew the common complications but fewer had experienced problems. The study found adequate knowledge of complications but low levels of regular exercise. This highlights the need for further assessment of barriers to improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diabetes in Somalia.
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR CO...Abith Baburaj
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
-A PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDY
-assessment of cost of treatment of diabetis with its macrovascular complication patients
What are the cardiovascular disorders?
Public Health importance
Burden of disease
Risk factors of cardiovascular disorders
Causation
Prevention strategies
Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs
India - National programme (NPCDCS)
Prevalence of vascular complication among type2 of diabetes mellitus At Aden ...Abdi fitaax dahir
This document appears to be a cover page and table of contents for a research study on the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and data collection forms to gather information. Key findings included that the majority of participants were male, over 60 years old, and 62.3% reported taking medications regularly. However, 24.6% of participants had developed complications including issues with eyes, kidneys, heart and legs. The document recommends increased awareness efforts, screening, and management of diabetes to reduce complications.
This study examined the prevalence of vascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Somalia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 69 patients. The majority were male, over age 60, and married. Most common complications were heart and leg issues. Over half did not have kidney disease, but 18% did, with 11 receiving dialysis 1-3 times per week. About a quarter reported numbness in their legs. The study provides insight into the burden of vascular complications of type 2 diabetes in Somalia.
Low and middle income countries now account for over 75% of global cardiovascular disease deaths. In India, cardiovascular diseases are a growing epidemic due to increasing risk factors like tobacco use, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity accompanying urbanization. The National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases aims to promote healthy lifestyles and provide screening, treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases nationwide. Globally, the WHO's action plan targets a 25% reduction in premature deaths from non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease by 2025 through cooperation between countries.
Degree of Suspicion of Peripheral Artery Disease among Geriatrics and Policem...Jan Igor Galinato
This document summarizes a study that examined the degree of suspicion of peripheral artery disease (PAD) among geriatrics and policemen in Iligan City, Philippines. The study utilized a descriptive-correlational-comparative research design and purposive sampling to gather data from 40 respondents, including 20 geriatrics and 20 policemen, using a modified standardized questionnaire. The results showed that 50% of respondents were 50 years or older, and 65% were male. Age and lifestyle factors like diet and exercise were found to have a significant relationship with degree of suspicion of PAD, but not other factors like gender, family history of diseases, smoking, or alcohol use. While age cannot be controlled, the study concludes that
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
A study on awareness of diabetic complications among type 2 diabetes patientsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) and its epidemiology in India. It provides three real stories about myocardial infarctions occurring in young individuals to illustrate the severity of the issue. It then presents statistics on the leading causes of death in India, showing that cardiovascular diseases are becoming more common, now accounting for over a third of deaths and occurring at younger ages compared to developed countries. The document discusses the traditional risk factors for CAD, including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, lack of exercise, and family history. It provides data on the prevalence of these risk factors in India. The document emphasizes that risk factor assessment is not prevalent in India's public health system. It concludes by describing clinical features of
This document summarizes a study on mortality trends among type 2 diabetes patients in two hospitals in Nigeria. The study found that diabetic foot ulcer had the highest percentage of deaths at 42.8% of cases. Other leading causes of death were diabetic ketoacidosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. Married patients accounted for the majority of diabetes-related deaths at both hospitals. The study aimed to identify causes of premature death in diabetes patients to help reduce complications and mortality.
ANTHONY KEEL RESEARCH PROPOSAL 17 MAY 2013Anthony Keel
This document discusses high blood pressure and hypertension in the African American community. It notes that African Americans have a higher rate of hypertension than other races. Some of the key causes identified include diet, genetics, income levels, and attitudes towards healthcare. The consequences of untreated hypertension can be severe, including damage to arteries, heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and even brain damage at a young age. Effectively addressing the causes of hypertension in the African American community could help reduce these health impacts.
Screening for asymptomatic cad in diabetesShyam Jadhav
Diabetes is a growing global health problem, affecting over 246 million people worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for those with diabetes. While diabetes itself increases the risk of cardiovascular events, controlling individual risk factors can help prevent related complications. There is ongoing debate around screening asymptomatic diabetic patients for coronary artery disease. Supporters argue early detection could improve outcomes, but critics note current tests are not perfect and may lead to unnecessary invasive procedures. Further research is still needed to identify high-risk groups who could benefit most from screening.
Burden of cardiovascular diseases in Indians: Estimating trends of coronary a...Apollo Hospitals
The global trends in disease specific mortalities indicate that ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in age group ≥60 years. It is also being recognized that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their risk factors are emerging as primary health problems in India with all socioeconomic groups being equally vulnerable. Though the high mortality rates due to CVDs in India may have major economic repercussions, the analysis on economic impact of CVDs remains incomplete, because of inadequate coverage of these diseases in India's vital event registration and absence of surveillance systems for disease specific mortality data. The per capita expenditure on health by public sector is very low making the poor to go for costly private healthcare facilities. We discuss here the burden of CAD and its risk factors in India and need for using population and individual based prevention strategies to halt and reverse the CVD epidemic. The country will need to create data for technical and operational factors for making prevention and control of CVDs feasible. National and international multidisciplinary collaborations will be needed to address the challenge posed by CVDs.
A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Under...ijtsrd
AIM A study on food habits and social habits as risk factors among patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty PTCA OBJECTIVE To know the association of food habits and social habits as risk factors for PTCA. To observe various co morbidities among the patients To study the bio chemical parameters in patients such as heamoglobin, PVC, platelet count, bilirubin levels. To observe various social habits in the patient, such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Food consumption pattern. METHODOLOGY The sample population n = 60 of 28 80 years of age were chosen from a multi speciality hospital in Hyderabad. All the patients were of different age groups, sex, socio economic status, ethnicity with different co morbidities. A pre tested format consisting of patients profile, subjective data, objective data, biochemical data, medications and 24 hour dietary recall followed by medical nutrition therapy during the hospital stay. RESULTS Among n=60 subjects from 28 80 years of age, the detailed study identified the common risk factors with respect to cardiovascular diseases. The study showed a higher percentage of age from 28 70 years and is mostly in males. Majority of the patients are with increased BMI and are alcholics smokers. Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes are predominant and dietary patterns recorded are mostly non vegetarians with high calorie, high fat and high protein consumption. CONCLUSION From the result it is very clear that majority of the patients studied with cardiovascular diseases belong to the age group 28 70 years and is mostly seen in males. Majority of them are accompanied with co morbidities with obesity, hypertension and diabetic. And predominantly follow a high calorie and high fat diet .Thus leading to a conclusion that consumption of high calorie and high fat food, presence of co morbidities and smoking could be the risk factors of PTCA. Mrs. Meena Kumari | Mrs. Y. V. Phani Kumari | Gwyneth Madhulika Bashapaga | Ittamala Jaya Rachel ""A Study on Food Habits and Social Habits as Risk Factors among Patients Undergoing Percatenous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23372.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/23372/a-study-on-food-habits-and-social-habits-as-risk-factors-among-patients-undergoing-percatenous-transluminal-coronary-angioplasty-ptca/mrs-meena-kumari
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Self Admin...ijtsrd
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by abnormally high levels of sugar glucose in the blood. When the amount of glucose in the blood increases, e.g., after a meal, it triggers the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreas. Insulin stimulates muscle and fat cells to remove glucose from the blood and stimulates the liver to metabolize glucose, causing the blood sugar level to decrease to normal levels. In people with diabetes, blood sugar levels remain high. This may be because insulin is not being produced at all, is not made at sufficient levels, or is not as effective as it should be. The most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes 5 , which is an autoimmune disorder, and type 2 diabetes 95 , which is associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that occurs in pregnancy, and other forms of diabetes are very rare and are caused by a single gene mutation. For many years, scientists have been searching for clues in our genetic makeup that may explain why some people are more likely to get diabetes than others are. The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes introduces some of the genes that have been suggested to play a role in the development of diabetes. Archana | G. Ramalakshmi "A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Self Administration of Insulin Injection among Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Rural Area at Dehradun" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35843.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/35843/a-descriptive-study-to-assess-the-knowledge-and-attitude-regarding-self-administration-of-insulin-injection-among-diabetes-mellitus-patients-in-rural-area-at-dehradun/archana
Certain diabetes drugs may increase the risk of heart failure in patients by 14%, according to a study of 95,000 patients. The risk was directly associated with the type of drug used, as some drugs carried a higher risk than others or standard care. While some drugs increased the risk, intensive weight loss strategies showed a trend toward lower heart failure risk. The study also found that for every 1 kilogram of weight gain linked to a diabetes drug, there was a 7% higher risk of associated heart failure. The results could change how high-risk diabetes patients are managed going forward.
Dr Vivek Baliga - Chronic Disease Management In Heart Failure And DiabetesDr Vivek Baliga
Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal Medicine at Baliga Diagnostics discusses the management of 2 common problems in medical practice - heart failure and type 2 diabetes, including the link between the two. For more articles for patients, visit http://heartsense.in/author/dr-vivek-baliga-b/. For scientific articles and short reviews, visit http://drvivekbaliga.net/
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Doug Levy
Presentation by Lee Goldman, MD, at TCT 2011 conference. Goldman is dean of the faculties of health sciences and medicine and executive vice president of Columbia University Medical Center. For more information, go to http://cumc.columbia.edu/newsroom or call 212-305-3900.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Common Diabetic Patients among Diabetic C...Dr. Mohamed Hassan
This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 98 diabetic patients visiting an Egyptian hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia regarding common diabetic complications. Most respondents were aged 40-60 years and had type 2 diabetes for over 10 years. While 60% had regular checkups and 54% received treatment, only 52% followed a diet and 63% did not exercise regularly. Most respondents knew the common complications but fewer had experienced problems. The study found adequate knowledge of complications but low levels of regular exercise. This highlights the need for further assessment of barriers to improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding diabetes in Somalia.
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR CO...Abith Baburaj
A DIRECT MEDICAL COST ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH T2DM AND ITS MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS
-A PHARMACOECONOMIC STUDY
-assessment of cost of treatment of diabetis with its macrovascular complication patients
Diabetes is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in different continents of the world. Many diabetes victims are found in developing countries like Sub-Saharan Africa. However, some developed nations like United States and Europe record significant records on diabetes prevalence. Studies project a dramatic increase of the infection spread in the world. Also, it provides visible results on the effects of the infection among the victims and the society at large. Studies of type 2 diabetes prevalence indicate minimal rates in rural population and moderate results in the developed regions of the same country. Such results create an alarm to the unaffected regions. The frequent observation of modestly high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in areas with low prevalence of diabetes indicate risk of early stage of diabetes epidemics.
Introduction: The objective of this work is to study the epidemiological and clinical aspects of erectile dysfunction in a population of diabetic patients in the Thies region.
The Relation of Obesity and Chronic Diseases among Home Health Care Patientsijtsrd
Background The prevalence of overweight and obesity among older adults is clearly increasing. The serious public health consequences e.g., premature mortality, co morbidities such as diabetes, hospitalization, and heart failures Aim To find the relation between obesity and other chronic diseases among home health care patients. Methodology A file based comparative case control study among 200 of obese patients versus 200 non obese all under the umbrella of home health care at Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region, Saudi Arabia, 2019. Results Regarding DM higher prevalence among obese, P 0.004 with higher risk among obese, odds ratio 1.8 1.2 2.7 .Hyper tension also showed significant difference with higher risk of incidence among obese OR 1.55 1.02 2.35 , Although bronchial asthma showed no significant difference among both groups but higher risk OR 1.97 among obese. Hyperlipidemia also showed significant difference and higher risk among obese OR 2.02 1.83 2.2 . Conclusion Obesity among elderly leads to increased risk of diseases as DM, Hypertension, thyroid disorders, Bronchial asthma, Arthritis, liver disease and hyperlipidemia while lower risk of osteoporosis, and prostatic enlargement and some neurological disorders like depression and dementia and parkinsonism. Shaima Mohammed Mashhour | Mohamad Kamal Alsharief | Ahmed Mohammed Almodeer | Abdullah Mohamed Almodeer | Abdullah Mohamed Alqahtani | Lojain Mohamed Al Modeer | Omar Mohammad Alzahrani | Abdulmohsen Mohammed Alqahtani | Dr. Ahmed Youssef Abouelyazid "The Relation of Obesity and Chronic Diseases among Home Health Care Patients" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38188.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/38188/the-relation-of-obesity-and-chronic-diseases-among-home-health-care-patients/shaima-mohammed-mashhour
Diabetes-related Clinical Complications: Novel Approaches for Diagnosis and M...asclepiuspdfs
Metabolic diseases such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In the past four decades, childhood and adolescent obesity has increased four-fold worldwide. During the same period, obesity in adults has doubled and diabetes has increased by four-fold. In China, India, and the USA, the number of prediabetes is more than diabetics. This population is at considerable risk for developing diabetes, its clinical complications, and acute vascular events. The management of modifiable risks for cardiometabolic risks has improved considerably. Several major studies have demonstrated, that robust management of modifiable risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), significantly reduces premature mortality from CVDs. Considering the progress made in the risk assessment, risk management, we feel strongly, that not much progress is made in the areas of primary prevention and early risk assessment, for clinical complications associated with metabolic diseases, in particular, diabetes. The majority of the clinical complications associated with diabetes are due to dysfunction of the vascular system or nervous system. Complications include vasculopathy leading to subclinical atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and stroke.
APPROACH TO DIABETES DIAGNOSIS A ReviewClaire Webber
This document discusses approaches to diagnosing diabetes. It begins by providing background on diabetes as a global epidemic. There are various types of diabetes classified as type 1 and type 2. Blood samples are used to check glycemia levels through tests like oral glucose tolerance tests and HbA1c levels. Urine can also indicate sugar levels. Early diagnosis is important to minimize complications like damage to nerves, eyes, heart, and kidneys. The document focuses on the importance of HbA1c testing to assess glycemia over the past 3 months and improve patient care and monitoring of their condition.
1) Developing countries are experiencing a rise in chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and heart disease as unhealthy lifestyles spread. This is overburdening healthcare systems designed for infectious diseases.
2) Non-communicable diseases are a major cause of death in developing nations and the burden will grow significantly in coming years if no action is taken.
3) Poor countries face challenges in treating chronic diseases due to lack of funding, healthcare infrastructure, and health policies focused on infectious diseases rather than long-term care.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabeti...ijtsrd
Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients is attributed to increased free fatty acids flux secondary to insulin resistance. Despite its high prevalence and related complications of in type 2 diabetic patients, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in Tiko. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia amongst type 2 diabetic patients attending Tiko Cottage Hospital. A cross sectional based study was conducted from February to April 2023. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 179 type 2 diabetic patients into the study. Data on socio demographic characteristics, behavioral and clinical factors were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews. Five milliliters of venous blood sample were collected for serum glucose and lipid analysis. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, whereby univarriate analysis using frequency and proportions described the variables, bivarriate analysis with the support of Chi Test of independence measured the association between two variable while multivariate analysis was employed to highlight critical risk factors with the support Logistic Regression. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia among study participants was 54.7 . Isolated lipid profile abnormality of hypercholesterolemia was found in 14.0 , hypertriglyceridemia was absent, high level of High density lipoprotein HDL C was found in 53.1 , and high level of low density lipoprotein LDL C was found in 0.6 of study participants. Being obese was significantly associated with dyslipidemia and female were significantly more exposed. The study concluded that high prevalence of dyslipidemia was found among type 2 diabetic patients in the study area and that obesity was a critical risk factor. The findings of this study should be taken into account to conduct appropriate intervention measures on the identified risk factors and implement routine screening, treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia. Fodji Praise Afuh | Moses N. Ngemenya | Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Nana Célestin "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabetic Patients Attending Tiko Cottage Hospital" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61307.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/61307/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-dyslipidemia-among-type-two-diabetic-patients-attending-tiko-cottage-hospital/fodji-praise-afuh
The Study to Assess the Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Associated R...ijtsrd
AIM the present study aims to assess the prevalence of diabetic foot syndrome and associated risk factors among people with diabetic mellitus at SMCH. METHODS AND MATERIALS A quantitative research design was used for the present study. A total 100 samples were collected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The demographic variable and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer among diabetic patient was assessed using structured questioner and visual assessment, followed by that data was gathered and analyzed.RESULTS The results the study revealed that there is a significant association between level of prevalence with selected demographic at the level of p 0.01CONCLUSION Thus, the present despites that factors associated with level of prevalence with selected demographic. Mrs. M. Kavitha | Sherly Anand. S | Roshna P Sabu "The Study to Assess the Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors among People with Diabetic Mellitus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52558.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/52558/the-study-to-assess-the-prevalence-of-diabetic-foot-syndrome-and-associated-risk-factors-among-people-with-diabetic-mellitus/mrs-m-kavitha
Evaluation of the risk factors for the development of metabolic syndrome in b...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated risk factors for metabolic syndrome in Babylon, Iraq in 2012. The study found that 31.1% of patients had a low risk, 50.8% had a moderate risk, and 18.1% had a high risk of metabolic syndrome. There was a significant association between risk of metabolic syndrome and age, as well as associations between risk levels and factors like hypertension, triglycerides, overweight/obesity, central obesity, diabetes, and low HDL cholesterol. The study concluded that the risk of metabolic syndrome in Babylon increased with the number of risk factors present and with advancing age.
-
Post intervention assessment will be done after every three months to measure the
outcomes.
Arrange: -
Arrange follow up meeting and laboratory investigation after every three months.
Motivational support will be provided to participants.
Rewards will be given to participants as per their achievement.
Certificates will be provided to participants at the end of intervention.
Feedback will be taken from all stakeholders.
Sustainability plan will be prepared.
Report will be submitted to Ministry of Health/local government.
Publication of results.
Background: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and to find the associated risk factors of DR among known Type II DM patients.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional and single center study was conducted among Type II DM patients with and without DR in the department of Endocrinology with a sample size of 150 with DM patients in 2018. Data were expressed as mean, standard deviation, proportions, Chi-Square, t-test test and Binary Logistic Regression analysis.
Results: Diabetic patients 150 were identified as Type II DM as per inclusion criteria with aged 30 years and above. Among 150 Diabetic patients, 39 (26%) patients had Diabetic Retinopathy and 111 (74%) patients were not having Diabetic Retinopathy. The association between groups (with and no DR) and duration of DM were very highly significant with p-value < 0.01. DR prevalence was higher in female when compared with male population.
Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the prevalence of DR was very high. DR was strongly associated with HbA1C, FBS, duration of DM, medication, duration of hypertension and smoking. Hence, there is a need for regular screening check-up with ophthalmologist to prevent diabetic retinopathy or to prolong or to escape from the vision loss.
Keywords: type II diabetic mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, risk factors
Knowledge about hypertension and antihypertensive medication compliance in a ...Alexander Decker
The document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between knowledge about hypertension and compliance with antihypertensive medications in elderly Jordanians. The study found that elders with higher knowledge scores about hypertension were more likely to comply with their medications. The document concludes that providing education to elders about hypertension and medications can help improve compliance.
This document summarizes the results of a study examining the characteristics and risk profiles of 622 patients with type 2 diabetes in Western India. The main findings were:
1) The average age was 47.7 years, most were male, obese, sedentary, and had a family history of diabetes. Glycemic control was poor with only 7.4% having an HbA1C below 7%.
2) Common presenting symptoms were nocturia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Microvascular complications like renal dysfunction and vision impairment were present in 10% and 9% respectively.
3) Risk factors like obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uncontrolled blood sugar were highly
PSEDM-DOH WorkshopDiabetes Management Training Using Insulin v_7 - 20170321.pptxRhoda Isip
1) A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests.
2) A two-hour plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
3) A random plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL or higher for someone with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia.
Background: Diabetic Maculopathy (DME) does not compulsorily fi t the usual course of diabetic retinopathy advancement. This
work aimed to study the variables associated with DME in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Basrah (Southern Iraq).
Patients and Methods: This was a cross sectional study from Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Center)
(FDEMC) done over the period of January - April 2014. The study enrolled 197 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with at least 10 years duration and aged >30 years.
The document outlines an assignment to create a presentation on diabetes prevalence using the Health Belief Model. It will include information on incidence, prevalence, high-risk groups, demographics of those affected. An overview of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention stages and how the model can be applied to improve diabetes management will also be provided.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among diabetes patients attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. The study found a cardiovascular disease prevalence of 54.1% among the 98 diabetes patients. Hypertension was the most common complication at 53%, followed by diabetic retinopathy at 14%. Poor blood sugar monitoring and control was also observed. The study concludes that the cardiovascular disease prevalence among diabetes patients is high, calling for improved diabetes management and care.
Running head illness and disease managementillness and disearyan532920
Chronic kidney disease is a debilitating disease that affects many organ systems and is associated with high risks of cardiovascular disease and early death. It has numerous comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and impacts patients' quality of life through disability and high medical costs. About 10% of the global population is affected by CKD, and it is a leading cause of death worldwide. Goals for improving CKD include reducing the disease burden through early detection and treatment of risk factors like diabetes and hypertension.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdf
Abdulrazak Mohamed Ahmed
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355876085
Dyslipidemia Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Aden Abdulle
Hospital in Mogadishu Somalia.
Article · November 2021
CITATIONS
0
READS
3
4 authors, including:
Abdulrazak Mohamed Ahmed
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
All content following this page was uploaded by Abdulrazak Mohamed Ahmed on 03 November 2021.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
3. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
are available, but insulin must be stored in refrigerators – which many people do not have. Moreover,
many Somali diabetics develop serious or even fatal complications because they fail to follow medical
advice or treatment plans. Because many of the type 1 diabetes patients have died due to complications,
aid workers have found that most diabetic patients who seek hospital treatment have T2DM. Diabetic
patients without complications can be treated at the hospitals, whereas complex cases with
complications cannot be treated in any of the country’s hospitals. Those who can afford it therefore
seek treatment outside of the country (interview with international organisation in Nairobi, 5 November
2013). Proper education and instruction in how to manage diabetes, is beneficial for diabetics in their
daily lives. Nevertheless, even highly educated individuals with good knowledge of their own
condition faces the same challenges as other diabetics in Somalia: an almost non-existent public
healthcare system, unreliable access to medicines, lack of technical equipment, and expenses that many
was have difficulty paying, even those with a stable income. The price of insulin at points of sale in
Mogadishu (and other cities) is unknown; Land info has no information on whether devices for
measuring glucose levels are available for private individuals. In preparation for surgical procedures,
usually an amputation, which is a frequent complication for many diabetics, patients may need to be
stabilized with insulin. When a patient is discharged from hospital, he or she is not given any medicine
for daily use. This must be purchased at a market or from a pharmacy (Yusuf S, Reddy S, et al., 2016).
According to the latest WHO data published in 2017 Diabetes mellitus deaths in Somalia reached 1019
or 0.81% of total deaths. The age adjusted death rate is 22.70 per 100,000 of population ranks Somalia
109 in the world. Proportional mortality for diabetes patients is 1% of total deaths of all ages (WHO,
2016).A healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining normal body weight and avoiding tobacco
use can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes (WHO, 2002). Cardiovascular disease in Diabetes
is caused by multiple co-morbid conditions; key of which is Dyslipidemia. Other cardiovascular
diseases that include coronary heart diseases, stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases account for the
majority of deaths in diabetic patients (Fausi, 2006). It is noted that most people with diabetes do not
die of causes uniquely related to diabetes, but to cardiovascular complications that are caused by risk
factors including dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is defined as an abnormal lipid profile characterized by
high total cholesterol (TC), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides (TG). For diabetic patients the targets are: LDL
<100mg/dl (2.6mmol/l), HDL > 40mg/dl (1.02mmol/l) and TG <150mg/dl (1.7mmol/l) (NCEP, 2002).
Coronary artery disease, especially myocardial infarction (MI) is also among the leading causes of
46
4. Ahmed et al. / European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences-Novus, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
morbidity and mortality worldwide (Robert T, DOdesini AR, and Lepore G., 2006). The World Health
Organization estimated that Dyslipidemia is associated with more than half of the global cases of
ischemic heart disease and more than 4 million deaths annually (Mwita et al., 2012). Dyslipidemia has
emerged as an important cardiovascular risk factor in sub-Saharan Africa. Research shows that high
cholesterol level (≥3.8 mmol/l) accounted for 59% of ischemic heart disease and 29% of ischemic
stroke burden in adults age 30 and over. Dyslipidemia, especially elevated cholesterol has been shown
to vary across regions in sub-Saharan Africa (Belue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor, 2009). The frequency
of diabetes mellitus in Somalia faces unique challenges in combating the disease including lack of
funding for non-communicable diseases, lack of availability of studies and guidelines specific to the
population, lack of availability of medications, differences in urban and rural patients, and inequity
between public and private sector health care. Because of these challenges, diabetes has a greater
impact on morbidity and mortality related to the disease in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in Somalia
than any other region in the world. In order to address these unacceptably poor trends, contextualized
strategies for the prevention, identification, management, and financing of diabetes care within this
population must be developed (Boutayeb et al. 2012; IDF 2013).
Methods
Study design and setting
This was a cross sectional study conducted at Aden Abdulle Hospital in Mogadishu Somalia. Aden
Abdulle Hospital is located the south-central Benadir region of Somalia especially Digfer Rd KM5,
Lamiyaraha Bula Hubey, Wadajir District, Mogadishu, Somalia.
Aden Abdulle Hospital (AAH) is a non-governmental facility which endeavors to promote the health of
the population by providing accessible, affordable, and appropriate quality inpatient and outpatient
services. AAH motto is embedded in our mantra “caring that feels right” an important driving force in
the provision of our services to the community. Aden Abdulle Hospital is located in KM5 Wadajir
District, Mogadishu-Somalia. The hospital was established on the 9th September, 2007 in a city that
desperately needed medical care, AAH began as a small clinic but has over the years grown into a mid-
sized referral hospital with several specialists. Aden Abdulle hospital envisions a society that enjoys
affordable access to quality health services centered on five core values: quality; affordability; respect
for human life; responsiveness; and accountability.
47
5. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Recruitment of participants
The study population was adult diabetes patients attending the AA Hospital. Inclusion criteria were
adults over 35 years of age who had confirmed diabetes. Exclusion criterion was all patients diagnosed
with diabetes mellitus before the age of 35.
Data collection
Data was collected from July 2018 to December 2019 at the AAH. Data collected from all participants
who met the inclusion criteria included socio-demographic; age, sex, level of education,
occupation/employment status, monthly income and residence. Clinical data collected include blood
pressure (BP), fasting blood sugar (FBS) weight and height. Other clinical data recorded were duration
since DM diagnosis, personal and family history of cardiac disease. Behavioral/ practice data included
physical activity levels, Clinic attendance, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, adherence to
medication and dietary advice were also collected. Laboratory investigations were done at Aden
Abdulle Hospital (AAH) to determine fasting lipid profile. All participants were given a unique code
number alongside their questionnaire for easy identification and tracking on the clinical and laboratory
results. Data was entered and analyzed into a SPSS. Data cleaning was done at the end of data
collection analysis.
Statistical analyses
• Dependent variable: was Dyslipidemia which was defined as; Total cholesterol >5.2mmol/dl
(200mg/dl), and or increased LDL cholesterol >2.6mmol/L (130mg/dl), and or decreased HDL
cholesterol 1.7mmol/l (150mg/dl).
• Independent variables: were age, sex, level of education, employment status, monthly income,
marital status, residence, BP, FBS, BMI, physical activity, sedentary behavior, clinic attendance,
alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, family and personal cardiac history. Analyses were done using
SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were done to describe distribution of Dyslipidemia against all
variables. Univariate analysis was done to assess for association with Dyslipidemia, and factors found
to be associated by the way of p ≤ 0.05 were subjected to multivariate analysis. Using backward
elimination criteria, those variables that attained p <0.05 on the multivariate logistic regression were
considered statistically significant. Comparisons of occurrence of Dyslipidemia were done between
males and females.
48
6. Ahmed et al. / European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences-Novus, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Discussion
Participants’ characteristics
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics:
The mean age of the participants was 52 years (sd =+32), The majority (54%) were male, had attained
non formal education, (31.7%) were of middle social-economic status, as 60% earned a monthly
income of 200-399 USD, and lived in urban areas (46.7%) (Table 1).
Table 1: Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of T2DM patients in AA Hospital in
Mogadishu Somalia.
Table 1: Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of T2DM patients in AA Hospital in
Mogadishu Somalia
Socio demographic variables Frequency Percentage
Age Category
< = 45
36 30
> 45 84 70
Gender
Male 65 54
Female 55 46
Level of education
Primary & lower
Secondary & higher
54
66
45
55
Quantitative information Mean ± Sd
Age 52+32 years
49
7. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Clinical Characteristics
Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and other CVD risk factors:
Among all participants (22.5%) had Dyslipidemia, (59%) had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus
within the past 5 years, had hypertension (31%). Overweight and obesity was noted in 59%;. Despite
the significant history of cardiac disease in 51% of the participants, and high rates of multiple CVD
risk factors in the study, 63% reported only fair or poor medications’ adherence (Table 2a).
Behavior and Practices
Majority (42.5%) of the participants not having received dietary advice on the management of their
illness. 33.3% sometimes were getting dietary advice they had received, However, only 24.2% were
getting regular dietary advice. Fortunately, only a minority smoked tobacco (17.5%). Additionally,
37.5% achieved physical activity one to two hours a day, over one quartile of the participants also spent
more than 2 hours on sedentary behavior. Almost two third of the patients always strictly takes
medication, takes the right amount of medicine, takes medication as prescribed by the doctor.
Insufficient physical activity was significantly associated with dyslipidemia. This concurs with
previous findings that showed a strong dose-response association between exercise-intense and lipid
(Lean S, 2012). In previous study intense physical activity was found to be associated with improved
lipids. Sedentary life style has been found to be associated with most cardiovascular risk factors.
BMI was also significantly associated with dyslipidemia. The corporate with previous study that
showed excess weight to be associated with increased prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic
syndrome. Obesity is also well known determinant of dyslipidemia.
This study was carried out at the outpatient department (OPD) of Aden Abdulle Hospital in
Mogadishu, Somalia to determine the proportion of dyslipidemia and its associated risk factors among
T2DM patients attending AA Hospital in Mogadishu Somalia.
Our results found that the proportion of dyslipidemia was a bit higher among the 45 to 54
years age group in compare to the other groups. A recent study found that highest rate of
dyslipidemia among 30-39 age group of man and 40-49 years age group of women, which is
similar to our finding (Ozder, 2014). It was also found that dyslipidemia was higher (31.7%)
among the participants those do not have formal education. Although recently published paper from
China has mentioned that dyslipidemia was positively associated with level of education (Yan et
50
8. Ahmed et al. / European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences-Novus, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
al., 2016). In terms of income, we have found that majority of the dyslipidemic patients were middle-
or higher-income group. It is might be due to less physical activity which we have found later that
72% of the participants had no regular physical exercise. It has been supported by previous study
conducted among Chinese population (Yan et al., 2016). We have found that the highest proportion of
dyslipidemia among the over-weight (52.5%) group. Several previous studies among Asian population
have found the similar results (Fung et al., 2019) In our study, hypertensive group had more
dyslipidemia (59.0%) in compare to non-hypertensive group, and also among the diabetic group
(55.0%) in compare to non-diabetic group. A serum lipid concentration among the Asian populations
is.
Table 2a: Association between dyslipidemia and other clinical characteristics among gender
Participants
characteristics
Unit(s) N. (%)
N=120
Male
N=65 (54%)
Female
N=55 (46%)
P value
Dyslipidemia Present 27 (22.5%) 13 (10.83%) 14 (11.67%)
0.476
Absent 93 (77.5%) 52 (43.3%) 41 (34.2%)
Blood pressure Normal (Non
hypertensive)
83 (69.2%)
43 (36%) 40 (33%)
0.437
Elevated
(hypertensive)
37 (30.8%)
22 (18.3%) 15 (12.5%)
Family history
of cardiac
diseases
Yes 32 (26.7%)
20 (16.7%) 12 (10%)
0.021
No 44 (36.7%) 21 (17.5%) 23 (19.2%)
I don’t know 44 (36.7%) 24 (20%) 20 (16.7%)
Obesity Yes 27 (22.5%) 13 (10.8%) 14 (11.6%)
0.476
No 93 (77.5%) 52 (43.3%) 41 (34.2%)
Duration of
diabetes
< 2 years 45 (37.5%) 18 (15%) 27 (22.5%) 0.017
2-5 years 26 (21.7%) 12 (10%) 14 (11.7%)
5-9 years 29 (24.2%) 21 (17.5%) 8 (6.7%)
10+ 20 (16.7%) 14 (11.7%) 6 (5%)
51
9. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Regularly
received
treatment for
diabetes
81 (67.5%) 48 (40%) 33 (27.5%) P value
0.107
39 (32.5%) 17 (14.2%) 22 (18.3)
Table-2b: Association between socio-demographic and clinical factors among dyslipidemia
Demo-graphic factor Dyslipidemia Chi square (P
value)
Present Absent
Age Category
<=45
>45
7
20
29
64
0.254
Gender
Male
Female
13
14
52
41
0.476
Education
Non formal education
Primary
Secondary
Higher secondary
Bachelor and higher
10
2
6
3
6
28
24
14
6
21
0.745
Clinical Factor
Blood pressure
Non hypertensive
Hypertensive
21
6
62
31
0.271
Family history of cardiac
diseases
Yes
No
I don’t Know
5
16
6
27
28
38
0.021
52
10. Ahmed et al. / European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences-Novus, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Duration of diabetes
< 2 years
2-5 years
5-9 Years
10 years
13
6
4
4
32
20
25
16
0.495
Regularly received
treatment for diabetes
18
9
63
30 0.916
Table-3: Simple & multiple logistic regressions
Demographic
Variables
UOR (95% CI) P-value UOR (95% CI) P-value
Age category
< 45
> 45
0.148, 4.996 0.322 0.565, 1.429 0.651
Gender
Male
Female
0.443, 2.757 0.831 0.318, 1.867 0.564
Education 0.762, 1.339 0.946 0.392, 3.986 0.007
Clinical factor
Blood pressure 0.641, 4.779 0.275 .641, 4.779 0.00
Family history of
cardiac diseases
0.236, 3.083 0.026 0.324, 4.241 0.00
Obesity 0.877, 1.138 0.988 0.247, 1.043 0.738
Duration of
diabetes
0.864, 1.930 0.213 0.456, 5.793 0.013
Regularly received
treatment for
diabetes
0.383, 2.368 0.916 0.383, 2.368 0.002
53
11. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Conclusions
The study found a high prevalence of dyslipidemia among T2DM patients attending CDM clinics in
Turbo sub-county. This is high earlier on after diagnosis of DM despite good physical activity.
Occupation, BMI, FBS and insufficient physical activity are important predictors of dyslipidemia. The
alarming burden means that there is need for patient education and practice plan on importance of diet
observation, clinical attendance, physical exercises and weight reduction especially to those in
occupations that do not involve much physical activity (business persons). There is need to prioritize
research driven control and management of dyslipidemia, diabetes and related CVD risk factors. This
should be done at both national level and county level with government and society playing the role.
Recommendation
As a good proportion of diabetes patients (22.5%) are suffering from dyslipidemia, all DM patients
need to be checked for lipid profile soon after diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
1. Attending physicians should arrange counseling of all DM patients for physical activity, Diet
control, weight control, and complains of medical advice.
2. Further study needs to be done with larger sample size targeting identified risk factors.
Acknowledgements
At first, we would like to thank Almighty Allah, the most Gracious and most Merciful for enabling me
to successfully completing my research work.
We would like to express our sincerely thanks and gratitude to the authority of the respective
Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS) for their tremendous support during this study. We
are ever grateful to Aden Abdulle Hospital authority for providing the endless support during data
collection phase for this study, without that, this study may not be possible. Lastly, we are thankful to
the study participants for their valuable time and patience during the whole study period.
54
12. Ahmed et al. / European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences-Novus, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
Reference
1) Amine E, Baba N, Belhadj M, Deurenbery-Yap M, Djazayery A, Forrester T, et. al. 2015, Diet,
nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO Expert consultation.
2) Belue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C, et. al. 2009, An overview of
cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: a socio-cultural perspective.
Globalization and health. 2009;5(1):10.
3) Borle AL, /Chhari N, Gupta G, &Bathma V 2016, Study of prevalence and pattern of Dyslipidemia in
type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending rural health training centre of medical college in Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health;3(1):140-144.
4) Brown WV 2008. Micro vascular complications of diabetes mellitus: renal protection accompanies
cardiovascular protection. Am J Cardiol. 102(12A):10L–13L.
5) Chattanda SP, &Mgonda YM 2017, Diabetic Dyslipidemia Among Diabetic Patients Attending
Specialized Clinics in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Medical Journal. 23(1):8-11. Doi:
10.4314/tmj.v23i1.39221 Fauci AS. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine McGraw-Hill, Medical
Publishing Division. 2008.
6) Gill GV. et al. 2009, A sub-Saharan African perspective of diabetes. Diabetologia. ;52(1):8–16. doi:
10.1007/s00125-008-1167-9.
7) Isezuo SA, &Ezunu E 2005, Demographic and clinical correlates of metabolic syndrome in Native
African type-2 diabetic patients.Journal of the National Medical Association. 97(4):557-563.
8) Jeon CY, Murray MB. 2008, Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic
review of 13 observational studies. PLoSMed. ;5(7):e152. doi:.1371/journal.pmed.0050152.
9) Kenya STEPwise Survey for Non Communicable Diseases Risk Factors. 2015.
10) Kornum JB, T R, Riis A, Lervang HH, Schønheyder HC, Sørensen HT 2008, Diabetes, glycemic
control, and risk of hospitalization with pneumonia: a population-based case-control study. Diabetes
Care. ;31(8):1541–5. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0138.
11) Levitt NS 2008, Diabetes in Africa: epidemiology, management and healthcare
challenges. Heart. 2008;94(11):1376–82. doi: 10.1136/hrt.147306.
12) Lonnroth K, 2010, Tuberculosis control and elimination -50: cure, care, and social
development. Lancet. pp. 1814–29.
13) Mathers CD, and Loncar D 2006. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to
2030.Plos med.;3(11):e442.
14) Mayanja BN, 2007, Septicaemia in a population-based HIV clinical cohort in rural Uganda incidence,
aetiology, antimicrobial drug resistance and impact of antiretroviral therapy. Trop Med Int Health. pp.
697–705.
15) Mbanya JC. et al. 2010, Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2254–66. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60550-8.
16) NCEP 2002, Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on
detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood. 106(25):3143-3421.
17) Nyasatu G. Chamba, Elichilia R Shao, Tolbert Sonda, Isaack A. Lyaruu 2017, Lipid Profile of Type 2
Diabetic Patients at a Tertiary Hospital in Tanzania: Cross Sectional Study. J EndocrinolDiab.;4(1):1-6.
D0i: 10.15226/2374-6890/4/1/00170.
18) Otieno CF, Mwendwa FW, Vaghela V, Ogola EN, &Amayo EO 2005, Lipid profile of ambulatory
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African medical
journal.;82(12). Doi: 10.4314/eamj.v82i12.9378
19) Reddy EA, Shaw AV, Crump JA. Community-acquired bloodstream infections in Africa: a systematic
review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. pp. 417–32.
55
13. Ahmed et al. / EJMVS-NOVUS, 01(01), 010006EJMVS
20) Roberto T, Dodesini AR, and Lepore G. Lipid and Renal disease. J Am SocNephrol. 2006;17(4 suppl
2):S145-S147. Doi: 10.1681/ASN.2005121320.
21) Rudan I. et al 2008, Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health
Organ.;86(5):408–16. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.048769.
22) Saeed AA 2013 Anthropometric predictors of dyslipidemia among adults in Saudi
Arabia.Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health. 2013;10(1). Doi: dx.doi.org/10.2427/8733
23) Saydah SH. et al 2002, Age and the burden of death attributable to diabetes in the United States. Am J
Epidemiology. ;156(8):714–9. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf111.
24) Seale AC. et al 2009, Maternal and early onset neonatal bacterial sepsis: burden and strategies for
prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Infect Dis.;9(7):428–38. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70172-
0.
25) Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet. Diabetes Atlas, IDF. 4 2009, International Diabetes Federation: Brussels;
The Global Burden: Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance.
26) Steen TW, Aruwa JE, Hone NM 2012 The epidemiology of adult lung disease in Botswana. Int J
Tuberc Lung Dis: 5(8):775–82.
27) Thomsen RW, H H, Lervang HH, Johnsen SP, Schønheyder HC, Sørensen HT 2004, Risk of
community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia in patients with diabetes: a population-based case-
control study. Diabetes Care. 27(4):1143–7.
28) Thomsen RW, H H, Lervang HH, Johnsen SP, Schønheyder HC, Sørensen HT 2005, Diabetes mellitus
as a risk and prognostic factor for community-acquired bacteremia due to enterobacteria: a 10-year,
population-based study among adults. Clin Infect Dis. 40(4):628–31. doi: 10.1086/427699.
29) Udawat H, Goyal RK, &Maheshwari S. Coronary risk and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients. The
Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2001;49:970-973.
30) UNAIDS, 2010, Report on the global AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2010.
31) World Health Organization, 2011, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs): Fact sheet No. 317. 2011; Geneva:
World Health Organization.
32) World Health Organization.2002, quantifying selected major risks to health.The world health report,
47-97.
33) World Health Organization. 2002. WHO. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. World Health
Organisation: Geneva; 2004.
34) World Health Organization. Non communicable Diseases Country Profiles. 2014(91–93); Genève:
WHO Press.
35) World Health Organization. No communicable Diseases (NCD) Country Profiles. 2014.
36) World Health Organization. 2008-2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and
Control of Non communicable Diseases. WHO, Geneva; 2008.
37) World Health Organization. WHO Global Tuberculosis Control Report 2010. WHO: Geneva; 2010.
38) World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2010. WHO: Geneva; 2010.
39) Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, &Anand S 2001, Global burden of cardiovascular diseases part I: general
considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation.; 104
(22):2746-2753.
56
Please cite this article as: Ahmed et al., 2021 .European Journal of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences, EJMVS-
NOVUS, 01(01), 2021 010006EJMVS
View publication stats
View publication stats