1) The document discusses the application of calculus in understanding radioactive decay. Integral calculus is used to understand what happens over time by integrating short time intervals. This leads to the radioactive decay law formula. 2) The radioactive decay law shows that the number of radioactive nuclei decreases exponentially over time, controlled by the decay constant. It can be expressed graphically as an exponential curve. 3) The decay constant and half-life are related, as the half-life is the time taken for half the radioactive nuclei to decay. This relationship allows rewriting the radioactive decay law using half-life instead of the decay constant.