Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma contains proteins, nutrients, waste products, hormones and gases. The three types of blood cells are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen; platelets, which help form blood clots; and white blood cells, which protect the body from infection. Blood transports nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes and waste products around the body, regulates pH and temperature, and protects the body via clotting and immune responses.
Blood is a connective tissue which consists of various nutrients and waste products and circulates all over the body and remove out the waste products from the body.
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This presentation contain the information of the components structure and function and of the blood like ( RBC , WBC(Classifications ), Platelets , plasma )and its also Composition & Function
1) Coagulation of blood
2) Disorders of blood
What is blood..
Its composition??
Plasma
Blood Cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
Its types
Its functions
FACTS AND FIGURES
Disorders of blood
Sequential Arrangement
Function of blood
Disorders of blood??
Blood is a connective tissue which consists of various nutrients and waste products and circulates all over the body and remove out the waste products from the body.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
This presentation contain the information of the components structure and function and of the blood like ( RBC , WBC(Classifications ), Platelets , plasma )and its also Composition & Function
1) Coagulation of blood
2) Disorders of blood
What is blood..
Its composition??
Plasma
Blood Cells (RBC, WBC, Platelets)
Its types
Its functions
FACTS AND FIGURES
Disorders of blood
Sequential Arrangement
Function of blood
Disorders of blood??
Circulation involves the movement of blood in the body which carries nutrients, enzyme etc. to the respective cells and tissues.Moreover the slide is focused on the different parts involved the process of circulation, along with blood grouping and blood coagulation.
It is a brief review on blood and its cellular components. The ppt contains knowledge about types of blood, blood coagulation pathway and disorders of blood.
Blood is considered a connective tissue because it has a matrix. ... Blood Tissue: Blood is a connective tissue that has a fluid matrix, called plasma, and no fibers. Erythrocytes (red blood cells), the predominant cell type, are involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Blood is connective tissue composed of liquid
matrix called as blood plasma which dissolves
and suspends various cell fragments.
It provides a means communication between
the cells of different parts of the body and
the external environment.
3. Blood is composed of straw-coloured transparent
fluid, plasma in which different types of cells
are suspended.
Plasma constitutes about 55% and cells about
45% of blood volume.
PLASMA:
Plasma proteins
Inorganic salts
Nutrients, principally from digested foods.
Organic waste materials.
Hormones
Enzymes
gases
4. Which makes up 7% of plasma.
They are largely responsible for creating
osmotic pressure of blood.
If plasma proteins levels fall, because of
either reduced production or loss from blood
vessels, osmotic pressure is also reduced and
the fluid moves into the tissues (oedema)
and body cavities.
5. Cell formation
Contraction of muscles
Transmission of nerve impulses
Formation of secretions
Maintainance of balance between acids and
alkalis.
Blood is slightly alkaline
Ph of blood between 7.35-7.45
6. Food is digested in the alimentary tract and
the resultant nutrients are absorbed.
Eg: Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty
acids, glycerol and vitamins.
Together with minerals they are all required
by all the body cells to provide energy, heat,
materials for repair and replacement and
synthesis of other blood components and
body secretions.
7. Urea, creatinine and uric acid are the waste
products of protein metabolism.
They are formed in the liver and conveyed in
blood to the kidneys for excretion.
Carbon dioxide released by all cells is
conveyed to the lungs for exhalation.
8. These are chemical compounds synthesized
by endocrine glands.
Hormones pass directly from the cells of the
glands into the blood which transports them
to target tissues and organs elsewhere in the
body, where they influence cellular activity.
9. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are
transported round the body in plasma.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also
transported in combination with hemoglobin
in red blood cells.
Oxygen is carried in combination with
hemoglobin and most carbon dioxide a
bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma.
11. There are three types blood cells:
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
Thrombocytes or platelets
Leukocytes or white blood cells
12. Red blood cells contain oxygen-carrying
protein haemoglobin, which is a pigment that
gives whole blood its red colour.
A healthy adult male is about 5.4 million RBC
per microliter of blood.
A healthy adult female is about 4.8 million
per microliter of blood.
13. Biconcave discs with a diameter of 7-8μm.
Plasma membrane is both strong and flexible which allows
them to deform without rupturing as they squeeze through
capillaries.
RBC s lack nucleus and other organelles and can neither
produce nor carry on extensive metabolic activities.
14. A haemoglobin molecule consists of four molecules of globin
protien joined to four pigmented iron-containing complex called
haem.
Each haem molecule contains four iron ions each of which can
combine reversibly with four oxygen molecule.
In the lungs due to the high partial pressure of oxygen, Hb takes
up oxygen and changes to bright red oxyhaemoglobin which is
transported to other body tissues.
15. Erythropoiesis , the production of RBC’s
starts in the red bone marrow with a
precursor called a proerthroblast.
The proerythroblast divides several times
producing cells that begin to synthesize
hemoglobin.
Ultimately a cell near the end of the
development sequence ejects its nucleus and
becomes a reticulocyte.
Loss of nucleus causes the center of the cell
to indent, producing a distinctive bioconcave
shape.
16. Reticulocytes retain some mitochondria,
ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum.
They pass from red bone marrow into the
bloodstream by squeezing between the
endothelial cells of blood capillaries.
Reticulocytes develop into mature red blood
cells,within 1 to 2 days after their release
from red bone marrow.
19. Protect against any foreign materials that
gains entry to the body, mainly microbes,
and to remove waste materials. Eg: cell
debris.
They are attracted in large numbers to any
area of infection by chemical substances
released by damaged cells, called
chemotaxins.
They undergo phagocytosis.
20. Capable of phagocytosis
Elimination of parasites such as worms
Major site for allergic reactions.
21. Basophils are associated with allergic
reactions contain cytoplasmic granules
packed with heparin, histamine and other
substances that promote inflammation.
Usually the stimulus that causes basophils to
release the contents of their granules is an
allergen.
22. MONOCYTES
These are the large mononuclear cells that
originate in red bone marrow. Some circulate
in the blood and are actively motile and
phagocytic while others migrate into the
tissues where they develop into
macrophages.
Monocytes carry out phagocytosis and are
also called macrophages.
23. LYMPHOCYTES
They are smallest leukocytes .
They circulate in blood and are present
mainly in lymphatic tissues such as lymph
nodes and spleen.
They play a crucial role in the immune
response of the body
Production of antibodies
24. PLATELETS
Each fragment enclosed by a piece of the
plasma membrane is platelet.
Platelets break off from the megakaryocytes
in red bone marrow and then enter the blood
circulation.
They are disc-shaped,2-4μm in diameter and
have many vesicles but no nucleus.
Platelets help stop blood loss from damaged
blood vessels by forming platelet plug.
25. Their granules also contain chemicals that
once released, promote blood clotting.
Platelets have short life span 5-9 days.
26. Hemostatsis is a sequence of responses that
stops bleeding.
When blood vessels are damaged or ruptured
the hemostatic response must be quick,
localised to the region of damage.
Three mechanisms:
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Blood clotting
27. VASCULAR SPASM.
When arteries or arterioles are damaged the
circularly arranged smooth muscle in their
walls contracts immediately. Such a vascular
spasm reduces blood loss for several minutes
to several hours during which the time the
other hemostatic mechanism go into
operation.
28.
29. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION:
1. Platelets contact and stick to parts of a
damaged blood vessel, such as collagen fibers
of connective tissue underlying the damaged
endothelial cells. This process is called platelet
adhesion.
2. Due to the adhesion, the platelets become
activated, and their characteristics change
dramatically. They extend many projections
that enable them to contact and interact with
one another and they begin to liberate the
contents of their vesicles. Liberated ADP and
thrombaxane A2 play a major role inactivating
the platelets. This phase is called platelet
release reaction.
30. 3. The release of ADP makes them platelets in the
area sticky, and the stickiness of the newly
recruited and activated platelets causes them
to adhere to the originally activated platelets.
This gathering of platelets is called platelet
aggregation. Eventually the accumulation and
attachment of large numbers of platelets form
a mass called platelet plug.
A platelet plug is very effective in preventing
blood loss in a small vessel. Although initially
the platelet plug is loose, it becomes quite
tight when reinforced by fibrin threads formed
during clotting. A platelet plug can stop blood
loss completely if the hole in a blood vessel is
not too large.
31. When blood is shed out or collected in a
container, it looses its fluidity & becomes a
jelly like mass after few minutes. This
process is called coagulation or clotting of
blood. The clot is a mesh of thin fibrils
entangling the blood cells. These fibrils
consist of fibrin. The fibrin is formed from
fibrinogen.
32. Coagulation of blood occurs through a series
of reactions due to the activation of a
variety of substances. Those substances
necessary for clotting are called clotting
factors. The clotting factors are
34. Normally during circulation, the blood does not
clot, because the enzymes involved in clotting are
in inactive form. Slight initial activation causes
clotting in which each enzyme activates another
one in a sequential manner till the conversion of
fibrinogen into fibrin. In general, clotting occurs in
35. Formation of prothrombin activator.
Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.
Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.
During the process of blood clotting, the
clotting factors, which are in inactive forms,
are converted into active forms. And their
enzymatic actions produce the successive
reactions one after another in a cascading
manner.
Thus, the various reactions involved in blood
clotting are explained by Enzyme cascade
theory.
36. Prothrombin activator is formed in two ways namely:
1. Extrinsic pathway: In this, the formation of
prothrombin activator is initiated by the tissue
thromboplastin.
2. Intrinsic pathway: In this, the formation of
prothrombin activator is initiated by platelets,
which are within the blood itself.
37. Prothrombin activator converts Prothrombin into
Thrombin in the presence of Calcium. Thrombin itself
can accelerate this reaction by positive feedback
mechanism. That is, the initial Thrombin activates
Factor V. This in turn accelerates the formation of both
Extrinsic & Intrinsic Prothrombin activator.
38. During this, the soluble Fibrinogen is converted
into insoluble Fibrin by Thrombin. Initially, the
fibrinogen is converted into activated fibrinogen,
which is called fibrin monomer. This polymerizes
with other monomer molecules to form Fibrin.
The first formed fibrin contains loosely
arranged strands. This is modified later into a
dense tight aggregate by fibrin stabilizing factor
(Factor XII) & this reaction requires the presence
of calcium ions.