The document discusses the preparation and selection of scion material for grafting horticultural crops. It provides details on:
- Selecting one-year-old wood of pencil thickness for many fruit trees and cutting it in late winter or early spring.
- Removing leaves from selected scion branches but leaving a 5-10mm petiole to use as a handle.
- Properly labeling and storing scion wood in a moist environment to preserve viability.
- Collecting budwood from healthy mother plants for varieties like Alphonso mango and Nagpur Santra citrus, ensuring buds are plump and developed.
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. The canopy management, particularly its components like tree training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to incoming radiation.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Canopy management is the manipulation of tree canopies to optimize the production of quality fruits. The canopy management, particularly its components like tree training and pruning, affects the quantity of sunlight intercepted by trees, as tree shape determines the presentation of leaf area to incoming radiation.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
6. A scion is a piece of vegetative material
taken from a tree that produces the fruit
variety you want to graft.
OR
Scion is a upper portion of grafted plant
7. ONE YEAR WOOD
TIMING
SIZE AND SHAPE
LABEL
STORAGE
8.
9. When selecting scion wood you want
to find last year’s growth, ideally
shoots that are about pencil thick.
Find one year wood by following a
new growth branch tip down
towards the older wood until you
find a growth scar.
10. Scion wood should be cut in late
winter or early spring when your
tree is dormant, that is, not in
active growth and before bud-burst
Fruit trees are dormant through the
winter months, so material can be
collected any time until about
February.
The best time to cut your scion is
just before you graft with it as scion
wood can lose its vitality as it dries
out over time.
11. The size, shape and number of scion wood
twigs you collect is going to depend on
what you are using them for.
Having the rootstock and scion material
the same thickness enables more cambial
contact so increases the likelihood and
strength of your graft join.
depending on the length of new growth on
your tree, you may be able to graft
several new trees from each scion.
12. After cutting the scions, it is
important to bundle them up and
label before storing them. Even with
the worlds best intentions, it is easy
to forget which bundle is which
variety or which tree it came from.
13. Mother plants of the variety should be
genetically true to type.
The plants should be healthy and free
from any diseases, pest infestations and
physiological disorder.
The plants should have known pedigree
records regarding bearing potential, fruit
quality and problems, if any.
The plants should be precocious and
prolific bearer.
15. VARIETY : ALPHANSO
Selection and preparation of scion bud wood.
A 3 to 6 month old terminal bud wood having 4
to 6 mm thickness and 10-20 cm
length is selected from a desired variety, which
is free from pest and diseases and vigorous in
growth. All the leaves are removed from such
selected branch. Keeping 5 to 10 mm petiole
attached to it.
16. This branch should be allowed to
remain as such on the tree at least 8
to 10 days prior to grafting.
The drop of these petioles and
swelling of terminal buds is a good
judgment of preparation of scion
wood.
The usable life of scion bud wood is
2 to 3 days when packed in a wet
cloth placed in polythene bag
17.
18. VARIETY : NAGPUR SANTRA
Preparation of scions :
Scion wood may be collected at any time
of the year when a mature flush is
present on the source tree and suitable
rootstocks are available. The best times
for budding citrus are late summer and
early autumn or spring.
The most suitable material for budding is
found on the centre third of a shoot with
rounded wood. Triangular wood may be
used where material is limited.
19.
20. VARIETY :thompson seedless
Prepartion of scions :
The scion cuttings selected should be one
season old and matured having better pith.
The scion cuttings should preferably be selected
from the middle portion of the straight canes on
the vine.
The scion material selected should be from
healthy, disease and insect free vine.
It should be fully matured with diameter of at
least 0.8 cm.
Immediately after cutting grafting is to be done.
23. The budstick is a twig, usually from the
current season's growth. It is taken from
the plant of the desirable variety to be
increased. It should have average vigor, be
healthy and have plump, well-developed
buds. Buds on the center of the twig are
generally better than those near the tip or
the base .
24. As soon as you cut the budstick from the
tree or shrub, clip off the leaves; allow
about 1/2 inch of the leafstalk to remain
as a handle. Use budsticks as soon as
they are taken from the tree, but if
necessary, they may be stored in cool,
moist conditions.
Patch budding
Bud stick Rootstock
25. Selection of scion-
The selected scion must be defoliated while on the
mother plant at least 7 days before grafting,
keeping a part of petiole intact on
the selected shoot. Defoliation prior
to grafting method helps in swelling of a dormant
bud of the scion resulting in greater success.
26.
27. The scion cultivar should have the flower
just opened with full-grown leaves
Bud sticks having plump, healthy buds are
suitable scions. These budsticks should be on
branches that exhibited good growth during the
current season. Leaf blades are clipped from
the budsticks, leaving the petiole intact. This
leaves a convenient "handle" for holding the
bud while it is cut from the budstick.
28. The bud and a small sliver of the wood
underneath it are cut from the budstick using
an upward slicing motion. The cut should
begin about 1/2 to 3/4 inch below the bud,
and should go deep enough into the wood so
that when the cut is finished about 1/2 to 3/4
above the bud, the bark and a small sliver of
wood are cut off. A perpendicular cut across
the top of the upward cut will separate it
from the bud stick Buds must be cut from
the bud stick just prior to grafting, otherwise
they will dry out
29. • Cutting of leaves
• Taking cut from
lower portion of
bud
• Taking cut from
upperportion and
removal of bud
30.
31. Prepartion of scion material-
This method of grafting is practiced in
tomato.
For successful union, seeds of rootstock are
sown 5-7 days earlier than those scion.
The stem of scion ( at four leaf stage ) and
the rootstock ( at four to five leaf stage ) are
cut at right angles,
each with 2-3 leaves keeping on the stem.
The stem scion is cut in a wedge and the
tapered end is fitted into a cleft cut in the
end of the rootstock. The
graft is held firm with a plastic clip.
32.
33. The hypocotyls of the scion and rootstock
are cut in such a way that
they tongue into each other and the graft
in secured with a plastic clip.
This method is common in melons and
other cucurbits.(tongue approach grafting)
In such case, seeds are sown 10-13 days
before grafting for cucurbits and 7-10 days
before grafting for pumpkin to ensure
uniformity in diameter.