Preparation of different agro chemical doses for field & pot application: DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS (PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD APPLICATION: Cereals: -rice -wheat -maize Millet: -ragi Pulses: -pigeon pea (Red gram) -green gram & black gram -Lentil -STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal gram] Oilseed crop – Groundnut Sugar crop – Sugarcane Fruits – Mango Vegetables -Tomato -Cole crops FERTILIZERS FOR FIELD APPLICATION -STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses) GROWTH REGULATORS DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICAL DOSES FOR POT APPLICATION -STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of cabbage) REFERENCES

1. Presented By:
Supta Sarkar
HHM/2013/010
M.Sc FN- 1st Yr.
Preparation of different
Agro-chemical doses for field & pot
application

2. Content
 INTRODUCTION
 DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICALS
(PESTICIDES) DOSES FOR FIELD
APPLICATION:
Cereals:
-rice
-wheat
-maize
Millet:
-ragi

3.  Pulses:
-pigeon pea (Red gram)
-green gram & black gram
-Lentil
-STUDY 1: (Chick pea) /[Bengal
gram]
 Oilseed crop – Groundnut
 Sugar crop – Sugarcane
 Fruits – Mango
 Vegetables
-Tomato
-Cole crops

4.  FERTILIZERS FOR FIELD APPLICATION
-STUDY 2 :(Optimization & validation
of targeted yield equation based fertilizer doses)
 GROWTH REGULATORS
 DIFFERENT AGROCHEMICAL DOSES FOR
POT APPLICATION
-STUDY 3: (Fertilizer management of
cabbage)
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

5. Introduction
 Agrochemical (or agrichemical), a contraction
of agricultural chemical, is a generic term for the
various chemical products used in agriculture.
 Many agrichemicals are toxic, and agrichemicals in bulk
storage may pose significant environmental and/or
health risks, particularly in the event of accidental spills.
 In many countries, use of agrichemicals is highly
regulated.

6. The broad category of
agrochemicals are:
AGROCHEMICALS
Pesticides
Insecticide
Acaricide
Nematicide
Molluscicide
Rodenticide
Fungicide
Bactericide
Herbicide/
Weedicide
Synthetic
Fertilizers
Growth
regulators

7. RICE
PEST
FIELD APPLICATION

8.  It is also known as yellow borer of rice
 The larva feeds inside the stem
causing drying of the drying of the
plants.
 The caterpillars are tiny, black headed
which bore into the stem from the
growing points.

9. PESTICIDE DOSES
• Spraying the seedlings with 400-500ml of Methyl Parathion
50EC or 500ml of Fenitrothion 50EC (Sumithion/Folithion) in
500 litres of water per hectare.
• Application of Furadan 3 G granule (33kg/ha) or Cytrolan 5 G
granule (20kg/ha) or Diazinon 4 G granule (16kg/ha) in 4-5 cm
standing water after 15-20 days of transplanting.
• This may be followed by one spraying of 350ml Methyl
Parathion 50 EC or 400ml Thiodan 35 EC or 450ml Sumithion
50 EC or 200ml Dimecron 100 EC in 400 litres of water after
30days of granule application if the borer reappears.

10. RICE GRASS HOPPERS
(Hieroglyphus niogrorepletus Bol & H. banyan
Fab)
 This is a polyphagus pest.
 They start feeding from the leaf margins towards the
centre.
 They devour the young shoots causing drying or
stunting of the plant.
 They are active from July to
Oct./ Nov.

11. DIFFERENT PESTICIDE DOSES
 Dusting the grasses on the bunds with 10% BHC
@15-20kg/ha in the morning hours.
 Dusting with 5% Malathion @25-30kg/ha.
 Spraying the crop with 0.04% Heptachlor or
0.02% Methyl Parathion or 0.02% Aldrin by using
750-1000 litres/ha.

12. • The weevils attack the seedlings.
• They remain clinging near the root zone & feed on the
fibrous roots of the plants with the result plants become
yellow or sticky & in case of sever attack the plants die
out.
• Usually the attacked plants remain stunted & do not put
forth tillers.

13. PESTICIDE
DOSE
Mix 5% Aldrin or Chlordane dust @30kg/ha in
the soil before sowing in the endemic areas.

14. MOLLUSCICIDE

15. CRABS
(Gecarcinucus jaccruemontii M.E., Pratelphuse
guerif M.E., P. jaccruemontii Rathb., Puratelphusa
spinigera, P. hydrodromus H.)
 Crabs cause damage in both seed beds & transplanted
crops.
 They cut the plant near the ground level & carry them to
their holes.
 They make a series of holes in the bunds, due to which
holding of water in the fields become difficult.

16.  Mix one part of Calcium Arsenate & 16 parts of wheat
bran moistening with water & spread in the infested field.
 Mix 2% Metaldehyde dust, 5% Calcium arsenate &
wheat bran, moisten with sufficient water & broadcast in
the infested fields.
 Spray 1% Copper sulphate solution. Two sparying
should be done at an interval of 15-20 minutes.

17. SNAILS
(Viviparus variatus F., Pila virens L., Indoplauorbis
exustus D)
 These species are commonly
found in rice field.
 The transplanted seedlings are
cut 5-8cm below the water level
during nights in an irregular
serrated fashion.
 The cut stubbles rot away under
submerged water.

18.  Broadcast Copper sulphate @7.5kg along
with 125kg of common salt per hectare.
 Poison baiting with Parisgreen (copper
acetoarsenite) 2.5kg with 27.5kg bran per
hectare has been found effective against this
pest.

19. RICE DISEASES:
BLAST
• This is also known as
rotten neck, rice fever
disease, Brusone.
• Cause: Pyricularia oryzae
Cav. (fungus)
• Symptoms: Brown spindle
shaped lesions on the leaf
& leaf sheath

20. DIFFERENT FUNGICIDE
DOSES
 Seed treatment with Agrosan G.N. or Ceresan or Thiram
@2.5g/kg of seed.
 In endemic area where the disease appears every year
spray the crop with 0.1% Hinosan 50 EC (1ml/L) or
Benlate (1g/L) or Bavistin (1g/L).
 4-5sparys at 10days interval may be needed for complete
control.
 Spraying of Dithane M-45 (2.5g/l) or Brestanol (4g/l) is
equally effective.

21. SHEATH BLIGHT
 Cause: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn
(fungus)
 It overwinters in the form of
sclerotia of the fungus
 Symptoms: 2-3cm long greenish-
grey lesions with irregular dark
brown margin on the leaf & leaf
sheath.
 Sclerotia form even on the grain in
case of severe infection.

22. Seed treatment with Thiram or Agrosan GN
@2.5g/kg seed.
Soil application of Thiram or Brassicol @25kg/ha
before transplanting has been recommended.
Control
FUNGICIDE DOSES

23. BACTERIAL LEAF BLIGHT
• CAUSE: Xanthomonas oryzae
Dowson
• SYMPTOMS: It occurs in 2phases:
1.Wilt or kresek phase: This is the
most destructive phase of the
disease. The leaves roll completely,
droop & turn yellow or grey.
2.Leaf blight phase: Appearance of
straw coloured stripes with wavy
margins generally on both edges of
the leaves.

24. Control:
BACTERICIDE DOSES
• Spray the crop with a mixture of copper
oxychloride & streptocycline with 1:1 ratio.
• Apply 7.5g streptocycline or Agrimycin-100 &
500g copper oxychloride (Fytolan/ Blitox-50) in
500litres of water.
• It can be sprayed after 30days of transplanting
& repeated after 1 day interval.

25. NEMATICIDE
UFRA DISEASE OR RICE STEM
NEMATODE
OCause: Ditylenchus angustus Butler
OSymptoms: The nematode feeds
ectoparastically causing malformation of
host tissue, stunting & wilting of plants.

26. CONTROL
NEMATICIDE DOSES
Spraying Diazinon 100ppm on the soil
in the rice crop completely controls
the nematodes within 72hrs.

27. RICE ROOT NEMATODE
 Cause: Hirschmanniella oryzae Bred de Haan.
 It generally invades young roots.
 Symptoms: Heavy population of nematodes may cause
yellowing & reduction in the number of tillers.
 Mentek: Reddish discolouration of leaves & stagnation of
plant growth.
 Underground symptom: Root rot.

28. Control
NEMATICIDE DOSE
• Presowing treatment of nursery beds with
Dibromide injected @400 L/ha or DBCP
(dibromochloropropane) applied @10 L/ha in
irrigation water.
• Phorate/ Carbofuran/Fenusulfothion @1-
2kg/ha gives significant control of rice root
nematodes
• Root dip of seedlings in 500ppm solution of
Vydate, Diazinon or Carbofuran for 15mins
helps to keep off nematodes for several

29. RICE WHITE TIP NEMATODE
 Cause: Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie
 Symptoms: The upper 2-5cm leaf tips turn
white or pale yellow in the tillering stage, then
brown, & frayed.

30. DIFFERENT NEMATICIDE DOSE
• Soil treatment with Diazinon or
Disulfothion or Fensulfothion @
1-2 kg a.i./ha gives good
control of nematode
• Spraying of infested crop with
Parathion (0.025%) &
Trichlorophos (0.03%) three
times has been found to be
effective.

31. KHAIRA DISEASE
 Cause: Zinc deficiency
 Symptoms: The disease appears in nursery but may
appear in patches after 10-15days of transplanting.
 The leaves show chlorosis at the base.
 The growth of disease plant is stunted.
 Root growth is also restricted & usually the main
roots turn brown & the finer roots are destroyed.

32.  Spray a mixture of zinc sulphate (5kg) & lime
(2.5kg) in 1000 litres of water after 10days of
sowing in the nursery
 Zinc sulphate (5kg) & Urea (2%) in 1000 lites
of water/ha can also be applied.

33. The most common weeds found in the
transplanted rice fields are green bristlegrass
(Setaria glauca), smallflower umbrella-sedge
(Cyperus difformis), Cyperus (Scirpus spp.
Fimbristylis litoralis), akankong (Ipmea
reptans), wild rice(Echinocloa sp. Oryza
sativa), etc.
WEEDICIDE/ HERBICIDE

34. 1. Stam-F-34 (Propanil)
 Spray a solution of 8 litres of herbicides (3kg a.i.) in
400-600 litres of water per hectare 6-8 days after
transplanting.
 It is advisable to remove water before spraying the
weedicide.
 The field should be flooded again within 24-48 hrs
& kept submerged till crop covers the land.

35. 2. Machete (Butachlor)
 Effective against annual grasses & broad-leaved weeds
in rice field.
 Spray 5 litres of herbicide (2kg a.i) in 400-600 litres of
water per hectare immediately after transplanting.
 Drain out the water from the field before the application
of herbicide
 Machete granules can be applied @50kg/ha in standing
water (4-5 cm) & not on the dry soils.

36. 3. BASALIN (FLUCHLORALIN)
Spray a solution of 2 litres (1 kg a.i) of
Basalin in 400-500 litres of water per
hectare or broadcast 50-60kg of
granules/ha in standing water (3-5cm) after
the final puddling or 1 or 3 days after
transplanting the rice seedlings.

37. WHEAT
(TRITICUM AESTIVUM)
PEST

38. Termites
(Odontotermes obesusRamb.)
 These are social insects that live underground in
colonies.
 They attack roots & plants below the soil.
 The damaged plants dry up completely & can be
easily pulled out.

39. Control
PESTICIDE DOSES
• Mix thoroughly 5% Aldrin or Chlordane dust in
the soil at the time of sowing or during
preparation of land @ 20-25kg/ha.
• In case of infestation found in standing crop
apply Aldrin 30EC @5 L/ha with irrigation water.
• Seed treatment with Aldrin 30 EC @ 4ml/kg of
seed also gives good control.

40. STEM
BORER
Biological name Effects or symptoms Control
Sesamia
inferens Walk
• The young caterpillars
on hatching bore in
the stem and feed on
the tissues inside
• As a result of larval
feeding, the entire
shoot withers & dies
out giving rise to read
hearts.
Dust 5% BHC
powder @ 20kg/ha
Spray Endosulfan
35EC @ 1.5ml/litre of
water.

41. DISEASES

42. Foot rot
 Also known as common root rot
Cause : Symptoms: Dose(Fungicide)
(Fungus)
Helminthos
porium
sativum P.K.
& B.
• Brown lesion on the
coleoptiles, roots &
stem of the surviving
seedlings.
• The plant turn yellow &
dry up in patches.
• Plants mature early &
have shrivelled seed.
• Heads are bronzed,
white or bleached
Seed dressing with
Agrosan GN or
Ceresan @2g/kg
of seed

43. KARNAL BUNT
Cause: Symptoms: Dose
Neovossia indica
[fungus]
• Some grains in the
spike are partially
or wholly
converted into
black powdery
masses.
• The black powder
gives a foul smell
due to presence of
trimethylamine.
Treat seeds with
Agrosan GN or
Ceresan or Vitavax
@ 2- 2.5 g/kg seed
for eliminating seed
borne infection

44. WEEDICIDE
 Wheat crop is infested with the major weeds viz.,
Chenopodium album (bathua), Anagalis arvensis
(Krishna neel), Cirsium arvense (Kateli), Fumaria
parviflora (gajri), Lathyrus sp. (chatri matri), etc
 All of these are broad leaved weeds .

45. » Bladex G (700ml/ha) or Weedar (700ml/ha) or
Bladex C (1.4 L/ha) or Tafacide (625g/ha) or
Fernoxone (625g/ha) should be sprayed in
wheat fields 30-35days after sowing in 500-
700 litres of water per hectare
» Spray Tribunil or Dosanex or Iso-proturon
@2kg per hectare in 400-600 litres of water
32-35days after sowing.

47. MAIZE STEM BORER
 Stem borer is a very serious pest of maize &
occurs throughout the country
Biological
name
Effect &
symptoms on
maize
Agrochemical dose
Chilo
zonellus
(partellus),
Sesamia
inferens Wlk
It attacks
immediately after
germination &
causes dead
hearts in young
plants.
• 1st spray after 15-20days
of germination with 350ml
of Sumithion /Folithion 50
EC (Fenitrothion) using
200 litres of water per
hectare.
• 2nd spray after 25-30days
of germination with Sevin
300g or Dipterex 550g in
300 litres of water.

48. TERMITES
Biological
name
Effect Control
Odontotermes
obesus
or Microtermes
obesi
They cut the
roots & stems of
the young plants
just under the
surface of the
soil
• Soil should be treated
with Aldrin 5% dust or
Heptachlor 3% dust
@25kg/ha before
sowing
• In standing crop spray
with Aldrin 30 EC/
Aldrex 30 EC @3.5
lites in 700-875 litre of
water/hectare.

49. WEEDICIDE
Maize crop is infested with
common grassy weeds like
Sawan, makra, kodo, banra,
doob, nakrul, motha; and
broad leaved weeds like
chilimil, kankoua, hulhul,
makoi, chaulai & naunia.

50. Control
Apply Atrazine or Simazine @ 1-1.25 kg
a.i/ha in light soil & 1.25-1.50kg ai/ha in
heavy soils immediately after planting
maize by mixing with in 1000 litres of water.
Application of Lasso @ 5litres in 1000 litres
of water per hectare.

51. Ragi
(Eleusine coracana Gaertn.)
Pest Effect Control
Hairy
caterpillars
(Estigmene
exigua Hub)
Caterpillars attack the
maturing seeds &
thus reducing yield
• Dust 10% BHC for
controlling early
stage caterpillars
• Spray 0.05%
parathion or
Taxaphene for
controlling grown up
larvae.

52. SEEDLING BLIGHTS & ROTS
Cause Symptoms Control dose
Cochliobolus
nodulosum
(fungus)
• Light brown
lesions on the
young leaves
• Can lead to
prominent brown
to dark brown
discoloration
followed by
breaking &
hanging down
• Seed treatment
with Agrosan
GN before
sowing at the
rate of 2g/kg of
seed
• Spray with
Dithane Z-78
(2g/litre of
water)

53. Symptoms Control
Longitudinal streaks on
the leaves
Seed treatment with 5%
Magnesium arsenatre @1g/kg
of seed

54. PULSES

55.  PESTS:
PIGEON PEA
(Cajanus cajan)
Pest Control
1.Pod borer
(Maruca testulalis)
This 15-30mm moth
causes grain
damage by making
tunnel into them.
Donot show any
external evidence
until the borer make
holes in the pod wall.
Spray the crop with
Thiodan/Endocal 35
EC (1.5L/ha) or
Nuvacrone 40 EC
(750ml/ha) at the
rate of of 800-1000
litres of water per
hectare.

56. Pest Effect Control
2.Pulse
beetle
(Laria
affinis)
The larvae &
beetles are
found inside
the grains &
they render
the grain unfit
for human
consumption
 Mix Malathion 5% dust at the
rate of 2.5g/kg of grain for seed
purpose
 Fumigate with EDCT (Ethylene
Dichloride and Carbon
Tetrachloride) mixture @1 litre
per 3 cu. M. space or 20 quintal
of grain
 Use aluminium phosphide
(Phostoxin/ Celphos/ Delicia)
Tablet @ one tablet (3g each)
per metric ton.

57. GREEN GRAM & BLACK GRAM
Pest Effect control
Leaf Hopper The pest suck the
juice from the leaves
thus the leaves dry
Spray the crop with 0.04%
Monocrotophos 40 EC (1ml/litre
of water)
Bean fly Causes the plant to
die
Apply Termic 10G (10kg/ha) or
Thimet 10G (10kg/ha) in the soil
at the time of sowing

58. DISEASES
Disease Cause Effect Control
Seed or
seedling rot
FUNGUS:
Fusarium sp.,
Pythium sp.
Rot of seed &
seedling
Seed treatment
with Thiram
(2.5g/kg) or
Captan (2.5g/kg of
seed)
Yellow mosaic VIRUS:
Geminiviruses
• The leaves turn
to completely
yellow & reduce
in size
• Pods are
smaller & seeds
deformed
Spray mixture of
0.1% Metasystox
+0.1% Malathion
at 10 days interval.

59. LENTIL
(Lens esculenta)

60. Disease Cause
(FUNGUS)
Symptom Control Dose
Downy Mildew Peronospora
lentis.
Leaf is covered by
brownish cottony
growth of the fungus.
Plant growth become
stunted
Seed treatment with
Agrosan GN or
Emisan at the rate of
2.5g/kg of seed
before sowing
Powdery
Mildew
Erysiphe
polygoni
Whitish patches or
whitish powdery mass
cover the entire leaves,
stems & pods
Spray the crop with
Sulfex (0.2%) or
Elosal (0.3%) or
Thiovit (0.25%)
Seedling
mortality
Schelotium
rolfsii. &
Fusarium
oxysporum
Drying up of seedlings Seed treatment with
Benomyl at the rate
of 2g/kg of seed
before sowing
SOME COMMON DISEASES

61. A field study on 76 farmer’s field was conducted in
three different villages of Jhunjhunu district of
Rajasthan under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
(RKVY) project during Rabi season 2009-10 with
the objective to enhance the productivity level &
net return of chickpea crop.
STUDY:
Seed yield & economics of chickpea as influenced
by foliar application of agrochemicals:

62. MATERIALS & METHODS
 Four treatments viz; T1-control (no spray), T2-2 spray of
0.05% thio-urea at branching & pod formation stage, T3-
2 spray of 0.5% zinc sulphate at branching & pod
formation stage, & T4- 2 spray of 0.05% thio-urea + 0.2%
zinc sulphate stage by tractor mounted power sprayer
using 500 litre of water/ha were tested.
 The crop was sown in the 2nd fortnight of October under
irrigated conditions along with recommended dose of
N,P, K & it was harvested in the last week of March.

63.  Table: Effect of foliar applied agrochemicals on
yield:
Result of the study:
Treatment Grain yield (q/ha) % increase over
control
T1- control 8.00 -
T2- Thio urea @ 0.05% 9.25 15.63
T3- Zinc sulphate @ 0.5% 10.25 28.13
T4- Thio urea @ 0.05% +
Zinc sulphate @ 0.2%
10.35 29.38

65. GROUNDNUT
OILSEED CROPS

66. GROUNDNUT PEST
TERMITES
(Odontotermes obesus Ramb.)
 They feed on the roots of groundnut plant &
the attacked plants wither & finally dry up.
 The attack incidence is high during July to
September

67.  Presowing soil application of 5% Aldrin dust or 3%
Hepatachlore or 5% Chlordane @25kg per hectare at the
time of last harrowing is recommended
 Dressing of groundnut kernels with Aldrin emulsion
@12ml/kg kernels has been found to be cheaper &
effective.
Control

68. Disease Cause
(FUNGUS)
Symptom Chemical dose
Rust of
groundnut
Puccinia
arachidis
Speg.
Infected leaves show
whitish fleck in early
stage.
Later appears as
yellowish green flecks.
Severely affected
leaves dry out & fall
• Spraying of Daconil
(Chlorothalonil) @ 0.03%
or Mancozeb @ 0.2%
thrice in a season after
40 days of sowing at 20
days interval
• Sprayin Zineb @ 0.2%
Rosette Aphis
craccivora &
A. gossypii
• Plant remain
stunted
• Markedreduction in
size of leaflets
• Pray Metasystox 25 EC
at the rate of 1 litre in
1000 litres of water per
hectare.

69. SUGAR CROPS

70. RED ROT
Cause- Colletotrichum falcatum Went
Symptom:
 Brown coloured lesion with light brown
straw coloured centre on the leaves
 If the diseased cane is split open, the
pith inside is found reddened.
 The diseases tissue emit a typical
alcoholic smell
SOME COMMON DISEASES

71. CONTROL:
Dip the setts in 0.25% solution of Agallol
or Aretan for 5mins before planting.

72. SMUT OF
SUGARCANE:
CAUSE:
Ustilago scitaminae Syd.
SYMPTOMS:
 Production of a long whip like black structure at the
apex of the stalk
CONTROL:
 Treat setts before planting with the solution of Agallol
or Aretan (0.25%) for 5mins.

73.  The major weeds in autumn sugarcane planted
in October are the annual broad leaf weeds:
Matri, krishna neel, Gajri,Makoya, Bathua
 CONTROL:
Applying 2,4-Dibromide @ 1kg ai per hectare in
500- 600 litres of water 25-30days after planting.
WEED

74.  The spring cane are generally infested with weeds
like Motha, Doob, Sama, Makra, Jongli cholai,
Safed murga
 CONTROL:
Spraying of Atrazine or Simazine @ 2kg ai/ha in 500-
600 litres water just after planting.
Contd……

75. FRUITS

76. MANGO
(Mangifera indica)
PEST
Pest Symptom/ Effect Dose
Mango
stem
borer
-The grubs damage the trees
by boring into the trunk &
making tunnels in branches &
stems & feeding inside
-The branches dry up & trees
may die
-Injection of 0.2% Methyl paration
50EC into the holes & subsequent
plugging with mud.
-Pour kerosine oil/ petrol/ formalin/
carbon bisulphide into the tunnel
Red
ants
The ants stitch together some
leaves & build their nests in
them on the trees & renders
new leaves useless for
photosynthesis
Spray with Dieldrin (0.3 %) or BHC
50 WP (0.25%) to keep these
pests in check.

77. DISEASES
DISEASE CAUSE EFFECT DOSE
Black tip Physiological
disorder
The tip of the fruits
from the base rots
& turns black &
shrivels
Spraying of Borax @
6g/litre water or
caustic soda @
8g/litre water.
Leaf
scorch
Potash
deficiency
Scorching of old
leaves at the tips &
margins
Apply solutions of
potassium sulphate
@ 5g/litre of water
at 15days intervals
on newly emerged
flushes.

78. VEGETABLES

79. TOMATO
(Lycopersicon esculentum)
PEST
Pest Symptom Control
Tomato fruit
worm
The caterpillars
make holes into the
fruits & make
burrows
Spray Endosulfan 35 EC @
1.5ml/litre water or Sevin 50
WP @2g/litre of water at
15days interval commencing
from flowering.
Mealy bug Growth retardation n
malformation of
leaves
Spraying of Necotine
sulphate 1:800 parts of water
with 4 parts of soap is also
recommended.

80. DISEASES
Disease Cause Symptom Control
Septoria leaf
blight
Septoria
lycopersici
(fungus)
Dark brown spots with
sunken grey or white
on the centres
Drench seed beds
with Thiram or Captan
@ 3g/litre of water
Root knot Meloidogyne
incognita
(nematode)
Unthriftydevelopment,
dwarfing, wilting in hot
dry weather & in
extreme cases death
of the plants
Apply phorate
@25kg/ha to soil
immediately or 7days
before transplanting

81. COLE
CROPS
Pest Symptom Control
Leaf webber The green caterpillars
web up the leaves &
live inside the knotted
mass
Dust 4% Carbaryl
(sevin) or Spray
Malathion 50 EC
@1ml/litre water
Termites They are common in
sandy soil
They feed on the roots
& the affected plants
die
Apply 5% Aldrin or
Chlordane dust
@30kg/ha into the soil
just before planting

82. DISEASES
Diseases Cause Symptoms/ effects Control
Downy mildew
of crucifers
Peronospora
parasitica
(fungus)
Appearance of
purplish brown
spots on the
undersurface of the
leaves
Treat seeds with
Agrosan GN or
Emisan @2.5g/kg of
seed
Spray with Dithane M-
45 @2g/litre water
Powdery
mildew
Erysiphe
cruciferarum
(fungus)
Silvery white
patches on the
upper surface of
the leaves, which
on severe attack
may cover the
entire leaf & cause
defoliation
Spray Karathane
(Dinocap) 25 WP @
2g/litre water at the
first sign of disease
appearance &
thereafter repeat at
15days interval if
needed.

83. FERTILIZERS
FOR FIELD
APPLICATION

84. Synthetic
Fertilizers
 1. A compound made artificially by chemical
reactions.
2. Not genuine or natural.
 They are specifically designed to feed a
plant a certain amount of specific nutrients.
 An example of a synthetic fertilizer input
would be urea. This common nitrogen
source is famous for its quick release and
soluble nature.
 Phosphoric acid and potash are also the
most common phosphorus and potassium
ingredients in synthetic fertilizers

85.  Nearly all nitrogen that plants use is in the form of
NH3 or NO3 compounds. The usable phosphorus
compounds are usually in the form of phosphoric
acid (H3PO4) and the potassium (K) is typically in
the form of potassium chloride (KCl).
 In commercial fertilizers the same required
compounds are available in easily dissolved
compounds that require no decay—they can be
used almost immediately after water is applied.
 Inorganic fertilizers are usually much more
concentrated with up to 64% (18-46-0) of their
weight being a given plant nutrient, compared to
organic fertilizers that only provide 0.4% or less of
their weight as a given plant nutrient.

86. Compound fertilizers often combine N, P
and K fertilizers into easily dissolved
pellets. The N:P:K ratios quoted on
fertilizers give the weight percent of the
fertilizer in nitrogen (N), phosphate (P2O5)
and potash (K2O equivalent)

87.  Synthetic fertilizers are commonly used for growing all crops, with
application rates depending on the soil fertility, usually as
measured by a soil test and according to the particular crop.
Legumes, for example, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and
generally do not require nitrogen fertilizer.
 Studies have shown that application of nitrogen fertilizer on off-
season cover crops can increase the biomass (and
subsequent green manure value) of these crops, while having a
beneficial effect on soil nitrogen levels for the main crop planted
during the summer season
Application

88.  Nutrients in soil can be thrown out of balance with high
concentrations of fertilizers.

 Applying excessive amounts of fertilizer has negative
environmental effects.
 To avoid over-application, the nutrient status of crops
should be assessed. Nutrient deficiency can be detected
by visually assessing the physical symptoms of the crop.
 Both soil tests and Plant Tissue Tests are used in
agriculture to fine-tune nutrient management to the crops
needs.

89. STUDY:
Optimization & validation of targeted yield
equation-based fertilizer doses under
Integrated Nutrient Management for wheat in
Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India
This investigation was undertaken to
study the relationship between the
nutrient supplied by the soil & added
fertilizers, their uptake & yield of
wheat & to develop a guideline for
judicious application of fertilizer doses
under integrated nutrient management

90. » Field experiment was conducted at Crop Research
Centre of the G.B.Pant University of Agriculture &
technology, Pantnagar
» The soil was silty clay loam & was classified as Aquic
Hapludoll
» Prior to this experiment, fertility gradient was created
through graded doses of N, P, K fertilizers to obtain
appreciable variation in soil fertility in the same field.

91. O Fertility gradient was created by dividing the
experimental area in to 3 equal strips (65.5m x 7.5m) &
application of N- 𝑷𝟐 𝑶𝟐- 𝑲𝟐O @150-60-40kg/ha in
second strip & 300-120-80kg/ha in third strip was done
while the first strip was kept unfertilized(control).
O The data on grain yield, NPK uptake by wheat, soil
available N,P,K & fertilizers were used for calculation of
basic data (sonar,1984) viz. nutrient requirement (NR),
per cent contribution from soil, per cent contribution from
fertilizer & contribution from farm yard manure were
transferred in to workable adjustment equation (Rao and
Srivastava,2000).

92. Equations:
 Nutrient requirement (NR)
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (100𝑘𝑔)
The values were reported as Kg of nutrient (N,P,K)
required to produce 100kg of wheat grain.
 Per cent contribution of nutrient from soil (Cs)
=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑎 𝑥 100
𝑆𝑇𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 (𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑎)

93. *Per cent contribution of concerned nutrient
from fertilizer(Cf)
=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 −
(𝑆𝑇𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑥
𝐶𝑠
100
)
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑎)
x 100
*Per cent contribution of concerned nutrient
from Farm Yard Manure(C-fym)
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑌𝑀 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 −
(𝑆𝑇𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑌𝑀 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠 )𝑥 𝐶𝑠/100
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝐹𝑌𝑀 (𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑎)
x100

94. FERTILIZER PRESCRIPTION EQUATION FOR
N,P,K FOR TARGETED YIELD WERE WORKED
OUTAS FOLLOWS:
• Fertilizer prescription equations for nutrients through
chemical fertilizers only,
FD=
𝑁𝑅
𝐶𝑓
x100xT-
𝐶𝑠
𝐶𝑓
xSTV
• Fertilizer prescription equations for nutrients through
conjoint use of chemical fertilizer & farm yard manure,
FD=
𝑁𝑅
𝐶𝑓
x100xT-
𝐶𝑠
𝐶𝑓
xSTV-
𝐶−𝑓𝑦𝑚
𝐶𝑓
xM
where, FD=Fertilizer dose of nutrients(kg/ha), T=Yeild target
(kg/ha), STV=Soil Test Value for available N,P,K(kg/ha),
M=Concerned nutrient content in farm yard manure (kg/ha).

95. RESULT
In principle strip III should be richest in the
soil fertility status, followed by strip II &
further by strip I with poorest fertility. After
the harvest of exhaust crop, soil test
values for alkaline KMnO4, P & ammonium
acetate extractable K were found in the
order, strip-III> strip-II > strip-I.

96. GROWTH REGULATORS
 The term “plant growth factor” is usually
employed for plant hormones or substances
of similar effect that are administered to
plants. Growth factors are widely used in
industrialized agriculture to improve
productivity.
 For instance, ripening tomatoes can be
controlled by setting desired atmospheric
ethylene levels.

97.  Traditionally five major classes of plant
hormones are listed: auxins, cytokinins,
gibberellins, abscisic acid and ethylene.
 However as research progresses, more active
molecules are being found and new families of
regulators are emerging; one example being
polyamines such as putrescine or spermidine

98. Auxins
 Auxin is the active ingredient in most rooting mixtures.
 These products help the vegetative propagation of plants.
 Auxins influence cell elongation, cell division and the
formation of adventitious roots.
 Some auxins are active at extremely low concentrations.
 Typical auxin concentration range from 0.01 to 10 mg/L.
Cat. # Product Name
B-2700 4-Biphenylacetic acid
C-4140 3-Chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
I-1000 Indole-3-acetic acid ultra-pure
I-1700 Indole-3-acetyl-DL-tryptophan
N-1420 alpha-Naphthaleneacetic acid

99. Cytokinins
Cytokinins promote cell division, stimulate shoot
proliferation, activate gene expression and metabolic activity
in general.
In addition, cytokinins slow the aging process in plants.
Concentration of cytokinins used for horticulture vary
between 0.1 to 10 mg/L
Cat. # Product Name
B-1000 6-Benzyladenine horticultural grade
K-4000 Kinetin
Z-3000 trans-Zeatin Riboside

100. Gibberellins
 Gibberellins are derivatives of gibberellic acid.
 They are natural plant hormones and promote flowering, stem
elongation and break dormancy of seeds.
 Gibberellins are fundamental to plant development especially with
respect to the growth of stems.
 Low levels of gibberellins will prevent plants from reaching
their natural height.
 Gibberellins are particularly effective at breaking seed dormancy
and at speeding up germination.
Cat. # Product Name
G-2700 Gibberellic acid GA3 90+%

101.  Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant growth inhibitor
 It induces dormancy, prevents seeds from germinating and causes
abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers.
 High concentrations of abscisic acid can be induced by
environmental stress such as drought.
 Elevated levels of abscisic acid will eventually induce dormancy,
when all non-essential processes are shut down and only the
essential metabolism is maintained in guard cells.
Abscisic acid (ABA)
Cat. # Product Name
A-0120 (+)-cis, trans-Abscisic acid

102.  Ethylene is unique in that it is found only in gaseous form.
 It induces ripening, causes leaves to abscess and promotes
senescence.
 Plants often increase ethylene production in response to
stress and before death.
 Ethylene concentrations fluctuate with the seasons while
playing a role in inducing foliage and ripening of fruit.
Ethylene

103. DIFFERENT
DOSES FOR
POT
APPLICATION

104. POT APPLICATION
Pesticide Technical Name Field
(1 acre)
Pot dose
(1 litre)
Application
Fame Flubendamide
39.35 SG
20-40ml For
200L
0.1 - 0.2 ml/L Foliar insecticide(Corn, cotton, fruits,
grapes, nuts, orchard crops, rice,
soybean, tree fruit, vegetables)
Proclaime Imamactin
Benzoiate 5SG
90g For
200L
0.45g/L Bollworm in cotton
Glamore Idaprole 40% +
Imidacloprid 40%
UUG
50g For
200L
0.25g/L Aphids, cane beetles, sucking insect,
termites, soil insects
Tokain Danitoporain 20%
SG
80g For
200L
0.40g/L
Polo Diafenthiuron
50%SC
240g For
200L
1.2g/L Insecticide or acaricide (aphids &
white fly in various fruits, vegetables
& cotton)

105. Fungicide Technical Name Field
(1 Acre)
Pot Dose
(1 Litre)
Application
Score Difenoconazole 2.5%
EC
100ml Per 200l 0.5ml/L Foliar fungicide or seed
treatment (rice,wheat, burley,
potato, banana,grape)
Raxile Tebokonazole 2%
DS
40g Per 200l 0.2g/L Seed treatment
fungicide (Cereals)
Cabrio Top Metirame 55% +
Piraclostrobina 5%
WG
600g Per 200l 3g/L Fungal diseases in carrot, cole
crops, onion, tomato, leafy &
tuber vegetables, grapes
Poliram Metirame 70% WG 800g Per 200l 4g/L Early blight, late blight in
potatoes, apple rust
Avatar Hexaconazole 4% +
Zineb 68% WP
400-500g Per
200l
2-2.5g/L Tea plants, sheath blight of
paddy, leafspots, red rot of sugar
cane

106. Bactericide Technical Name Field
(1 Acre)
Pot Dose
(1 Litre)
Application
Phytolan Copper Oxychloride
50% WP
600g Per
200L
3g/L Leaf spot, fruit rot, foot rot,
black rot, rust, blight,
brown leaf spot, bud rot,
early blight, red rust,
downy mildew
Coside Copper
Hydrochloride 77%
WP
600g Per
200L
3g/L Leaf spot, anthracnose,
tikka leaf spot, blister
blight, False smut.
Thiovit
Sulphex
Wettable Sulphur 600g Per
200L
3g/L All citrus fruits
Zed -78 Zenab 75% WP 400g Per
200L
2g/L Downy Mildew, Scab,
Early Blight. For apple,
Grapes, Beans, Potato,
Tomato

107. Weedicide Technical
Name
Field
(1 Acre)
Pot Dose
(1 Litre)
Application
Millchlore,
Billchlore
Butachlore 1L/200L 5ml/L Rice field
Anilogaurd,
Anilthan
Anilophos 0.5L/200L 2.5ml/L Paddy, soya bean
Stamp,
Dhanutop
Pendimethalin 1L/200L 5ml/L Wheat, corn, soybeans
potatoes, cabbage, peas,
carrots and asparagus
Weedmar,
Walkweed
2, 4 -
Dichloropheno
xy Acetic Acid
500g/200L 2.5g/L For perennial and broad leaf
weeds in rice & wheat field
Leader,
Phatae,
korosan
Ethoxysulphur
an 75WP
60ml/200L 0.3ml/L Rice & wheat field

108. Fertiliser Management Of Cabbage As
Influenced By Method Of Raising Seeding,
Depth Of Placement & Levels Of 35s-
labelled Superphosphate
 Two kinds of growing seedlings: on raised bed in the
field & in pro-trays using coco-peat as the substrate; two
band placements of 35 S-labelled superphosphate at 5 &
10cm depths & 3 levels of superphosphate at 60,80 &
100% of recommended P dose were evaluated for yield
& S-use efficiency using ‘Omphalos’ F1 hybrid cabbage.
STUDY:

109. The raised bed seedlings of cabbage were
more vigorous, well-nourished in terms of
seedling length, girth & dry weight of shoot &
root. They showed more prominent tap root
than pro-tray seedlings.
The crop grown from transplanting raised bed
seedling produced a significantly higher yeild &
dry matter production of head portion & the
whole plant compared to that grown from pro-
tray seedlings.

110. Conclusion drawn for the study:
Coco peat contained definitely higher
quantities of all nutrients & was more fertile
compared to the soil used in raised bed.
The seedlings raised in both the media
showed almost the same height but those
grown in raised bed were thicker in girth
compared to that of the pro-tray seedlings.

111. Upon transplantation in the field, cabbage
grown from raised bed seedlings produced
22.3% higher yield compared to that grown
from pro-tray seedlings.
Banding of fertiliser at 10cm depth was superior
to shallower 5cm deep banding.
The yield of cabbage heads & dry matter
production increased as the S doses increased.

112. •Interaction of the treatments showed that in the
cabbage crop grown from raised bed seedlings by
banding fertiliser at 5cm depth, increasing fertiliser
dose significantly decreased yeild of cabbage
heads at 60% to 100% doses.
•Yield significantly increased from 48.88 t/ha at
60% dose to 54.81 at 80% dose & to 60.35 at
100% dose by growing cabbage from properly
raised seedlings & by banding the basal dose of
fertilisers at 10cm depth.

114. Journals:
1. Dayanand, Mehta,s.M., Verma,r.K., 2013, Seed Yield & Economics Of
Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum) As Influenced By Foliar Application Of
Agrochemicals, Indian Jounal Of Agricultural Research, Vol-47(4), PP
359-362.
2. Bhaduri,d., Gautam,p., 2013,optimization & Validation Of Targeted Yield
Equation –Based Fertilizer Doses Under INM For Wheat In Tarai Region Of
Uttarakhand, India, Indian Journal Of Agricultural Research, Vol-47(1), PP
16-25.
3. Kotur,s.C., 2013, Fertiliser Management Of Cabbage As Influenced By
Method Of Raising Seedling, Depth Of Placement & Levels Of 35s-labelled
Superphosphate, Indian Jounal Of Fertilisers, February 2013, PP 42-48.
REFERENCES:

115. TEXT BOOK:
1. Saha,l.R., Handbook Of Plant Protection, First Edition,
2003, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi-110002, India.
2. Chand,P., Agricultural And Forest Pest & Their
Mangement, 1995, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, PP 322-350.
3. Pradhan,S., Agricultural Entomology & Pest Control,
2002, Published By Directorate Of Information &
Publications Of Agritre, ICAR, Pusa, New Delhi, PP 177-
182.
4. Ulysses,S.J., Fertilisers & Soil Fertility, 1987, Prentice
Hall Of India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.

116. WEBSITES
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical
 http://www.ask.com/question/what-are-agrochemicals
 http://www.ask.com/question/what-are-agrochemicals
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer