Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma that circulates through the body. It contains red blood cells carrying oxygen, white blood cells providing protection from pathogens, and platelets involved in clotting. The lymphatic system helps fight infection through lymph nodes and vessels. Blood clotting is a complex process involving platelets and clotting factors that forms clots to repair damaged blood vessels. Abnormal clotting can cause issues if clots form in the wrong locations, while risks for clots include conditions like high blood pressure and smoking. Hematomas are collections of blood outside vessels that cause swelling and pain and have several medical causes and treatments.

1. Blood, the Lymphatic and Immune
System
By
Kidane Hailemichael

2.  Blood is a mixture of cells floating in a watery
plasma

3.  Red blood cells containing hemoglobin that
carry oxygen to cells and remove carbon di-
oxide
 White blood sells that provide protection
against pathogens
 Platelets that are part of the clotting process
of the body
 Blood plasma, which contains fluid, chemicals
and proteins that are important for bodily
functions

4.  Blood clotting is an important mechanism to help the
body repair injured blood vessels.
 Complex mechanism exists in the bloodstream to form
clots where they are needed
 If the lining of the blood vessels becomes damaged,
platelets are recruited to the injured area to form an
initial plug
 These activated platelets release chemicals that start
the clotting cascade, using a series of clotting factors
produced by the body
 Ultimately, fibrin is formed , the protein that crosslinks
with itself to form a mesh that makes up the final blood
clot

5.  Sometimes normal blood clotting can cause
medical problems because of it’s location. For
instance, if bleeding occurs in the urine for
any of various reasons, such as , infections,
trauma or tumor, clots may form and prevent
the bladder from empting, causing urinary
retention

6.  Risk factors for arterial clots are those that are
common to all diseases that causes narrowing of
blood vessels, cholesterol plaque formation, and
plaque rapture
 Venue clots are formed due to immobility and
genetic error in the clotting mechanism
 High blood pressure
 High cholesterol level
 Diabetes
 Smoking
 Family history

7.  Swelling
 Warmth
 Redness
 Pain
 Medical term
 Blood Clot- thrombus, plural
thrombi

8.  Hematoma is a collection of blood outside of the
blood vessel
 It occurs because the walls of a blood vessel,
Artery, Vein, or Capillary has been damaged and
blood has leaked into tissues where it does not
belong
 The hematoma may be tiny, with just a dot of
blood or it can be large and cause significant
swelling
 Blood that escapes from the blood stream is very
irritating and may cause symptoms of inflammation
including pain, swelling and redness

9.  Trauma
◦ Is the most common cause
 Blood vessels that are fragile
◦ Aneurysm
 Blood thinners (anti-coagulant)
◦ Medications increase the potential for spontaneous
bleeding and for hematoma to expand

10.  Epidural hematomas
 Subdural hematomas
 Intracerebral hematomas
 Scalp hematomas
 Aural or ear hematomas
 Septal hematoma
 Intramascular hematoma
 Intra-abdominal hematoma

11.  Hematomas of the skin and soft tissues are
often treated with, REST, ICE, COMPRESSION
and ELEVATION
 The pain of hematoma is usually due to the
inflammation surrounding the blood and may
be treated by over the counter medications

12.  Hematology is the branch of internal
medicine, physiology, pathology, clinical
laboratory work, and pediatrics that is
concerned with the study of blood, blood-
forming organs, and blood disease.

13.  Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis
treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood disease
 The laboratory work that goes in to the study of blood
is frequently performed by a medical technologist
 Physicians specialized in hematoma are known as
Hematologists
 Their routine work mainly includes the cause and
treatment of patients with hematological diseases
 Some hematologists work at the hematology laboratory
viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the
microscope, interpreting various hematological test
results

14.  Complete blood count (CBC) also called full blood
count (FBC)
 Studies of blood coagulation is sub specialty of
hematology
 Basic general coagulation tests are the prothrombin
time (PT) and partial throusboplastin time (PPT)
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
 In a blood bank, the coombs test is the most
commonly performed test

15.  Medicine.net
 eMeddicine.com
 Medical Terminology
◦ Book, by Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht