Introduction to the basis of owner with advantages and disadvantages

1. Madan Mohan Malaviya University of
Technology, Gorakhpur (U.P)
SONAR Technology
Presented by:
Name: Mohammed Asad
Roll No : 2021041088
B.Tech ECE- 3rd Yr.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department
March,2022

2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• How it works
• Types
• Application
• Limitation
• Future
• Conclusion

3. Introduction to SONAR Technology
Definition
SONAR (Sound Navigation and
Ranging) is a technology that uses
sound waves to navigate,
communicate, and detect objects
underwater. It is widely used in
various applications, including
military, commercial, and scientific
fields.
Basic Principles
SONAR works by emitting sound
waves, usually in the form of pulses,
into the water. These sound waves
travel through the water and bounce
off objects, creating echoes. By
measuring the time it takes for the
echoes to return, SONAR systems
can determine the distance,
direction, and shape of underwater
objects.

4. History
1. We know that some animals (dolphins
and bats) have use sound as a medium
of communication and objects
detection for millions of years.
2. But use of the sound by humans in the
water is initially recorded by Leonardo
da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into
the water was said to be used to
detect vessels by placing an ear to the
tube.
3. Sonar was first patented by Lewis
Richardson and German physicist
Alexander Behm in 1913
Fig 1: Bats and Dolphin using sound waves
For communication and detection.
Fig 2: Sound detection through tube by
placing ear to the tube

5. How it works:
1. It consists of a transmitter and a detector
and is installed in a ship or a boat.
2. The transmitter in SONAR produces and
transmits powerful ultrasonic waves.
3. The ultrasonic waves travel through the
water and after striking the target the beam is
reflected from the seabed and is received by
an underwater detector (mounted on the ship).
4. The detector then converts the waves into
electrical signals which are properly
interpreted. Fig 3: Working of SONAR

6. How it works
5. The time interval between transmission and reception of the
signal is also noted.
Fig 4: Working of SONAR

7. Types of SONAR:
SONAR is of two types:
1. Active SONAR
2. Passive SONAR

8. Active SONAR
• It is a technology used for underwater navigation, communication,
and detection of objects beneath the water's surface.
• Active sonar emits pulses of sound waves into the water and listens
for the echoes produced when these waves encounter objects. The
system then analyzes these echoes to determine the location,
distance, size, shape, and other characteristics of underwater objects.
• It uses sound transmitter and receiver.

9. Types of active SONAR
• Single Beam Sonar: In this type of sonar, a single beam of sound is
transmitted in a specific direction. The system then receives the echo
and uses the time it takes for the sound waves to travel to calculate
the distance to the object.
• Multibeam Sonar: This type of sonar sends out multiple beams of
sound simultaneously in various directions, allowing for a wider
coverage area. Multibeam sonar is often used for mapping the
seafloor and detecting underwater structures.

10. Passive SONAR
• Passive sonar is a technology that detects and analyzes underwater
sounds without emitting any signals into the water.
• Instead of actively sending out sound waves like active sonar, passive
sonar systems rely on the detection of natural acoustic signals in the
underwater environment.
• These systems use sensitive sensors, typically hydrophones or
underwater microphones, to capture and analyze the sounds
produced by various sources.

11. Applications
Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging) has a wide range of applications across
various fields due to its ability to use sound waves for navigation, communication,
and detection in underwater environments. Here are some key applications of
sonar:
• Navigation and Obstacle Avoidance: Sonar is commonly used in navigation
systems for ships, submarines, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). It
helps in detecting underwater obstacles, measuring water depth, and navigating
through challenging environments.
• Underwater Mapping and Surveying: Sonar is employed for mapping the
seafloor, underwater topography, and geological features. Multibeam sonar
systems provide detailed three-dimensional maps of the ocean floor, aiding in
scientific research and resource exploration.

12. Applications
• Search and Rescue Operations: Sonar is used in search and rescue missions
to locate submerged objects, wreckage, or missing individuals in bodies of
water. It helps improve the efficiency of search operations, especially in
challenging underwater conditions.
• Underwater Communication: Sonar can be utilized for underwater
communication between submarines, underwater vehicles, and divers.
Acoustic signals can be transmitted efficiently through water for short-
range and tactical communications.
• Security and Surveillance: Sonar systems are employed for monitoring and
securing underwater areas, such as harbors, ports, and critical
infrastructure. They help detect and prevent unauthorized underwater
activities.

13. Limitations
While sonar is a versatile technology with numerous applications, it
does have certain limitations and challenges. Here are some common
limitations associated with sonar:
• Limited Range in Shallow Water: Sonar performance can be affected
in shallow water environments due to interactions with the seafloor
and surface reflections. Shallow water conditions may limit the
effective range and resolution of sonar systems.
• Noise and Interference: Ambient noise from natural sources (such as
wind, rain, and marine life) and human activities (shipping,
construction) can interfere with sonar signals. This background noise
can reduce the sensitivity and accuracy of sonar detection.

14. Limitations
• Complexity in Signal Processing: Analyzing sonar signals and
extracting relevant information can be complex, especially in
environments with multiple sources of noise. Signal processing
challenges may affect the accuracy of target identification and
tracking.
• Attenuation in Different Media: Sound waves experience attenuation
(reduction in amplitude) as they travel through water. The
attenuation is influenced by factors such as water temperature,
salinity, and pressure, which can vary in different underwater
environments and affect the range and clarity of sonar signals.

15. Limitations
• Biological Impact: The use of active sonar, particularly in military
applications, has raised concerns about its potential impact on marine
life. Intense sound waves can disturb or harm marine animals, leading
to behavioral changes, displacement, or even strandings.
Despite these limitations, ongoing research and advancements in
sonar technology aim to address these challenges and improve the
capabilities of sonar systems in various applications.

16. Future Scope
• The future of sonar technology is likely to involve advancements across
various aspects, driven by ongoing research and technological innovation.
Here are some potential developments that may shape the future of sonar:
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: The integration of AI and
machine learning algorithms into sonar systems can improve signal
processing, pattern recognition, and target classification. These
technologies can help automate data analysis and reduce the impact of
noise and interference.
• Environmental Monitoring: Sonar systems could play a crucial role in
monitoring and mitigating environmental impacts, such as assessing the
health of marine ecosystems, tracking pollution, and studying climate-
related changes in the underwater environment.

17. Future Scope
• Integration with Other Technologies: Integration with other sensor
technologies, such as optical imaging, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging),
and radar, may provide a more comprehensive understanding of the
underwater environment. Combining multiple sensing modalities can
enhance situational awareness and target identification.
• Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs):Advances in AUV technology,
combined with sophisticated sonar systems, could lead to more
autonomous underwater exploration and mapping. AUVs equipped with
advanced sonar capabilities can efficiently survey large areas and collect
valuable data for scientific research or commercial purposes.

18. Conclusion
• In conclusion, sonar technology has proven to be a valuable and versatile
tool for exploring and understanding the underwater world. Its applications
span a wide range of fields, from naval operations and fisheries to
environmental monitoring and scientific research. While sonar has played a
pivotal role in enhancing navigation, communication, and detection
capabilities beneath the water's surface, it is not without its limitations and
challenges, such as issues related to noise interference, accuracy, and
potential environmental impacts.
• The future of sonar holds promising possibilities, driven by ongoing
advancements in sensor technologies, artificial intelligence, and the
integration of complementary sensing modalities. Improved resolution,
sensitivity, and the development of autonomous underwater vehicles
equipped with sophisticated sonar systems are likely to contribute to more
efficient underwater exploration and mapping

19. THANK YOU.