In this, natural gas is supplied through mild steel(MS ) and polyethylene(PE) pipelines to cater to the Natural gas demand in Domestic ,Commercial & Non-Commercial and industrial segments .
Presentation on Meter Regulating Skid(MRS)harsitatpug
In this, natural gas is supplied through mild steel(MS ) and polyethylene(PE) pipelines to cater to the Natural gas demand in Domestic ,Commercial & Non-Commercial and industrial segments .
This document provides a summary of a training report submitted by Nishant Kumar, a 7th semester student in the Mechanical Engineering department. It thanks various people who provided support and guidance during the project, including the Head of Department, project guide, college staff, and the student's parents. It also lists the contents to be covered in the training report.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Surge Control for Parallel Centrifugal Compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
1. The document discusses different methods for controlling parallel gas compressors to prevent surge during varying load conditions.
2. The base load method operates one compressor at maximum flow while the other swings based on demand, but is inefficient and requires frequent intervention.
3. The suction side speed control and equal flow balance methods aim to control both compressors independently using a master pressure controller and additional elements, but have disadvantages related to complexity and control dynamics.
4. The equidistant to surge line method coordinates anti-surge and load sharing controllers to keep the operating points of both compressors equally distanced from the surge line to handle varying loads while preventing surge.
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
Presentation on Meter Regulating Skid(MRS)harsitatpug
In this, natural gas is supplied through mild steel(MS ) and polyethylene(PE) pipelines to cater to the Natural gas demand in Domestic ,Commercial & Non-Commercial and industrial segments .
This document provides a summary of a training report submitted by Nishant Kumar, a 7th semester student in the Mechanical Engineering department. It thanks various people who provided support and guidance during the project, including the Head of Department, project guide, college staff, and the student's parents. It also lists the contents to be covered in the training report.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
This document demonstrates modeling a cascaded split range controller (CASC-SRC) in Aspen HYSYS Dynamics to control an LNG pump and vaporizer control valve. The CASC-SRC uses a high pressure pump speed controller and vaporizer flow controller, both operating in reverse action. An SRC is added with the flow controller as the first input and pump controller as the second. Low and high range values for each controller are calculated and assigned in the SRC configuration. With the CASC-SRC in auto mode, HYSYS stabilizes at operating points matching the original set points of 2950 rpm pump speed and 7500 kmol/h flow.
Excel sheet Download Link: https://www.scribd.com/document/385945712/PSV-Sizing-Tool-API-Based-Calc-Sheets
PSV Sizing for Blocked Liquid Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Blocked Gas Discharge Condition
PSV Sizing for Fire Case of Liquid Filled Vessel
PSV Sizing for Control Valve Fail Open Case
Relief Valve Sizing for Thermal Expansion
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Gas Flow
Restriction Orifice Sizing for Liquid Flow
Single Phase Flow Line Sizing Tool
Gas Control Valve Sizing Tool
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
Surge Control for Parallel Centrifugal Compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
1. The document discusses different methods for controlling parallel gas compressors to prevent surge during varying load conditions.
2. The base load method operates one compressor at maximum flow while the other swings based on demand, but is inefficient and requires frequent intervention.
3. The suction side speed control and equal flow balance methods aim to control both compressors independently using a master pressure controller and additional elements, but have disadvantages related to complexity and control dynamics.
4. The equidistant to surge line method coordinates anti-surge and load sharing controllers to keep the operating points of both compressors equally distanced from the surge line to handle varying loads while preventing surge.
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
The document describes the basic principles and components of a final control element. It discusses how a process controller's output signal is converted by various components into proportional action on the process. It identifies the typical elements as the control signal, signal conversions, actuator, and final control element. Signal conversions modify the control signal to interface with the actuator. The actuator then translates the converted signal into physical movement of the final control element, which directly influences the process variable. Common types of actuators include pneumatic, hydraulic, electro-pneumatic, and electric motor actuators.
Design Considerations for Antisurge Valve SizingVijay Sarathy
This document provides guidelines for sizing an anti-surge valve for a centrifugal compressor. It begins with definitions of surge and how it can damage compressors. It then outlines the methodology for sizing an anti-surge valve, which involves calculating the valve coefficient based on parameters like mass flow rate, pressure ratio, piping geometry, and gas properties. The document provides a case study applying this methodology to size a 4" anti-surge valve for a gas compressor system operating between 11.61 and 30.13 bara.
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
OPERATING ENVELOPES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial provides a step by step procedure to predict the allowable operating range or “Operating Envelope” for a centrifugal pump’s range of operation.
Vessel Liquid Level On/Off Control in Aspen HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
The document describes how to implement an on/off control system for liquid level in a process vessel using Aspen HYSYS Dynamics. Digital points and a boolean latch operator are used to activate and deactivate the drain valve as the liquid level reaches high and low points. When the liquid level reaches 1800mm, the drain valve opens to drain liquid from the vessel. The valve closes once the level falls to 450mm, allowing the vessel to refill. Figures S.1 through S.9 show the setup and configuration of the digital points, latch operator, and drain valve to achieve this on/off level control behavior.
Energy Savings with Variable Frequency DrivesAzizah Kassim
To understand what is VFD / VSD / ASD / Inverter and what does it do.
To understand what is System Curve, Pump & Fan Curve and also Affinity Law
To understand how VFD saves AC motor ‘s energy
To estimate energy savings by using VFD to control speed of motor driving pumps / fans
To demonstrate few VFD’s applications in building and how it can save the energy
Gas Compression Stages – Process Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial demonstrates how to estimate the required number of compression stages and optimize the individual pressure ratio in a multistage centrifugal compression system.
VARIOUS METHODS OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SURGE CONTROLVijay Sarathy
This document discusses four methods of surge control for centrifugal compressors: 1) controlling surge with a simple minimum flow cold bypass between the discharge and suction sides; 2) controlling surge by altering compressor speed to meet discharge pressure requirements; 3) controlling surge by altering inlet guide vanes or compressor speed to reset cold bypass flow; 4) controlling surge by correlating differential pressure across the compressor to reset minimum cold bypass flow.
This document discusses cascade, ratio, and feedforward control techniques. Cascade control reduces the effect of specific disturbances by using a faster slave loop. Ratio control reduces the effect of feed flow rate changes. Feedforward control compensates for measured disturbances before they affect the process. The document provides examples of how each control technique can be applied and their advantages and limitations.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
The document provides information on process line diagrams, symbols, and standards. It discusses general instruments and how they are represented with a balloon and internal code. It also covers symbols for different types of transmitters, valves, controllers, and line diagrams. Guidelines are provided for instrument identification and procedures in piping and instrumentation diagrams. Letter codes used for instrument identification and examples are also included.
Boiler Drum level measurement in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The paper describes the basics of Boiler Drum water Level measurement in a Thermal Power Station. The Single element and three element control has been described in a very simple manner. Useful for the Thermal Engineers
This case study describes a compressor (C-1714) tripping due to low surge flow. The surge flow dropped to 0 Nm3/Hr below the alarm limit of 700 Nm3/Hr. Potential causes identified include condensate not being released from the air trap, high ambient temperatures, and foreign material choking the air trap valve port. Permanent countermeasures proposed include installing a new ball float type air trap to replace the existing inverted bucket type, cleaning the compressor impeller blades, and conducting a performance test.
Hitachi set free features Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
This document summarizes new features of Hitachi's Set-Free VRF air conditioning system. Key features include inverter compressors with variable speed control and electronic expansion valves for optimized refrigerant flow. It also describes noise reduction modes, automatic refrigerant charge assessment, rotating operation for equal compressor load, and 25-step outdoor fan motor control for improved efficiency.
This document discusses various technologies for measuring the level of liquid in a tank, including both continuous and point-level measurements. It analyzes technologies such as pressure sensors, sight glasses, floats, ultrasonic sensors, and conductivity probes; discussing their advantages and limitations. The objective is to select the most appropriate method for consistently measuring water level to support plastic injection molding operations and maintain sufficient water supply and pump pressure.
Variable Speed Drives for Gas compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
To understand the effects of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) and Fixed Speed Drive (FSD) mode of operation on gas compressor start-up, a case study is made.
This document discusses cascade control in a power plant boiler. Cascade control uses two controllers, a master and slave, to more precisely control a process. In a boiler, drum level is controlled using cascade control with drum level as the master controller and feedwater flow as the slave controller. This provides improved control over drum level as steam load changes are compensated for through remote manipulation of the feedwater flow setpoint. Benefits of cascade control include reduced lag time and improved dynamic response, while drawbacks include increased complexity, cost, and controller tuning difficulty.
The document summarizes the operations of a city gas station (CGS) in Bawal. The key functions of the CGS include measuring the incoming natural gas volume, reducing the gas pressure for distribution, and adding an odorant for safety. The gas is then distributed through a network of steel and plastic pipes at decreasing pressures down to the end users. Main operations at the CGS include odorizing, filtering, and regulating the pressure of the natural gas, as well as metering the gas volume. Pressure is stepped down from the transmission level of 17-19 bar through different regulating stations down to 0.1-0.5 bar for residential users.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
This document discusses methods for measuring oil, gas, and water production from wells. It begins with an introduction to the importance of metering for accounting, performance analysis, and reservoir management. It then reviews conventional metering methods including turbine, positive displacement, orifice, coriolis, and ultrasonic meters. Alternative metering without separation is also discussed, including multiphase flowmeters using nuclear models. Permanent downhole flowmeters are introduced as well, with communication systems and data analysis described. Major companies involved in production metering are also mentioned.
The document describes the basic principles and components of a final control element. It discusses how a process controller's output signal is converted by various components into proportional action on the process. It identifies the typical elements as the control signal, signal conversions, actuator, and final control element. Signal conversions modify the control signal to interface with the actuator. The actuator then translates the converted signal into physical movement of the final control element, which directly influences the process variable. Common types of actuators include pneumatic, hydraulic, electro-pneumatic, and electric motor actuators.
Design Considerations for Antisurge Valve SizingVijay Sarathy
This document provides guidelines for sizing an anti-surge valve for a centrifugal compressor. It begins with definitions of surge and how it can damage compressors. It then outlines the methodology for sizing an anti-surge valve, which involves calculating the valve coefficient based on parameters like mass flow rate, pressure ratio, piping geometry, and gas properties. The document provides a case study applying this methodology to size a 4" anti-surge valve for a gas compressor system operating between 11.61 and 30.13 bara.
Pneumatic control valve
Actual Pneumatic Control Valve
Typical Actuator & Valve
introduction to actuator
Actuator power
Actuator Fluids
Diaphragm Actuator
Positioner Indicator
Valve Body
Valve Plugs
Reverse & Direct Actuators
Air-To-Open vs. Air-To-Close
control valve
Controller Tuning
Selection of controller modes
Tuning Rules
Ziegler – Nichols Controller Settings
Gas Condensate Separation Stages – Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The life cycle of an oil & gas venture begins at the wellhead where subsurface engineers work their way through surveying, drilling, laying production tubing and well completions. Once a well is completed, gathering lines from each well is laid to gather hydrocarbons and transported via a main trunk line to a gas oil separation unit (GOSP) to be processed further to enhance their product value for sales. Gas condensate wells consist of natural gas which is rich in heavier hydrocarbons that are recovered as liquids in separators in field facilities or gas-oil separation plants (GOSP).
The following tutorial is aimed at demonstrating how to optimize and provide the required number of separation stages to process a gas condensate mixture and separate them into their respective vapour phase and liquid phase – termed as “Stage Separation”. Stage separation consists of laying a series of separators which operate at consecutive lower pressures to strip out vapours from the well liquids & resulting in a stabilized liquid. Prior to any hydrocarbon processing in a gas processing plant or a refinery, it is imperative to maximize the liquid recovery as well as provide a stabilized liquid hydrocarbon.
OPERATING ENVELOPES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial provides a step by step procedure to predict the allowable operating range or “Operating Envelope” for a centrifugal pump’s range of operation.
Vessel Liquid Level On/Off Control in Aspen HYSYS DynamicsVijay Sarathy
The document describes how to implement an on/off control system for liquid level in a process vessel using Aspen HYSYS Dynamics. Digital points and a boolean latch operator are used to activate and deactivate the drain valve as the liquid level reaches high and low points. When the liquid level reaches 1800mm, the drain valve opens to drain liquid from the vessel. The valve closes once the level falls to 450mm, allowing the vessel to refill. Figures S.1 through S.9 show the setup and configuration of the digital points, latch operator, and drain valve to achieve this on/off level control behavior.
Energy Savings with Variable Frequency DrivesAzizah Kassim
To understand what is VFD / VSD / ASD / Inverter and what does it do.
To understand what is System Curve, Pump & Fan Curve and also Affinity Law
To understand how VFD saves AC motor ‘s energy
To estimate energy savings by using VFD to control speed of motor driving pumps / fans
To demonstrate few VFD’s applications in building and how it can save the energy
Gas Compression Stages – Process Design & OptimizationVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial demonstrates how to estimate the required number of compression stages and optimize the individual pressure ratio in a multistage centrifugal compression system.
VARIOUS METHODS OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SURGE CONTROLVijay Sarathy
This document discusses four methods of surge control for centrifugal compressors: 1) controlling surge with a simple minimum flow cold bypass between the discharge and suction sides; 2) controlling surge by altering compressor speed to meet discharge pressure requirements; 3) controlling surge by altering inlet guide vanes or compressor speed to reset cold bypass flow; 4) controlling surge by correlating differential pressure across the compressor to reset minimum cold bypass flow.
This document discusses cascade, ratio, and feedforward control techniques. Cascade control reduces the effect of specific disturbances by using a faster slave loop. Ratio control reduces the effect of feed flow rate changes. Feedforward control compensates for measured disturbances before they affect the process. The document provides examples of how each control technique can be applied and their advantages and limitations.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
The document provides information on process line diagrams, symbols, and standards. It discusses general instruments and how they are represented with a balloon and internal code. It also covers symbols for different types of transmitters, valves, controllers, and line diagrams. Guidelines are provided for instrument identification and procedures in piping and instrumentation diagrams. Letter codes used for instrument identification and examples are also included.
Boiler Drum level measurement in Thermal Power StationsManohar Tatwawadi
The paper describes the basics of Boiler Drum water Level measurement in a Thermal Power Station. The Single element and three element control has been described in a very simple manner. Useful for the Thermal Engineers
This case study describes a compressor (C-1714) tripping due to low surge flow. The surge flow dropped to 0 Nm3/Hr below the alarm limit of 700 Nm3/Hr. Potential causes identified include condensate not being released from the air trap, high ambient temperatures, and foreign material choking the air trap valve port. Permanent countermeasures proposed include installing a new ball float type air trap to replace the existing inverted bucket type, cleaning the compressor impeller blades, and conducting a performance test.
Hitachi set free features Compressors system Designing 919825024651Sdsplit Split
This document summarizes new features of Hitachi's Set-Free VRF air conditioning system. Key features include inverter compressors with variable speed control and electronic expansion valves for optimized refrigerant flow. It also describes noise reduction modes, automatic refrigerant charge assessment, rotating operation for equal compressor load, and 25-step outdoor fan motor control for improved efficiency.
This document discusses various technologies for measuring the level of liquid in a tank, including both continuous and point-level measurements. It analyzes technologies such as pressure sensors, sight glasses, floats, ultrasonic sensors, and conductivity probes; discussing their advantages and limitations. The objective is to select the most appropriate method for consistently measuring water level to support plastic injection molding operations and maintain sufficient water supply and pump pressure.
Variable Speed Drives for Gas compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
To understand the effects of Variable Speed Drive (VSD) and Fixed Speed Drive (FSD) mode of operation on gas compressor start-up, a case study is made.
This document discusses cascade control in a power plant boiler. Cascade control uses two controllers, a master and slave, to more precisely control a process. In a boiler, drum level is controlled using cascade control with drum level as the master controller and feedwater flow as the slave controller. This provides improved control over drum level as steam load changes are compensated for through remote manipulation of the feedwater flow setpoint. Benefits of cascade control include reduced lag time and improved dynamic response, while drawbacks include increased complexity, cost, and controller tuning difficulty.
The document summarizes the operations of a city gas station (CGS) in Bawal. The key functions of the CGS include measuring the incoming natural gas volume, reducing the gas pressure for distribution, and adding an odorant for safety. The gas is then distributed through a network of steel and plastic pipes at decreasing pressures down to the end users. Main operations at the CGS include odorizing, filtering, and regulating the pressure of the natural gas, as well as metering the gas volume. Pressure is stepped down from the transmission level of 17-19 bar through different regulating stations down to 0.1-0.5 bar for residential users.
A reciprocating compressor uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to compress gases. It can operate from vacuum to very high pressures. The document discusses the key components of a reciprocating compressor system including cylinders, valves, coolers, pulsation suppression devices, piping, instrumentation, and controls. Process calculations like pipe sizing, blowdown analysis, and hydrate predictions are required. A process simulation and PFD provide design details. Capacity control methods include speed variation, clearance pockets, and suction unloaders.
This document discusses methods for measuring oil, gas, and water production from wells. It begins with an introduction to the importance of metering for accounting, performance analysis, and reservoir management. It then reviews conventional metering methods including turbine, positive displacement, orifice, coriolis, and ultrasonic meters. Alternative metering without separation is also discussed, including multiphase flowmeters using nuclear models. Permanent downhole flowmeters are introduced as well, with communication systems and data analysis described. Major companies involved in production metering are also mentioned.
1. Hydraulic systems typically operate at higher pressures than pneumatic systems and are suitable for very high loads, while pneumatic systems are generally used for lower pressures and forces.
2. Hydraulic components like cylinders and valves tend to be more expensive than similar pneumatic components.
3. Pneumatic systems use compressed air and flexible tubing, while hydraulic systems use pressurized liquids and metal tubing to withstand higher pressures.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of an industrial hydraulic system. The system uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to power machinery through either an open or closed loop circuit. It then describes the specific hydraulic system used for a gasification unit, including the power pack, working field circuit, and recirculation unit. It provides details on the hydraulic reservoir, pumps, filters, accumulators, valves, actuators, and other critical components that make up the system. Maintenance procedures are also briefly outlined.
Turbine meters measure natural gas flow by counting the revolutions of a rotor within the meter. The document discusses turbine meter operating conditions, performance requirements, calibration, installation specifications, and environmental considerations. Turbine meters should be installed and calibrated according to manufacturer specifications to ensure accurate measurement of natural gas flow.
Hedland offers a complete line of over 15,000 variable area flow meters to measure oil, hydraulic oil, phosphate esters, water and water-based fluids, as well as air and other compressed gases.
City Gas Distribution (CGD) networks transport natural gas through interconnected pipelines from transmission mains to distribution grids and service pipes supplying gas to homes and businesses. The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board authorizes entities to develop CGD networks in specified geographical areas of India. Technical standards and specifications include safety standards for equipment in CGD networks. The city gate station is where custody of gas transfers from transmission pipelines to the CGD network.
This document provides information about the functioning and components of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the pneumatic system including high, intermediate and low pressure sections. It describes the cylinders, regulators, flow meters, vaporizers and safety features. The key functions of the anesthesia machine are to provide oxygen, enable accurate gas mixture delivery and patient ventilation, and minimize risks to patients and staff. Safety features discussed include pin indexing systems, alarms and proportioning devices to prevent hypoxic gas delivery.
Overview of the range of turbine meters available from Blancett including sanitary turbine meters for food, beverage and pharmaceuticals. This presentation also explains the operating principle of turbine flow meters.
The document discusses various pressure measurement instruments such as pressure gauges, pressure switches, differential pressure gauges, and pressure transmitters. It describes the measuring principles, components, installation guidelines, and factors to consider when selecting pressure instruments for applications involving gases, liquids, and other process media. Proper instrument selection and installation is important to ensure accurate pressure measurement over the operating temperature and pressure ranges.
Cox Precision metering products by Badger Meter provide flow measurement solutions for the test and measurement market and precision industrial applications.
This document discusses surge in compressors and methods for controlling and preventing surge. It defines surge as a condition where the flow of gas reverses in a compressor. Left uncontrolled, surge can damage compressor components. The document describes several antisurge control methods that use recycle valves and control lines to detect impending surge and take corrective action by adjusting compressor operating points away from the surge limit. It also discusses using compressor performance control to match throughput to load by regulating discharge pressure, suction pressure, or net flow through adjustments to blow-off valves, throttling valves, inlet guide vanes, or compressor speed.
Improving Energy Efficiency of Pumps and Fanseecfncci
Pumps and Fans are energy consuming equipment that can be found in almost all Industries. Therefore, it is important to check if they are running efficiently. This presentation give an overview about energy saving opportunities in pump and fan equipment. It was prepared in the context of energy auditor training in Nepal in the context of GIZ/NEEP programme. For further information go to EEC webpage: http://eec-fncci.org/
The document describes upgrading the control system of flow calibration rigs from obsolete to PLC-based control. It provides details on the components, working, and I/O requirements of three electromagnetic flow meter calibration rigs of different pipe sizes. The upgrade aims to increase accuracy and reduce labor by automating calibration using a PLC controller that receives inputs from sensors and actuators and provides outputs to control actuators and record measurements.
Derive accurate liquid and gas measurements using flow switches and meters.Gordy's Sensors
Gordy’s Sensors presents unique and compact flow switches and meters that aid in measuring the linear, nonlinear, mass, or volumetric flow rate of liquid or gas. More details please visit https://www.aniarticles.com/7837-derive-accurate-liquid-and-gas-measurements-using-flow-switches-and
CNG Technical & Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline.pptxRishabh Sirvaiya
Technical Presentation of Dispenser, Compressor, Cascade, Cylinder manufacturing & Mass flow meter.
Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline of CGD Network
An Investigation on the Performance Characteristics of a Centrifugal CompressorIJERD Editor
The design and off-design performance characteristics of single stage centrifugal compressor
consisting of 12 vanes impeller interfacing with 11 vanes diffuser have been studied experimentally and
numerically. The impeller has been designed and developed with radial exit, 30o inlet blade angle (with
tangent), 77 mm diameter and the discharge volute considering constant mean flow velocity. The performance
of the compressor at varying capacity (60 to 120 % of design) by controlling the discharge valve and with the
variation of rotating speed (15000 to 35000 rpm) by regulating speed of the coupled gas turbine has been
conducted at the recently developed test rig. The numerical simulation has been done by adopting viscous
Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with and without Coriolis Force & Centrifugal Force in
rotating reference frame (impeller) and stationary reference frame (casing) respectively utilizing CFD software
Fluent 14. The flow around a single vane of impeller interfacing with single vane of diffuser, the rotational
periodicity and sliding mesh at the interfacing zone between rotating impeller and stationery diffuser are
considered. Non dimensional performance curves derived from experimental and numerical results are
presented and compared. The numerical results are found to match very closely with the experimented data near
the design point and deviation is observed at the both side of the designed operating point. Non-uniform
pressure profiles towards the impeller exit and strong cross flow from blade to blade are detected at low flow
operating conditions. Total pressure, static pressure and velocity distributions at design and off design
operation obtained from the CFD results are analysed and presented here.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
2. Introduction to PNG
• PNG stand for Piped Natural Gas .
• In this, natural gas is supplied through mild
steel(MS ) and polyethylene(PE) pipelines to
cater to the Natural gas demand in Domestic
,Commercial & Non-Commercial and industrial
segments .
• In PNG the pressure varies from 4 bar to 21 mili
bar.
3. Network of PNG line
• CGS-City Gate Station
• CPRS-Common Pressure reduction Skid
• DRS-District Regulating Skid
• MRS –Meter Regulating Skid
• SR-Service Regulator
• CNG-Compressor Natural Gas .
• NOTE :Gas form the CGS is of 26 bar , Figure shows old Data of Gujarat Gas CGS.
4. What is high pressure MRS/IMS ?
• MRS stand for
Meter Regulating
skid / Industrial
Regulating skid.
• MRS basically
convert the pressure
of 4 Bar to 1.5 bar
with the help of
PRV.
• It is used to supply
Natural gas at a
pressure of 1.5 bar
to industries .
5. MRS consist of following components -:
• Filter
• Pilot operated PRV
with slam shut valve
(SSV)
• Rotary Gas Meter
• CRV -Creep Relief
valve
• Strainer
• ECV-Electronic
Volume Converter.
• Pressure gauge
• Ball valve
6. Flow diagram for MRS
• Inlet line Filter PRV Meter Outlet line
7. Working of MRS
• Natural gas of 4 bar enter the filter and gas is filtered .
• After ,filtrations gas enter the pressure regulating valve
which convert the gas pressure of 4 bar to 1.5 bar .
• After conversion of gas to 1.5 bar, the gas flow through
the rotary gas meter which measure the volume of fuel
gas and is passed to outlet to customer for consumption.
• The PRV is linked with slam shut valve (SSV) which is
set at a pressure of 2.1 bar for tripping the system , in
case pressure increases beyond permissible limit. Creep
relief valve(CRV) which is safety device and mounted
after PRV ,set at a limiting pressure of 1.9 Bar.
• When the pressure increases from 1.9 Bar ,the CRV start
puffing.
8. Function of different components in MRS
• Filter – It is used
to screens out
dirt and rust
particles from
the fuels . Filter
Cartridge of 5
Microns is used
generally.(1
microns =1x10^-
6 m)
• MAKE-Delta
filters (OD x ID x
L=75x40x300)
9. • PRV–Pressure Regulating
Valve
• It automatically reduces a
higher inlet pressure to a
steady lower downstream
pressure ,regardless of
changing flow rate and
varying inlet pressure.
• Like other PRV ,pilot
operated regulating valve
are used for emergency
relief during overpressure
events .
10. SSV-Slam Shut Valve (Tripping Pressure=2.1 Bar)
• It is installed
immediately after the
filter and is attached to
the regulator .
• It normally remains in
open mode ,in case the
pressure of the regulator
exceeds the permissible
limit ,the slam shut off
valve senses it through
the impulse line and
immediately shut off the
flow.
11. CRV- Creep Relief Valve (Puffing Pressure =1.9 Bar)
• Relief valve is designed or set
open at a predetermined set
pressure to protect the
pressure vessel and other
equipment from being
subjected to pressure that
exceeds their design limit.
• The creep relief valve is set at
a pressure of 1.9 Bar
12. ECV-Electronic Gas Volume Convertor
• It takes the incoming
pulse signal from a
gas meter and also
record the local
pressure and
temperature to
calculate the
standard of gas that
has passed through
the gas flow meter.
13. Rotary Gas Meter
• These are highly machined
precision instruments
capable of handling higher
volume and pressure than
diaphragm meters .Within,
meter two 8 shaped lobes
,the rotor spin in precise
alignment ,with each turn
they move a specific
quantity of gas through
meter .The rotational
movement of the crank shaft
serves as a primary flow
element and produce
electrical pulses for a flow
computer .
16. Activities of Preventive Maintenance in MRS
• Cleaning of MRS.
• Corrosion survey.
• Leak test of TF joint ,other joints and tubes.
• Cleaning of filter .
• Cleaning of strainer .
• Overhauling of PRV .
• Setting of pressure .
• Functional check of SSV,CRV and PRV.
• Visual check of running meter and meter oil.
• Lubrication and greasing canopy door hinges .
17. Type of complains
• Low Pressure
• High Pressure
• No Gas
• Meter Not working
• Gas Leakage
• Pressure Fluctuation
• Meter Hanged
• Pipeline Damaged (MRS Pipeline)
• Meter Running Fast
• Fire
• Gas smell
22. Low Pressure MRS
• In pressure MRS pressure of 4 bar is converted
to 21 mbar .
• It consist of Following
Components-:
1)Service Regulator(SC)
2)Rotary Gas Meter
3)Strainer