The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the major organs including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It explains how the kidneys filter blood to form urine and the roles of the ureters, bladder, and urethra in storing and eliminating urine from the body. Diagrams are included to illustrate the structures and processes of urine formation and transport through the urinary system.

1. ANATOMY(4201)
COHORT 4
DIPLOMA
IN MEDICAL
SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF ALLIED
SCIENCE
WINDFIELD
INTERNATIONAL
COLLEGE

2. URINARY SYSTEM
RENAL SYSTEM
ORGAN
SYSTEM
PRODUCE,S
TORES,ELIM
ANATE
URINE
MALE AND
FEMALE-
SIMILAR
LENGTH OF
URETER-
DIFFERENT

3. URINARY SYSTEM
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Detrusor

4. KIDNEY
Lie on the posterior abdominal wall
One on each side of the vertebral column
Behind the peritoneum
Below the diaphragm
Extend-12th thoracic vertebra-3rd lumbar vertebra
Protection-lower rib cage
Right kidney usually slightly lower than the left

5. The Kidney
Are
paired
organs
Reddish
in
colour
Bean
shaped
organ
11cm
long,6cm
wide,3cm
thick,150
g weight
Fibroel
astic
renal
fascia
The
kidneys
held in
place-
renal fat
5

6. RIGHT KIDNEY AND LEFT KIDNEY
Superiorly- the right adrenal gland
Anteriorly- the right lobe of the liver, the
duodenum and the hepatic flexure of
colon
Posteriorly- the diaphragm, and muscles
of the posterior abdominal wall
Superiorly- the left adrenal gland
Anteriorly- the spleen, stomach, pancreas,
jejunum and splenic flexure of the colon
Posteriorly- the diaphragm and muscles of
the posterior abdominal wall

9. Protection of the Kidneys
3 layers of
connective
tissue:
Corte
x
Fibrous
Capsule
medulla
Renal cortex
Retroperitoneal space
9

10. • Funnel shaped
• Distal branches-
calyces
• Papilla at the
apex of a
pyramidKidney
RENAL
PELVIS
THE
HILUM
concave medial
border of the
kidney where
renal blood
vessels, nerve
and lymph
vessels enter
10

11. Surface anatomy of the Kidney
Hilum is located on
the medial surface
10 cm
5.5cm
3cm
11

12. Renal pyramids
Renal papilla
Renal Columns
Renal Lobe
12

13. Walls of Pelvis
•contain smooth
muscle
•lined with transitional
epithelium

14. • Kidneys are made of nephrons,
which are the functional unit of
the kidney.
• The nephron ends at the
collecting tubule
• Tubule-connective tissue,blood
vessels,nerves,lymph vessel
Kidney-Nephron
-THE NEPHRON
Consists-tubule closed at one
end
-opening into a collecting
tubule
-3cm long
-proximal convulated tubule
-medullary loop(loop of henle)
-distal convulated
tubule,leading into a collecting
duct 14

15. A Nephron and associated Blood
Vessel
15

16. Nephron-Tubular System
Proximal
convoluted tubule
Descending loop
of Henle
Ascending loop of
Henle
Distal convoluted
tubule
Collecting duct 16

17. Elimination of waste
Collecting duct
unite-forms
large ducts
Empty into
minor calyces
Kidney-Hilum-
renal artery
divides
Cortex-afferent
arteriole
enters
glomerular
capsule

18. Blood vessel-
from
glomerulus is
afferent
arteriole
Breaks up
into a second
cappilary
network
Exchange
occurs
Venus blood-
leaves
kidney

19. The Glomerulus
Wall and Capsule-single
layer of flattened
epithelial tissue
-More permeable
• The remainder-nephron and
collecting tubule-form by a
single layer of specialiized cell

20. NURH 1023 - Urinary system 20

21. The Glomerulus
NURH 1023 - Urinary system 21

22. The
Formation
of Urine
3 processes involved in the
formation of urine.
• Simple filtration
• Selective reabsorbtion
• Hormonal control-
• Parathyroid hormone,
calcitonin
• Anti diuretic hormone
• Aldosterone
• Secretion
22

23. Glomerular
Filtration
• Through semi-
permeable walls of
glomerulus and
glomerular capsule
• Fluid is forced out
of capillaries and
collected by the
glomerular capsule
23

25. Selective
reabsorption
Process by which the
composition and volume
of the glomerular filtrate
are altered during its
passage through the
convoluted tubules, the
medullary loop and the
collecting tubule.
Carried out by
epithelial cells
Materials that are
reabsorbed include
water, glucose and
amino acids
25

26. 26

27. Tubular Secretion
• Occurs in the convoluted tubules
• Adds materials to filtrate
• Movement of materials from
peritubular capillaries into tubules
• Materials secreted include K+ and H+
• This helps control pH
27

28. 28

29. Ureters
Superiorly
Continuous with the renal pelvis
Inferiorly
Pass through the abdominal cavity, behind
the peritoneum, infront of the psoas muscle,
into the pelvic cavity ehere they enter the
posterior wall of the bladder
25-30 cm in length with
diameter 3mm
29

30. Further Information
The urine
accumulates the
pressure in the
bladder rises,
the ureters
compressed
and the
openings
occluded.
This prevents
reflux of urine
into the ureters (
towards the
kidneys ) as the
bladder fills.
During
micturition,
pressure the
muscular
bladder wall
contracts.
30

31. 31

32. Ureter- Cross Section
32

33. Function of the
Ureters
• The ureters propel
urine from the
kidneys into the
bladder by peristaltic
contraction of their
muscular wall
33

34. The Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder is a sac which acts as a reservoir for
urine
It lies in the pelvic cavity.
Its size and position vary depending on the amount of
urine it contains.
When distended the bladder rises into the abdominal
cavity
Capacity approx. 700mL
34

35. Bladder
35

36. Structure of the Urinary Bladder
It is pear
shaped
but
becomes
oval
shaped
when
filled
with
urine
Composed of 3 layers
of tissues:
• The outer layer of
loose connective
tissue, containing
blood and
lymphatic vessels
and nerves,
covered on the
upper surface by
the peritoneum
) The middle layer,
consisting of a
mass of interlacing
smooth muscle
fibres and elastic
tissue loosely
arranged in three
layers. This is
called the detrusor
muscle and it
empties the bladder
when it contracts
3) The
lining of
transition
al
epitheliu
m
36

37. 37

38. The Urethra
Is a canal that
extends from
the neck of the
bladder and its
length differs in
the male and
female
The male
urethra is
associated with
the urinary and
the reproductive
system
The female
urethra opens at
the external
urethral orifice
just in front of
the vagina.
The external
urethral orifice is
guarded by a
sphincter under
voluntary
control
38

39. Urethra
Anatomical
differences
mean that male
and female
urethras are
different.
• Female:
4cm long
• Male:
14cm long
Extends from
the base of
the bladder to
the outside
world.
39

40. The Structure of
the Urethra
The urethra is
composed of 3
layers of tissue:
• 1. A muscular coat
• -continous with bladder
• -origin from internal urethral sphincter
• -consist of elastic tissue and smooth muscle
• -under autonomic nerve control
• 2. A thin spongy coat
• - Submuocosa
• - Contain blood vessels and nerve
• 3. A lining of mucous membrane
• - Continous bladder
• - Lower part - Consist of stratified squmous
epithelium
• - Continous externally with the skin of the
vulva
40

41. Urethra
• Muscle layer
• Submucosa layer
• Mucosa
41

42. MICTURITION
Urinary Bladder –
reservior for urine.
300-400ml urine
accumulate – afferent
autonomic nerve fibres
are stimulated
Infant - spinal reflex
and micturition.
Micturition – Autonomic
efferent fibres
convey
impulses to the
bladder
• Contraction of the
detrusor muscle
• Relaxation of the
internal urethral
sphincter
42

43. Contraction of the external urethral
sphincter and muscle of the pelvic
floor- inhibit micturition
Awareness to pass urine
Sensory impules pass upward
Micturition reflex is stimulated
43

44. Micturition in Adult
Detrusor muscle contract
Reflex relaxation – internal
sphincter
Voluntary relaxation – external
sphincter
Assisted – increase pressure within
the pelvic cavity
Achieved – lowering the
diaphragm
-contracting the abdominal
muscle(
Valsava’s manoeuvre)
44

45. REFERENCE
45
Pre-U Text STPM
Website-https//medical.com
Essential of Anatomy and 3th
edition
SPM Biology-Reference Book