This document provides information about the functioning and components of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the pneumatic system including high, intermediate and low pressure sections. It describes the cylinders, regulators, flow meters, vaporizers and safety features. The key functions of the anesthesia machine are to provide oxygen, enable accurate gas mixture delivery and patient ventilation, and minimize risks to patients and staff. Safety features discussed include pin indexing systems, alarms and proportioning devices to prevent hypoxic gas delivery.
Anesthesia workstation , electrical components , high pressureKunal Agarwal
The document summarizes key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the electrical components that power devices on the machine. It describes the high pressure and intermediate pressure systems that deliver medical gases from cylinders to the patient. It also provides an overview of medical gas cylinders including components, standards, color coding and pressure relationships.
1. The document describes the history and components of the anaesthesia machine. It traces the evolution of the machine from its origins in the 1840s to modern developments in the 1920s-1950s.
2. The key components of the anaesthesia machine are described in detail, including gas cylinders, regulators, flowmeters, vaporizers and the breathing circuit. Precise gas mixtures are delivered to the patient to induce and maintain anaesthesia.
3. Safety features of the machine such as colour coding, cylinder labels, pressure relief devices and the pin-index system are emphasized to minimize risks to patients and staff from the gases used.
The document summarizes key components of the low-pressure system of an anaesthesia machine, including flowmeters, hypoxia prevention safety devices, unidirectional valves, and the common gas outlet. It describes how flowmeters work using a mechanical float and how they ensure a minimum oxygen flow. It also discusses limitations of proportioning systems for preventing hypoxic mixtures and the purpose of unidirectional valves.
The document discusses the components and functioning of the anesthesia machine. It describes the anesthesia machine as integrating components for anesthesia administration. The machine consists of the anesthesia machine itself, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, monitors and may include drug delivery systems. The document outlines the history of developments to the anesthesia machine since its original conception in 1917. It also describes the types of machines, standards, and basic schematics including electrical, pneumatic and gas supply components.
An anesthesia machine uses gas supply and delivery systems to provide precise mixtures of medical gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic vapors to patients during surgery. Key components include connections to hospital gas lines, reserve gas cylinders, flow meters, vaporizers, and monitors. Modern machines also integrate ventilators and monitors for vital signs. Anesthesia machines allow anesthesiologists to safely induce and maintain general anesthesia, while carefully controlling gas concentrations and supporting patient breathing.
The document provides information on the history and evolution of anesthesia machines. It discusses key developments from the early prototypes in the 1900s to modern safety features. Some of the major developments include the introduction of oxygen and nitrous oxide cylinders in the late 19th century, the addition of vaporizing bottles in the early 20th century, and the introduction of the circle absorption system in the 1930s. The document outlines the essential safety features of modern anesthesia workstations, including non-interchangeable gas connections, pin index safety systems, oxygen monitors and alarms, and vaporizer interlocks. It also describes the functional anatomy of an anesthesia machine in terms of the high, intermediate, and low pressure systems.
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
The Anesthesia gas machine is a device which delivers a precisely known but variable gas mixture ,including anesthetizing and life sustaining gases.
There are several difference between newer and older anesthesia machines.
Advanced ventilators are the biggest difference between newer and older gas machine.
Anesthesia workstation , electrical components , high pressureKunal Agarwal
The document summarizes key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the electrical components that power devices on the machine. It describes the high pressure and intermediate pressure systems that deliver medical gases from cylinders to the patient. It also provides an overview of medical gas cylinders including components, standards, color coding and pressure relationships.
1. The document describes the history and components of the anaesthesia machine. It traces the evolution of the machine from its origins in the 1840s to modern developments in the 1920s-1950s.
2. The key components of the anaesthesia machine are described in detail, including gas cylinders, regulators, flowmeters, vaporizers and the breathing circuit. Precise gas mixtures are delivered to the patient to induce and maintain anaesthesia.
3. Safety features of the machine such as colour coding, cylinder labels, pressure relief devices and the pin-index system are emphasized to minimize risks to patients and staff from the gases used.
The document summarizes key components of the low-pressure system of an anaesthesia machine, including flowmeters, hypoxia prevention safety devices, unidirectional valves, and the common gas outlet. It describes how flowmeters work using a mechanical float and how they ensure a minimum oxygen flow. It also discusses limitations of proportioning systems for preventing hypoxic mixtures and the purpose of unidirectional valves.
The document discusses the components and functioning of the anesthesia machine. It describes the anesthesia machine as integrating components for anesthesia administration. The machine consists of the anesthesia machine itself, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, monitors and may include drug delivery systems. The document outlines the history of developments to the anesthesia machine since its original conception in 1917. It also describes the types of machines, standards, and basic schematics including electrical, pneumatic and gas supply components.
An anesthesia machine uses gas supply and delivery systems to provide precise mixtures of medical gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic vapors to patients during surgery. Key components include connections to hospital gas lines, reserve gas cylinders, flow meters, vaporizers, and monitors. Modern machines also integrate ventilators and monitors for vital signs. Anesthesia machines allow anesthesiologists to safely induce and maintain general anesthesia, while carefully controlling gas concentrations and supporting patient breathing.
The document provides information on the history and evolution of anesthesia machines. It discusses key developments from the early prototypes in the 1900s to modern safety features. Some of the major developments include the introduction of oxygen and nitrous oxide cylinders in the late 19th century, the addition of vaporizing bottles in the early 20th century, and the introduction of the circle absorption system in the 1930s. The document outlines the essential safety features of modern anesthesia workstations, including non-interchangeable gas connections, pin index safety systems, oxygen monitors and alarms, and vaporizer interlocks. It also describes the functional anatomy of an anesthesia machine in terms of the high, intermediate, and low pressure systems.
The document discusses the components and functioning of an anaesthesia work station's high pressure system. It describes the key components including gas cylinders, hanger yokes, cylinder pressure indicators, and pressure regulators. Gas cylinders contain medical gases at high pressure and have valves, handles, pressure relief devices, and markings. Hanger yokes orient and secure cylinders, providing a gas-tight seal. Cylinder pressure indicators display the pressure level in cylinders. Pressure regulators reduce the high cylinder pressure to a lower, constant pressure suitable for use in the anaesthesia machine.
The Anesthesia gas machine is a device which delivers a precisely known but variable gas mixture ,including anesthetizing and life sustaining gases.
There are several difference between newer and older anesthesia machines.
Advanced ventilators are the biggest difference between newer and older gas machine.
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstationDhritiman Chakrabarti
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It is divided into two main parts - the electrical system and pneumatic system. The pneumatic system has three pressure systems: high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure. Key components described include the pressure regulating valves, flowmeters, minimum oxygen safety devices, vaporizers, and check valves. Proper placement and functioning of components is important for safety.
The key points of the document are:
1) The most important part of pre-use checks on an anesthesia workstation is verifying the presence of a self-inflating resuscitation bag in case of issues with ventilation or oxygenation.
2) An ideal vaporizer would maintain a constant output concentration regardless of changes in gas flow, temperature, pressure, or carrier gas composition, but real vaporizers are affected by these factors.
3) Modern vaporizers use various techniques like temperature compensation and automatic controls to minimize fluctuations in vapor concentration due to changes in ambient conditions.
The document discusses the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It originated from Boyle's machine developed in 1917. The machine has 3 circuits - high, intermediate, and low pressure circuits. It precisely delivers a mixture of gases including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and other gases. Key components discussed include the hanger yoke, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, and safety features like the oxygen failure device.
The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used by anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient monitoring devices.
Medical gas cylinders come in various sizes and contain gases at high pressure. They consist of a body, valve, port, and pressure relief devices. The body is made of steel alloys and varies in thickness. Valves can be packed or diaphragm type and are used to fill and discharge the cylinder. Pressure relief devices like rupture discs or fusible plugs vent excess pressure. Cylinders are color coded and use a pin index safety system to prevent connecting the wrong gas to equipment. Common sizes are D, E, and H, containing different volumes of gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide at pressures around 1900-2200 psi.
The anesthesia machine delivers precise gas mixtures including oxygen and anesthetic gases. Newer machines have advanced ventilators and electronic components compared to older models. An anesthesia workstation integrates components like gas cylinders, flow meters, ventilators into a single unit. Key components include pressure regulators, flow meters, and safety features to prevent gas shortage or hypoxic mixtures from being delivered. Modern machines use digital displays and computer controls for improved monitoring and safety.
The document summarizes various safety features of anaesthesia machines. It describes safety features at each stage of the gas delivery system - high pressure (cylinder), intermediate pressure (pipeline), and low pressure (flowmeters). Key safety features discussed include pin-index systems to prevent wrong gas cylinder attachment, filters to prevent particle entry, pressure regulators, pipeline connections, pressure gauges, oxygen failure safety devices, gas selector switches, flowmeters with stopcocks, minimum oxygen flow and ratio requirements, and check valves to prevent backflow.
This document discusses electrical safety in operating rooms. It begins by introducing several doctors and the hospital. It then defines key electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's Law. It explains how electricity can enter the body through resistive or capacitive coupling. It discusses the types of electrical current, determinants of electrical injuries, and the effects on different body tissues and organs. The document concludes by outlining various prevention methods for electrical hazards like insulation, grounding, and use of protective devices.
This document provides information on compressed medical gases used in anesthesia. It discusses various pressure units like PSI, PSIG and PSID. It describes properties of common medical gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide and differences between gases and vapors. The document outlines cylinder construction materials, sizes and labeling requirements. It also summarizes safe practices for gas storage, cylinder transportation, connection and disconnection.
This document discusses the circle system used in anesthesia. It describes the components of the circle system including the absorber, canisters, unidirectional valves, fresh gas inlet, adjustable pressure limiting valve, and reservoir bag. It explains how the circle system works and how it can be configured as a closed, semi-closed, or semi-open system depending on the fresh gas flow. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the circle system and components like the absorber, how it neutralizes carbon dioxide, and factors that influence compound A and carbon monoxide formation.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It describes the machine's pneumatic system including high, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features are outlined such as oxygen failure protections, monitors, and alarms. The document concludes with instructions for checking the various parts of the anesthesia machine prior to use.
mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
• Medical gas supply system in hospitals and
other healthcare facilities are utilized to supply
specialized gases and gas mixtures to various
parts of the facility .
Supply of Medical Gases:
• From:
• Cylinders (Manifold)
• PIPED gas system
• Medical gases commonly
used:
• Oxygen
• Nitrous oxide
• Air
• Nitrogen
• Carbon Dioxide
This document provides an overview of arterial blood pressure monitoring. It discusses the history and development of non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques. It then focuses on the components, principles, and technical aspects of invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using an intra-arterial catheter connected to a transducer system. Key points covered include the components of the measuring system, optimizing the system's natural frequency and damping, and the importance of zeroing and leveling the transducer.
An anesthesia workstation integrates components for anesthesia administration into one unit. It consists of an anesthesia machine, vaporizers, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, and monitors. Key components include the gas supply system, which receives gases from cylinders and pipelines and regulates pressures, and the vaporizer manifold and anesthetic vaporizers. Modern workstations have additional safety features to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures and other hazards.
updated slides from previous slides too much precise and very help full information for Bio-medical Engineers, Doctors, thanks for slides comment below email.
This document discusses the classification and working of anaesthesia ventilators. It describes how ventilators are classified based on their power and cycling mechanism. The key types are discussed as being pneumatically driven bellows ventilators and mechanically driven piston ventilators. The workings of bellows ventilators are explained as using bellows to interface between gas circuits, while piston ventilators use electric motors to compress gas. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. Common ventilation modes for anaesthesia like volume control, pressure control and others are also summarized.
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
Delivering only intended gases from the anaesthesia workstationDhritiman Chakrabarti
This document discusses various safety features of gas delivery equipment used in anesthesia to help ensure only the intended gas is delivered. It covers cylinder safety features like colour coding, labelling, valve connections, and pin index systems. It also discusses pipeline safety features to prevent misconnections, including the diameter index safety system (DISS) and quick connectors. Issues like cross-connections at supply manifolds and terminal units are addressed. User precautions are outlined to help avoid delivery of unintended gases.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of an anesthesia machine. It is divided into two main parts - the electrical system and pneumatic system. The pneumatic system has three pressure systems: high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure. Key components described include the pressure regulating valves, flowmeters, minimum oxygen safety devices, vaporizers, and check valves. Proper placement and functioning of components is important for safety.
The key points of the document are:
1) The most important part of pre-use checks on an anesthesia workstation is verifying the presence of a self-inflating resuscitation bag in case of issues with ventilation or oxygenation.
2) An ideal vaporizer would maintain a constant output concentration regardless of changes in gas flow, temperature, pressure, or carrier gas composition, but real vaporizers are affected by these factors.
3) Modern vaporizers use various techniques like temperature compensation and automatic controls to minimize fluctuations in vapor concentration due to changes in ambient conditions.
The document discusses the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It originated from Boyle's machine developed in 1917. The machine has 3 circuits - high, intermediate, and low pressure circuits. It precisely delivers a mixture of gases including oxygen, nitrous oxide, and other gases. Key components discussed include the hanger yoke, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, and safety features like the oxygen failure device.
The anaesthetic machine (UK English) or anesthesia machine (US English) or Boyle's machine is used by anaesthesiologists, nurse anaesthetists, and anaesthesiologist assistants to support the administration of anaesthesia. The most common type of anaesthetic machine in use in the developed world is the continuous-flow anaesthetic machine, which is designed to provide an accurate and continuous supply of medical gases (such as oxygen and nitrous oxide), mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour (such as isoflurane), and deliver this to the patient at a safe pressure and flow. Modern machines incorporate a ventilator, suction unit, and patient monitoring devices.
Medical gas cylinders come in various sizes and contain gases at high pressure. They consist of a body, valve, port, and pressure relief devices. The body is made of steel alloys and varies in thickness. Valves can be packed or diaphragm type and are used to fill and discharge the cylinder. Pressure relief devices like rupture discs or fusible plugs vent excess pressure. Cylinders are color coded and use a pin index safety system to prevent connecting the wrong gas to equipment. Common sizes are D, E, and H, containing different volumes of gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide at pressures around 1900-2200 psi.
The anesthesia machine delivers precise gas mixtures including oxygen and anesthetic gases. Newer machines have advanced ventilators and electronic components compared to older models. An anesthesia workstation integrates components like gas cylinders, flow meters, ventilators into a single unit. Key components include pressure regulators, flow meters, and safety features to prevent gas shortage or hypoxic mixtures from being delivered. Modern machines use digital displays and computer controls for improved monitoring and safety.
The document summarizes various safety features of anaesthesia machines. It describes safety features at each stage of the gas delivery system - high pressure (cylinder), intermediate pressure (pipeline), and low pressure (flowmeters). Key safety features discussed include pin-index systems to prevent wrong gas cylinder attachment, filters to prevent particle entry, pressure regulators, pipeline connections, pressure gauges, oxygen failure safety devices, gas selector switches, flowmeters with stopcocks, minimum oxygen flow and ratio requirements, and check valves to prevent backflow.
This document discusses electrical safety in operating rooms. It begins by introducing several doctors and the hospital. It then defines key electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's Law. It explains how electricity can enter the body through resistive or capacitive coupling. It discusses the types of electrical current, determinants of electrical injuries, and the effects on different body tissues and organs. The document concludes by outlining various prevention methods for electrical hazards like insulation, grounding, and use of protective devices.
This document provides information on compressed medical gases used in anesthesia. It discusses various pressure units like PSI, PSIG and PSID. It describes properties of common medical gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide and differences between gases and vapors. The document outlines cylinder construction materials, sizes and labeling requirements. It also summarizes safe practices for gas storage, cylinder transportation, connection and disconnection.
This document discusses the circle system used in anesthesia. It describes the components of the circle system including the absorber, canisters, unidirectional valves, fresh gas inlet, adjustable pressure limiting valve, and reservoir bag. It explains how the circle system works and how it can be configured as a closed, semi-closed, or semi-open system depending on the fresh gas flow. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the circle system and components like the absorber, how it neutralizes carbon dioxide, and factors that influence compound A and carbon monoxide formation.
This document provides an overview of the history and components of an anesthesia machine. It describes the machine's pneumatic system including high, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features are outlined such as oxygen failure protections, monitors, and alarms. The document concludes with instructions for checking the various parts of the anesthesia machine prior to use.
mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
• Medical gas supply system in hospitals and
other healthcare facilities are utilized to supply
specialized gases and gas mixtures to various
parts of the facility .
Supply of Medical Gases:
• From:
• Cylinders (Manifold)
• PIPED gas system
• Medical gases commonly
used:
• Oxygen
• Nitrous oxide
• Air
• Nitrogen
• Carbon Dioxide
This document provides an overview of arterial blood pressure monitoring. It discusses the history and development of non-invasive blood pressure measurement techniques. It then focuses on the components, principles, and technical aspects of invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring using an intra-arterial catheter connected to a transducer system. Key points covered include the components of the measuring system, optimizing the system's natural frequency and damping, and the importance of zeroing and leveling the transducer.
An anesthesia workstation integrates components for anesthesia administration into one unit. It consists of an anesthesia machine, vaporizers, ventilator, breathing system, scavenging system, and monitors. Key components include the gas supply system, which receives gases from cylinders and pipelines and regulates pressures, and the vaporizer manifold and anesthetic vaporizers. Modern workstations have additional safety features to prevent delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures and other hazards.
updated slides from previous slides too much precise and very help full information for Bio-medical Engineers, Doctors, thanks for slides comment below email.
This document discusses the classification and working of anaesthesia ventilators. It describes how ventilators are classified based on their power and cycling mechanism. The key types are discussed as being pneumatically driven bellows ventilators and mechanically driven piston ventilators. The workings of bellows ventilators are explained as using bellows to interface between gas circuits, while piston ventilators use electric motors to compress gas. Advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. Common ventilation modes for anaesthesia like volume control, pressure control and others are also summarized.
The 2000 ASTM F1850-00 standard states that anesthesia gas supply devices must be designed so that whenever oxygen supply pressure is reduced below the manufacturer's minimum specification, the delivered oxygen concentration does not decrease below 19% at the common gas outlet. The standard also requires alarms to sound within 5 seconds if oxygen supply pressure falls below approximately 200 kPa. Safety features of anesthesia machines include oxygen/nitrous oxide proportioning systems, oxygen failure safety devices, oxygen supply failure alarms, and vaporizer interlocks.
This document provides information on the design and components of intermediate and low pressure anaesthesia systems. It discusses the history of anaesthesia machines and describes the key parts of the high, intermediate and low pressure systems. These include oxygen cylinders, pressure regulators, pipelines, flow meters, vaporizers and the common gas outlet. Safety features like oxygen failure devices and their purpose are also explained.
This document discusses the essential safety features of Boyle's anaesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features include pin indexing and color coding of gas cylinders to prevent misconnections, minimum oxygen requirements to prevent hypoxia, oxygen failure alarms and cutoff devices, and monitoring equipment to detect issues and protect patient safety.
The document provides an overview of the key components and systems of an anesthesia machine, including:
1) The high pressure and low pressure systems that deliver gases from cylinders or pipelines to the vaporizers and breathing circuit.
2) Safety features like fail-safe valves that monitor oxygen pressure and proportion gas flows to prevent hypoxic mixtures.
3) Components of the breathing circuit like the adjustable pressure limiting valve and circle system configuration.
4) The scavenging system that protects the circuit from excessive pressures and pollution of the operating room.
The document describes the key components and functioning of an anesthesia machine. It discusses the high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure systems. Key parts include the cylinder connections, pressure regulators, flow meters, vaporizers, circle breathing system, and adjustable pressure limiting valve. It also notes some limitations of fail-safe devices and proportioning systems in fully preventing delivery of hypoxic gas mixtures under certain fault conditions.
This document discusses pneumatic components and systems. It describes properties of air and compressors used to generate compressed air. It discusses the function of fluid, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) units and common pneumatic components like air control valves, quick exhaust valves, cylinders, and air motors. Applications of pneumatic systems are also listed, such as material handling, drilling, punching, and assembly operations.
This document discusses pneumatic components and systems. It describes properties of air and compressors used to generate compressed air. It discusses the function of fluid, regulator, and lubricator (FRL) units and common pneumatic components like air control valves, quick exhaust valves, cylinders, and air motors. Applications of pneumatic systems are also listed, such as material handling, drilling, punching, and assembly operations.
Properties of air – Perfect Gas Laws – Compressor – Filters, Regulator, Lubricator, Muffler, Air
control Valves, Quick Exhaust Valves, Pneumatic actuators, Design of Pneumatic circuit – Cascade method – Electro Pneumatic System – Elements – Ladder diagram – Problems,
Introduction to fluidics and pneumatic logic
The document provides information about anesthesia machines and their components. It discusses the key parts and functions of anesthesia machines including:
- The high pressure system which receives gases from cylinders and regulates pressure.
- The intermediate pressure system which receives gases from regulators and delivers them to flow meters.
- The low pressure system which takes gases from flow meters to the machine outlet and contains vaporizers.
It describes components like pressure regulators, flow meters, safety devices, and the common gas outlet in detail. The document is an overview of the design and workings of modern anesthesia machines.
The document summarizes modifications made to a two-stage centrifugal compressor to convert it into a single-stage compressor suitable for laboratory testing. Key modifications included replacing the refrigerant fluid with air, installing an external drive motor instead of the internal hermetic motor, and adding static pressure taps to the vaneless diffuser and volute casing. Experimental results showed the compressor was operating off-design, with the vaneless diffuser and volute being too large for the mass flow rates tested. Pressure maps revealed distortion in the diffuser and volute due to the tongue region, reducing stage performance.
Medical gas supply systems provide gases to hospitals through cylinders and pipelines. Cylinders contain gases like oxygen, nitrous oxide, and air in compressed form. They have steel bodies, valves to fill and release gas, and pressure relief devices. Pipelines distribute gases from a central source through a main line, risers, and branch lines to terminal units where gases are delivered. Terminal units have automatic shut-off valves and gas-specific connectors to prevent mixing of different gases. Extensive testing ensures medical gas pipelines deliver the proper gas at adequate pressures and purity levels to support patient care.
Improvement of ventilation system in a mining sitesaadamatola
The document discusses improving the ventilation system at the Blue Reef Gold Mine in Tanzania. It is experiencing production stoppages twice a week due to insufficient ventilation. The objectives are to calculate airflow needs, design the primary ventilation system, and identify hindering factors. Data on the mine dimensions, worker numbers, gas levels, temperatures, dust levels and airflow rates at stations is collected and analyzed. The primary ventilation circuit is analyzed using Kirchoff's law to calculate airflow quantities at junctions. Improving the system is expected to enhance worker safety, health and productivity to meet production goals.
This document contains a user manual for automatic control valves that includes the following sections:
- Section 1 provides information on basic valves including their operation, sizing guides for metal valves, details on plastic valves, and installation instructions.
- Section 2 covers automatic control valves in more detail including their design, operating pressures and velocities, media they can control, control options, and hydraulic performance.
- Section 3 includes operating instructions and a troubleshooting guide.
The manual provides technical specifications and guidelines for proper use of different types of automatic control valves for applications like irrigation, sewage, and industrial processes. It explains the valves' components, operation, pressure and flow characteristics.
This document is a user manual for automatic control valves that contains the following sections:
Section 1 discusses basic valves, including how direct-sealing diaphragm valves operate, sizing guides for metal valves, information on plastic valves, and hydraulic properties of water.
Section 2 covers automatic control valves in more detail.
Section 3 provides operating instructions and a troubleshooting guide.
The document provides information on valve types, operating pressures and velocities, media controlled, control media, pressure differentials, pressure losses, cavitation potential, and manual overrides. It also includes sizing tables and discusses hydraulic performance. Plastic valves are introduced as being reliable for corrosive liquids and having advantages like being lightweight
This document provides information on different types of anesthesia machines and their components. It discusses intermittent gas flow machines such as the Entonox apparatus and continuous gas flow machines such as the Boyle machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure systems of anesthesia machines. It provides details on the components of gas cylinders including colors, sizes, and safety features like the pin index system. It also summarizes the key components of the pressure systems including hangers, regulators, filters and check valves.
The document discusses various pressure measurement instruments such as pressure gauges, pressure switches, differential pressure gauges, and pressure transmitters. It describes the measuring principles, components, installation guidelines, and factors to consider when selecting pressure instruments for applications involving gases, liquids, and other process media. Proper instrument selection and installation is important to ensure accurate pressure measurement over the operating temperature and pressure ranges.
CNG Technical & Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline.pptxRishabh Sirvaiya
Technical Presentation of Dispenser, Compressor, Cascade, Cylinder manufacturing & Mass flow meter.
Hydrogen Blending in Natural Gas pipeline of CGD Network
This document discusses instrumentation and measurement of process variables like flow, pressure, temperature, and level. It provides definitions of key terms and explains common instrumentation used to measure different process variables. Specifically, it discusses orifice plates, differential pressure transmitters, and methods of measuring level both directly and indirectly in open and closed tanks.
Similar to anaesthesia machine-140810030802-pptx.pptx (20)
Artificial intelligence in ANESTHESIA .pdfRaj Kumar
The document provides an overview of current and future applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of anesthesiology. It discusses how AI is currently used for tasks like pre-anesthesia checkups, operating room monitoring, and teleanesthesia. It predicts that in the future, AI will allow anesthesiologists to control operating room devices and monitors using voice commands. AI may also help automate some cognitive tasks but dexterous skills will still require human anesthesiologists. While AI can reduce some errors, it is unlikely to fully replace anesthesiologists due to the need for human clinical decision making, especially in complex or emergency situations.
1. The guidelines provide recommendations for the timing of regional anesthesia and anticoagulant/antiplatelet medications to reduce the risk of hematoma formation.
2. The recommendations are based on drug half-lives and allow for clearance of 97% of the drug's anticoagulant effect before placement or removal of catheters. For example, it recommends waiting 5 half-lives after discontinuing warfarin.
3. For novel oral anticoagulants like rivaroxaban and apixaban, it recommends waiting 72 hours before catheter placement or removal and considering anti-Factor Xa levels if less time has elapsed. Monitoring and timing recommendations vary based on each drug's pharmacokinetics
This document discusses the neuromuscular junction and neuromuscular blockade. It begins by describing how indigenous peoples used curare as arrow poison, unintentionally discovering neuromuscular blockade. It then defines the parts of the neuromuscular junction and describes how acetylcholine is released and binds to nicotinic receptors, generating an endplate potential and muscle contraction. Finally, it discusses neuromuscular monitoring techniques like train-of-four stimulation to assess blockade during anesthesia.
1. AKI (acute kidney injury) is defined as an acute decrease in kidney function over hours to days, previously known as acute renal failure. Biomarkers can help detect AKI earlier than creatinine.
2. Causes of AKI include decreased blood flow to the kidneys (pre-renal), direct injury to the kidneys (intrinsic renal), and urinary tract obstruction (post-renal). The most common causes are decreased blood flow due to shock, sepsis, or surgery.
3. Early nephrology consultation and avoiding nephrotoxins may help reduce mortality in AKI. Biomarkers, fluid management, and considering renal replacement therapy are important
This document provides an overview of spinal anesthesia, including its history, anatomy, mechanism of action, and factors influencing the spinal block. It discusses how August Bier performed the first successful spinal anesthetic in 1898, though James Leonard Corning had injected cocaine between lumbar vertebrae in 1885. It also outlines the physiological effects of spinal anesthesia, particularly cardiovascular changes like hypotension from sympathetic blockade, and treatments for related side effects.
Intravenous anaesthetics have been used since the 1600s when wine and beer were injected into dogs. Early intravenous anaesthetics caused adverse effects. Thiopental was the first widely accepted intravenous anaesthetic due to its rapid onset and lack of excitatory effects. Ketamine and propofol were later introduced and are still commonly used today. Intravenous anaesthetics work primarily by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, causing sedation and loss of consciousness. They have rapid onset due to intravenous administration and are metabolized and eliminated primarily in the liver. Common intravenous anaesthetics include barbiturates, propofol, ketamine, benzodiazepines,
About this webinar: This talk will introduce what cancer rehabilitation is, where it fits into the cancer trajectory, and who can benefit from it. In addition, the current landscape of cancer rehabilitation in Canada will be discussed and the need for advocacy to increase access to this essential component of cancer care.
INFECTION OF THE BRAIN -ENCEPHALITIS ( PPT)blessyjannu21
Neurological system includes brain and spinal cord. It plays an important role in functioning of our body. Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain. Causes include viral infections, infections from insect bites or an autoimmune reaction that affects the brain. It can be life-threatening or cause long-term complications. Treatment varies, but most people require hospitalization so they can receive intensive treatment, including life support.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
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4. FUNCTION OF ANESTHESIA MACHINE
Provide o2
Accurate mixture of anesthetics and
mixture
Enable patient ventilation
Minimise anesthesia related risk to
patient and staff
6. PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
HIGH PRESSURE
•
•
•
Cylinders
Hanger Yoke
Cylinder Pressure
Indicator(Gauge)
Pressure Regulators
INTERMEDIAT
E
PRESSURE
Master Switch
Pipeline Inlet
Connections
Pipeline Pressure
Indicators
Piping
Gas Power Outlets
Oxygen Pressure Failure
Devices
Gas Selector Switch
Second stage Pressure
Regulator
Oxygen Flush
Flow Adjustment Control
LOW
PRESSURE
Flowmeter
Unidirectional(Check
Valves
Pressure Relief Device
Low Pressure Piping
Common (Fresh) Gas
Outlet
7. VARIOUS UNITS
• 1 KG/CM2 = 14.223 PSI
• 100KPa =1000mbar=760mm hg=1030 cm h20= 14.7 psi= 1 atm
• 1 psi = 6.895 kpa
• 1 mmhg = 1.36 cm h20 = 1 torr= 1.32mbar
• 1 torr = 133.32 pa
• 1 kPa =7.6 mm hg =0.147 psi
PSI – Pounds per square inch
PSIG – Pounds per square inch gauge
PSIA – Pounds per square inch absolute
PSIA = PSIG + 1 atm
PSIG = PSIA – 1 atm
8. Components
Cylinders- Pressurized container used for storage
and transport.
Boyles machine consist of 2 oxygen ,2 nitrous
oxide
Cylinders are made of chrome molybednum steel 3
mm, aluminium 6 mm .cylinders for m.r.i. room
There are different size of cylinders specified as
A,B,C,D,and others,the size A is smallest, D and E
are in common use
O2 ,N2,AIR in compressed form while N20,CO2
and cyclopropane in liquid form
11. International colour code of cylinder
O2-black with white shoulder
N20-blue
C02-grey
cyclopropane –orange
Air-grey with white /black quarters
Entonox-blue with white/blue quarters
12. COMPONENT OF CYLINDER
Valve: bronze/ brass
There are 2 main types of valves
1.diaphragm- valve stem with adjustable
screw,less likely to leak,expensive,
It can be fully opened using only one half to
three quarter turn
2.Packed or flush type –this noninterchangeble
flush type valve(with pin index system) is commonly
used in modern anaesthetic machine
CONICAL DEPRESSION
13. Pressure relief device.
(safety relief device, safety device)
Purpose :to vent the cylinders contents tothe atmosphere if the
pressure of the enclosed gas increases toa dangerouslevel.
TYPES
1) Rupture Disc
2)Fusible Plug
3)COMBINATION
OF 1 & 2
4)Pressure Relief Valve
16. Pin index system
It is introduced in1952
Cylinders are locked to machine in yoke
with 2 pins and 2 corrosponding holes
A line is drawn through the centre of
valve outlet at an angle of 30 deg. to
right face of valve.the central point of
position 1 pass through it, arc of radius
9/16 inch,other positions are passes
through intervals of 12 deg
6 mm long 4 mm dia
17. The diameter of valve outlet is 7mm.
Various pin index-
02- 2,5
N20- 3,5
Cyclo-propane- 3,6
Nitrogen- 1,4
CO2<7. 5%- 2,6
>7.5%- 1,6
Air - 1,5
Entonox- 7
18. PRESSURE &
FILLING
Filling ratio- it is the percentage of weight of gas in a
container to weight of water it can hold at 60 f. this is used
to prevent overfilling,N20-0.68,cyclo-0.55
Service pressure-each cylinder contains a gas under
specified pressure,which is known as service pressure.it is
the maximum pressure at 70 f
But able to withstand 1.66 time of the service pressure
Units of pressure( 100kPa = 760mmHg = 14.7psi =1atms)
21. Cylinder identification
• Should have a label
a. Name and chemical symbol of gas.
b. Product specification.
c. Hazard warning diamond shaped figuredenoting hazard class
contained gas.
d. Name and address of cylinder manufacturer.
e. Cylinder contents in liters.
f. Tare weight (weight when empty).
g. Maximum cylinder pressure.
h. Cylinder size code.
i. Directions for use.
22. PERIODIC
TESTING
Hydraulic test Is a measure of cylinder’s elasticity
cylinder pressurized to 240 atmospheres.The cylinder
should stretch less than 0.02%.
Tensile test Done in one out of 100 cylinders. The
strips of the cylinder are cut and stretched.
Flattening test The cylinder is kept between two
compression blocks and pressure is applied from both
sides until the distance between blocks remains 6
times the thickness of the wall of cylinder. The walls
should not crack.
23. Impact test
Mean energy to produce the crack
should not be less than 5 and 10 lb/ft for transverse
and longitudinal strips, respectively.
Bend test
A ring of 25 mm width is cut from the cylinder and
divided into strips. Each strip is bent inward until
inner edges are a part, not greater than the diameter
of strip
27. Yoke assembly
It is the portion of machine at which the cylinders are
fitted
The hanger yoke consists of:
(1) The body, which is the
principle framework and supporting structure,
(2) The retaining screw, which tightens the cylinder in the
yoke,
(3) the nipple, through which gas enters the machine,
(4)the index pins, which prevent attaching an incorrect
cylinder,
(5) the Bodok seal,
30. Bourdon’s pressure gauge
Indication of incoming gas supply
In O2 cylinder – indicates amount of gas
N2O cylinder – pressure is not indicative of
amount b’cos N2O is stored in liquified
form.
Curved tube can rupture with high
pressure and the gauge has a vent on its
back which can release the gas in the
event of rupture.
Safety system
32. Pressure reducing valve
Converts high variable pressure in
cylinders to constant working
pressure suitable for anaesthesia
machine
The pressure regulators reduce the
pressure of the O2 cylinders from
1900 PSIG to 30-45 PSIG and the
N2O cylinders from 760 PSIG 30-45
PSI
33.
34. 38
Intermediate Pressure System
Receives gasses from the
regulator or the hospital
pipeline at pressures of 55-60
psig
Consists of:
Pipeline inlet connections
Pipeline pressure indicators
Piping
Gas power outlet
Master switch
Oxygen pressure failure devices
Oxygen flush
Additional reducing devices
Flow control valves
35. Intermediate system
Pipeline –
- Gas hoses are named and color coded
- Non interchangeable quick
couplers[shrader’s valve-gas specific]
- NIST
- Diameter index safety system[DISS]
- Pipeline pressure indicators
39. 43
Second-Stage Pressure
Regulator
Located just upstream of the flow control
valves
Receives gas from the pipeline inlet or the
pressure regulator and reduces it further to 26
psig for N2O and 14 psig for O2
Purpose is to eliminate fluctuations in pressure
supplied to the flow indicators caused by
fluctuations in pipeline pressure
40. O2
FLUSH
There is a direct tubing connecting the O2 pressure
regulator to the O2 flush. It gives 35-70 L/min of flow
with a pressure of 45-60 PSIG.
Disadvantage: Barotrauma
Awareness
43. THE FLOW METER ASSEMBLY
The flow meter assembly controls, measures and indicates
the rate of flow of gas passing through it
44.
45. Flow control valves
Flow control valve or needle valves is used at lower end
of flowmeter
It controls the rate of flow of gas through its associated
flow indicator by manual adjustment of a variable
orifice
Gas flow is started, controlled and terminated by
unscrewing and screwing of pin valve
46. Low pressure system
The low pressure system is downstream of the flow
control valves
Pressure in this section is only slightly above
atmospheric
Components found in this section includes flow
indicator vapourizer and common gas outlet
48. 52
Flowmeter Physics
The rate of flow through the
flowmeter tube depends on 3 things
Pressure drop across the constriction:
As gas flows around the indicator it
encounters frictional resistance
between the indicator and tube
wall.there is loss of energy reflected in
a pressure drop. This pressure drop is
given by:
weight of float/cross sectional area
49. sSize of annular opening: The
annular area varies while the
pressure drop across the indicator
remains constant for all positions
in the tube for this reason there
are called as constant pressure
flowmeter.The elevation of
indicator is a measure of the
annular area of flow or the flow
itself
Physical characteristics of the gas:
Low Flow: Small annular space,
therefore flow is laminar,
therefore flow is a function of
gas viscosity . (Hagen-
poiseuille equation)
50. High Flow: Large annular
space, therefore flow is
turbulent, therefore the flow
depends on gas density .
(Graham,s law)
51.
52.
53. Flowmeters are calibrated at atmospheric
pressure (760 torr) and room temp( 20 deg C).
Changes in temp & pressure will affect density
and viscosity of a gas and affect flowmeter
accuracy.
In a hyperbaric chamber flowmeter will deliver
less gas than indicated .
With decreased barometric pressure (increased
altitude), the actual flow rate will be greater
than that indicated.
55. AUXILIARY OXYGEN
FLOWMETER
Self contained flowmeter with its
own flow control valve,flow
indicator,& outlet
Short tube with maximum flow of
10L/min
Usually on the left side of the
machine
Can be used to supply O2 to patient
without turning ON the machine
Older machines – works on pipeline
supply,in newer ,works on cylinder
& pipeline supply both.
56. PROBLEMS WITH FLOWMETERS
Inaccuracy- if mixing of components
occur
Indicator problems – damage due to
sudden projection to top of the tube.
- worn or distorted
Leaks – if flow control valve is left
open, there is no cylinder or yoke plug
in the yoke
Using the wrong flowmeter – when
flowmeter sequence is altered
57. 62
Oxygen Supply Failure alarm
The standard machine specifies that whenever the
oxygen supply pressure falls below a manufacturer-
specified threshold (usually 30 psig) a medium priority
alarm shall blow within 5 seconds.
Electronic alarms: A pressure operated electric switch
operates this alarm
Ohmeda: 28 psig
Drager: 30-37 psig
Pneumatic alarms (aka Ritchie’s Whistle): Uses a
pressurized canister that is filled with oxygen when the
anesthesia machine is turned on. When the oxygen
pressure falls below a certain value, the alarm directs a
stream of oxygen through a whistle
61. HYPOXIA PREVENTION SAFETY DEVICES
MANDATORY MINIMUM OXYGEN FLOW:
Some machines require a minimum ( 50-
250ml/min) flow of O2before other gas will flow
Some machines activate an alarm if O2flow goes
beyond a certain minimum.
MINIMUM OXYGEN RATIO:
Device to protect against operator selected
delivery of a mixture of O2& N2O having O2conc
below 21% O2.
65. Flow control valves are adjusted so that when 25%
O2 conc is reached ,a pin on O2sprocket engages a
pin on O2flow control knob.This causes O2& N2O
flow control valves to turn together to maintain
minimum O2of 25%.
If attempt is made to increase the N2O flow beyond
that ratio, the O2flow is automatically increased.
If O2flow is lowered too much the N2O flow is
decreased proportionally
An electronic system can be used to provide a
minimum ratio of O2to N2O flow
ALARMS:
Available to alert the operator that O2-N2O flow
ratio has fallen below a preset value
67. UNIDIRECTIONAL (CHECK )
VALVE
During controlled ventilation a positive
pressure from breathing circuit can be
transmitted back to the machine
Using O2flush valve may also cause this
Unidirectional check valves are present to
minimize these effects
Valve is located between vaporizers and
common gas outlet ,upstream of where O2
flush flow joins fresh gas flow
68. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
May be attached downstream of
vaporizers on the back bar itself
or near common gas outlet
Prevents high pressure being
transmitted to the machine
Whenever preset pressure is
exceeded valve opens to
atmosphere and gas is vented
outside
Usually opens when pressure in
the back 5 PSIG (300 cm of
H2O) This valve limits the
machine to provide jet
ventilation
Also known as the pop-off valve.
69. COMMON ( FRESH ) GAS
OUTLET
Receives all the gases and vapors
from the machine and delivers the
mixture to breathing system
Machine standard mandates that it
be difficult to accidentally
disengage the delivery hose from
the outlet
The pressure delivered at the outlet
is 5 -8 psi
70. BACK BAR
Part of frame of the Boyle’s machine which supports
the rotameter,vaporizers and other accessories
There are 2 metal rods in back bar
Flowmeters and vaporizers are connected with each
other and then bolted with the back bar.
71. VAPORIZER
A vapor is the gaseous phase of
substance that is liquid at room temp.
and atm. pressure
A vaporizer is an instrument designed
to change a liquid anaesthetic agent
into its vapor and add a controlled
amount of this vapor to fresh gas flow
As many as three vaporizer can be
attached to anaesthesia machine
73. Essential Features
• Noninterchangeable gas-specific
connections to pipeline inlets (DISS)1
with pressure gauges, filter, and check
valve
• Pin index safety system for
cylinders with pressure gauges, and
at least one
• oxygen cylinder
• Low oxygen pressure alarm
• Minimum oxygen/nitrous oxide
ratio controller device (hypoxic
Purpose
Prevent incorrect pipeline attachments;
detect failure, depletion, or fluctuation
Prevent incorrect cylinder attachments;
provide backup gas supply; detect
depletion
Detect oxygen supply failure at the
common gas inlet
Prevent delivery of less than 21%
oxygen
74. Oxygen failure safety device (shut-off or
proportioning device)
Prevent administration of nitrous
oxide or other gases when the
oxygen supply fails
Oxygen must enter the common manifold
downstream to other gases
Oxygen concentration monitor and alarm
Prevent hypoxia in event of
proximal gas leak
Prevent administration of hypoxic
gas mixtures in event of a low-
pressure system leak; precisely
regulate oxygen concentration
Prevent use of the machine without
essential monitors
Prevent simultaneous administration
of more than one volatile agent
Automatically enabled essential alarms and
monitors (eg, oxygen concentration)
Vaporizer interlock device
75.
76. Capnography and anesthetic gas
measurement
Guide ventilation; prevent anesthetic
overdose; help reduce awareness
Oxygen flush mechanism that does not
pass through vaporizers
Breathing circuit pressure monitor and
alarm
Exhaled volume monitor
Rapidly refill or flush the breathing
circuit
Prevent pulmonary barotrauma and
detect sustained positive, high peak, and
negative airway pressures
Assess ventilation and prevent hypo- or
hyperventilation
Provide minimal standard monitoring
Pulse oximetry, blood pressure, and
ECG monitoring
77. Mechanical ventilator Control alveolar ventilation more
accurately and during muscle paralysis for
prolonged periods
Backup battery Provide temporary electrical power (> 30
min) to monitors and alarms in event of
power failure
Scavenger system Prevent contamination of the operating
room with waste anesthetic gases