Seed treatment Why Do We Treat Seed ? Evolution of Seed Treatments HOW SEED TREATMENTS ARE APPLIED?

1. Advances in seed treatment : concepts and
technologies of selected seed treatment
1
SIDDARUDH K S
PALB 4075

2. Seed treatment
“Seed treatment is a biological, chemical, mechanical
or physical processes design to mitigate the seed borne
pests to improve the quality of seed”
2
“Seed treatment is defined as the application of
fungicide, insecticide, bio-fertilizer or any other growth
regulator either to control the pathogens or insects or
to improve the germination potential.”

3. 3
 Qualitative improvement in the seed
 Improve the field performance and storability
 Enable mechanized sowing
 Prevent infection or predation of seeds and seedlings by
pests resident on seed or in the soil
 Low pesticide dosage: Pesticide is applied directly to
the ‘target’ in very small dosages, not throughout the
environment
 To transform seeds as a carrier of basic inputs such as
pesticides, herbicides, nutrients etc., which redefines
agriculture as a profit oriented art, business or science.

4. Evolution of Seed Treatments
• Like many discoveries, seed treatments got their start by
accident. In the 1600s, a boat full of grain sank off the coast
of England. While the wheat recovered was unfit for milling,
some local farmers tried planting it. The seawater-soaked
seed produced a crop mostly free of smut, while unsoaked
seed produced crops with heavy smut infestations. Thus
began the quest for the holy grail of seed treatments.
• Some of the first recorded seed treatments are the use of sap
from onion (Allium spp) and extract of cypress in the Egyptian
and Roman periods.
• Salt water treatments have been used since the mid-1600s
and the first copper products were introduced in the mid-
1700s

5. Why USE a seed treatment?
• Cannot repair stand loss (or insect
damage) after it occurs
• Minimal effort to control disease,
insect or nematode
• Relatively inexpensive insurance
• May compliment host plant
resistance

6. Conditions under which seed must be
treated
6
Injured seeds Diseased seeds Undiserable soil
conditions
Disease free seeds

7. Think of seed treatments as an
insurance policy
You may not see a positive effect
every year. However, when the
proper conditions occur for disease
development, seed treatment will
help your crop with improved
emergence and stand establishment
resulting in an increase in yield and
quality.

8. Why NOT use a seed treatment?
• Expense that could be applied elsewhere in
the operation.
• Potential for resistance development –
Soybean aphid
• Poor predictability of return
• Unused seed disposal – Treating close to
planting reduces risk relative maturity issues.

9. HOW SEED TREATMENTS ARE APPLIED?
• Seed Dressing: The most common method of seed treatment. The seed is
either dressed with a dry formulation or wet treated with a slurry or
liquid formulation. Dressings are applied both on-farm or in specialized
seed treatment facilities.
• Seed Coating: A special binder is used with a formulation to enhance
adherence to the seed and begin to impact seed size and shape. Coatings
require advanced treatment application technology.
• Seed Pelleting: The most sophisticated seed treatment technology,
resulting in changing the physical shape of a seed to enhance plantability
and handling. Pelleting requires specialized application machinery and
techniques and is the most expensive of the applications.

10. Continues treater Batch treater
Plastic bag Hege type
seed treatment 10

11. Seed treatments
2. Seed coating treatments
i. Seed pelleting
ii. Film coating
iii.Seed colouring
iv.Seed encrustation
1. Germination improvement methods
i. Seed fortification
ii. Seed infusion
iii. Pre-germination
iv. Seed tapes
3. Physical seed treatments
i. Electrical seed treatment
ii. Magnetic seed treatment
iii. Seed irradiation
Gamma irradiation
UV- irradiation
X-irradiation
Laser irradiation
Advance seed treatments
 Sound treatments
 Ultra-sound treatments
 Electric field
 Laser seed treatment
 Endophyte seed treatment
 Chitosan seed treatment
 Intelligent seed coating
 Pollinator plus

12. Today’s Modern Seed Treatments
• Modern seed treatment products offer
control of target pests and diseases and
ensure the establishment of healthy and
vigorous plants. Their formulation and
industrial application also contribute to
improvement in growers’ and workers’ safety
and stewardship of the environment.

13. Global Seed Treatment Market
• The seed treatment market is estimated to be
valued at $ 2,798.0 million in 2014 and is projected
to grow at a CAGR of 10.6% from 2014 to 2019, to
be valued $ 4635.4 million by 2019 Insecticides
form the largest segment of seed treatment market
• North America and Latin America, especially
countries such as U.S., Brazil, and Argentina, are the
mature markets for seed coating products. Asia-
Pacific, especially China and India are projected to
be high-growth markets in the near future,
Hazra, 2016

14. Seed coating & pelleting
Bayer crop science, 2016

15. 8/25/2017

18. Advantages of Seed Treatment
• Seed borne pathogens are vulnerable. The seed
borne phase is often the weak link in the life cycle
for many plant pathogens.
• Precision targeting: Seed treatments are not
subject to spray drift. Because chemicals are
applied directly to seeds,
• Low dose: Relatively small amounts of pesticides
are used in seed treatments compared to
broadcast sprays.
• Easy to apply: Seed treatments are relatively easy
and cheap to apply compared to broadcast
sprays.

19. Bottlenecks of Seed Treatments
• Accidental poisoning
• Cropping restrictions
• Limited dose capacity
• Limited duration of protection
• Limited shelf life of treated seed
• Phytotoxicity
• Worker exposure

20. Innovations of Seed Coating
Formulation Technologies
1. Micro emulsion gel technologies

21. Neonicotinoids
• Neonicotinoids are a relatively new class
of insecticides that share a common
mode of action that affect the central
nervous system of insects, resulting in
paralysis and death.
• They include acetamiprid, clothianidin,
dinotefuran, nithiazine, thiacloprid and
thiamethoxam.

22. Mode of Action
• Similar to that of natural
nicotine
• Many insecticides target the
nervous system of insects by
impairing the control of neural
transmission.
• However, the majority of
neural insecticides put the
system in a continual state of
ON giving the organism no
opportunity to stop neural
transmission. This results in
uncontrolled and
uninterrupted nerve firing.
• Selectively more toxic to
insects
http://www.pharmahost.org/support/index.php?title=Image:Nic
otine_mechanism_of_action.gif

23. Why Use Neonicotinoids?
• Effectiveness against certain pests
• Systemic activity allows desirable
application methods
• Relatively low hazard to applicator

24.  Plants are complex multicellular organisms considered as sensitive
as humans for initial assaying of effects and testing new therapies
(Benford, 2002; Dossey, 2001; Kristen, 1997)
 Sound is known to affect the growth of plants.
 Seeds are sometimes treated with ultrasound to help start the
germination process (Shors et al., 1999; Weinberger and Burton,
1981)

25. Ultrasonic priming of seeds
• Ultrasonic priming of seeds result in a more
complete and faster germination and higher
crop yields.
• Ultrasonication increases the uptake of water
and fertilizers into the seeds.
• The ultrasonic priming of seeds is a simple
low-cost method to enhance germination
rate and speed of seedlings.

27. How Does Ultrasonic Seed Priming Work?
• Ultrasonics increases the porosity of the seed by acoustic
cavitation improving water uptake and oxygen availability
(ultrasonic hydropriming / steeping)
• Ultrasonics increases the uptake of nutrients and fertilizer into
the seeds.
• Ultrasonic priming enhances mass transfer: the extra-
absorbed water reacts freely and readily with the cell embryo.
Thereby, gibberellic acid is released and causes an increase in
the rate of metabolic processes in aleurone cells.
• Sonication helps the mobilisation of endosperm nutrients by
cell membrane disruption. (Miano et al., 2015)
• Ultrasonics activates enzymatic and other biologic reactions.
Shin et al., 2011Hielscher Ultrasonics supplies

28. Effect of ultrasounds on the germination
percentage of seeds of A. thaliana (Col-0)
Ignacio Lopez and Carlos, 2017
No significant positive effects were observed in
recently collected seeds, but a significant
increase was observed in aged seeds. The
ultrasound treated seeds present a greater
number of pores in the seed coat than the
control ones, perhaps being this the reason of
the increase in the germination rate.

29. Scanning electron microscopic view of
Arabidopsis
Seed subjected to
45 kHz sonication
at 24 °C for 30 s.
Dry seed
Ignacio Lopez and Carlos, 2017

30. Electric field on seed germination
• Physical methods for plant growth stimulations is getting
more general due to the less damaging effects on the
environment
• Nowadays, electric and magnetic fields are used as a non-
chemical method in agriculture
• It has been perceived that electric and magnetic fields affect
biological process including free radicals, excite the activity
of proteins and enzymes to increase in seed viguor (Jia-Ming,
1988 and Morar et al., 1999)

31. Effects of pre-sowing pulsed electromagnetic treatment
of tomato seeds on growth, yield, and lycopene content
Aspasia et al 2014
• Magnetic field treatment has been found to
improve transpiration rate, photosynthetic
rate, stomatal conductance, root growth,
shoot growth, and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg
percentage accumulation in early stages
• Better availability and absorption of
nutrients. Pulsed electromagnetic fields
have been found to promote germination
and improve early growth characteristics of
seedlings

32. • Electric field affect biological process
including free radicals, excite the activity of
proteins and enzymes to increase in seed
vigour.
• It is inexpensive application, it reduced the
toxicity and pollution
2013

33. Laser treatment
• Laser irradiation is considered as a new branch in
agriculture
• The amazing characteristic of laser radiation, such as
monochromatic, polarization, coherence and high density,
can be used in all spheres of biology and plant growing
• The changes that occur in the physiological state of seeds
and plants can stimulate or inhibit their development and
resistance to fungal disease
• Various authors said possibility of accelerating the maturity
of plants; increase their resistance to disease; influence
alpha-amylase activity and the concentration of free
radicals in the seeds of several plants using laser light
(Hernandez et al., 2005)

35. Irradiated to 1, 5, 10, 15 minutes
Year : 2013
He-Ne laser (650 nm wavelength, beam diameter 2 mm
Diode laser, (650 nm wavelength, beam diameter 2 mm

36. Contd..
SHG Nd-YAG laser (532nm wavelength, beam diameter 2mm
• May be the result of bioenergetics structural
excitement causing cell pumping and enzymatic
stimulation
• The basis of this mechanism might be the
existence of phytochrome which are sensory
photoreceptors that regulate growth and
development of plants in the response to light
stimuli

37. Nano nutrient
• Agriculture is always the backbone of
many developing countries.
• In agriculture the main reason to use
fertilizer is to give full-fledged macro and
micro nutrients which usually soil lacks.
• 35-40% of the crop productivity depends
upon fertilizer, but some of the fertilizer
affects the plant growth directly.
• To overcome all these drawbacks a
smarter way i.e., nanotechnology can be
one of the source.

38. Contd..
• Since fertilizers are the main concern,
developing nano based fertilizer would be a
new technology in this field.
• Fertilizers are sprayed in many ways either to
soil or through leaves, even to aquatic
environments; these inorganic fertilizers are
supplied in order to provide three main
components, nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium in equal ratios

39. What are nano-particles?
• Nano-particles are very small and having
different properties than Definitions
• 1 Nanometer = 10-9 m = 1 billionth of a meter.
• Frequently used definition: particle smaller
than 100 nm.
• Alternative definition: smaller than 500 nm
and altered properties. Larger particles

40. NANO FERTILIZER IN INDIA
• An Indian agro-scientist has innovated nano-
fertilisers using biosynthesis, for the first time
in the world.
• The newly developed nano-fertiliser will bring
down the use of chemical fertilizers by 80-100
times, thus saving considerable foreign
exchange in import of fertilizers.

41. WHY WE WANT TO USE NANO-NUTRIENTS
• Nano-fertilisers are more beneficial as
compared to chemical fertilizers
• (i) Three-times increase in Nutrient Use
Efficiency (NUE)
• (ii) 80-100 times less requirement to chemical
fertilizers
• (iii) 10 times more stress tolerant by the crops
• (iv) Complete bio-source, so eco-friendly

42. TYPES OF NANO NUTRIENTS
• Nano porous Zeolite
• Zinc Nano Fertilizer
• Nano Herbicide
• Nano Pesticide
• Carbon Nano tube
• Nano Aptamers

43. ADVANTAGES OF NANO FERTILIZERS
• Nano coatings and technology can help in
numerous ways to reduce costs and increase
productivity around the farm.
• Improvement in soil aggregation, moisture
retention and carbon build up.
• The yield per hectare is also much higher than
conventional fertilizers, thus giving higher
returns to the farmers.

45. DISADVANTAGES OF NANO NUTRIENTS
• The Catchy term 'Nanotechnology' also pose
some risks and problem towards the health and
also towards environment.
• When considering risk and safety interm of the
same will be relevant to only certain area.
• The initial studies performed for nano materials
have caused serious health hazards and also
showed toxic effects, also when entered into
human body caused tissue damage reaching all
the vital organs.

46. Effect of seed polymer coating with Zn and Fe nanoparticles on
seed physiological quality parameters in pigeon pea
Pradeep et al 2016
Enhanced germination due to the
nano size of particles allow them to
penetrate through seed coat easily
and hence, provided better
absorption and utilization of these
particles by seeds.

47. Gaurav et al 2014
iron pyrite (FeS2) nanoparticles increase the
production of spinach crop possibly by two different
routes.
1. First in the presence of water, it results in in situ
generation of hydrogen peroxide, thereby breaking
down the starch more rapidly. Thus acting as an
artifcial enzyme mimicking the amylase activity.
2. it acts as a chemical messenger by activating the
brassinosteroid pathway, thereby augmenting CO2
fixation and carbohydrate metabolism.

48. Controlled Release of Seed Treatments
Concepts :
• Seed is widely used as a carrier to deliver
agrochemicals where needed
• Controlled release provides the delivery of
agrochemicals when needed
• Controlled release of agrochemicals is
independent of seed germination

49. Controlled Release of Seed
Treatments Applications
• Delayed delivery of agro-chemicals for
protection of transplanted crops
• Extended delivery of agrochemicals for direct
seeded crops
• Extended protection time to match the needs
of the growing plant
• Reduce phytotoxicity of seed treatments on
germination

50. Slow or CR property for fertilizers is
achieved mainly by two methods
• Coating or encapsulating the fertilizer in
water insoluble or sparingly soluble and inert
materials
• Synthesizing fertilizer with slow dissolution
as in the case of condensing urea with
various aldehydes

51. Release Patterns

52. Release of fertilizers from these coated granules is
mainly associated with the following
• Water vapour entering the core dissolving the
fertilizer and coating bursts due to internal osmotic
pressure build up.
• Degradation of coating by microbes or other
environment agents and subsequent penetration of
water in to the core through the degraded portion,
dissolution of the fertilizer and subsequent emission.
• Movement of water to the inner core, dissolution of
fertilizer and subsequent evolution of the solution to
outside controlled by micropores of the coating

53. Temperature and the release of imidacloprid in
Brassica oleracea var. oleracea
Wilkins (2009)
Imidacloprid when encapsulation had a suitable
thickness, under limited conditions in vitro. The rates
were controllable by varying wall thickness. The rapid
release following a delay was possibly caused by
autocatalytic hydrolysis, converting the PLA wall from a
barrier to a porous hydrated medium. The process was
temperature sensitive, varying substantially the profile
and rate over the range 20-30°C, giving a very slow
release or a continuous complete release
Over the 45 days
only 7.1-12.5% of imidacloprid was released at 20°C
while at 30°C the rate was much higher, about 77.8-100%

54. Polyelectrolytes
• Polyelectrolytes of alternating charges existing
of an acidic (e.g. carboxylic, sulfonic) and basic
component (e.g. amino function).
• Thus, living cells can be used as functional
elements of polyelectrolyte multilayers which
include the incorporation of cells into
multilayers and the attachment of multilayers to
the surface of the cells.

55. Contd..
• POLYELECTROLYTES are water soluble polymer
carrying ionic charge along the polymer chain.
• Polyelectrolytes are available in a wide range of
molecular weights and charge densities.
• Polyelectrolytes have got a wide range of
applications right from water purification, oil
recovery, colour removal, paper making, mineral
processing, etc
• Polyelectrolytes are both flocculants as well as
deflocculants depending upon the molecular
weight.

56. Endophyte
• An endophyte is a fungus, that lives within a plant for
at least part of its life cycle without causing disease.
• Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all
species of plants
• However, most of the endophyte/plant relationships
are not well understood.
• Some endophytes may enhance host growth, nutrient
acquisition and may improve the plant's ability to
tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and enhance
resistance to insects, plant pathogens

57. Contd..
• Endophyte provides the plant with protection from
insects, and in return the plant provides the endophyte
a place to live and reproduce.
Examples
• 1. Epichloe endophytes are being widely used
commercially in turf grasses to enhance the
performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and
abiotic stresses
• 2. Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic
fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable
of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship
with many plants

58. Isolation of cucumber endophytic fungi from
young seedlings
Sowing
7-10 days after seed germination,
endophytic fungi were isolated from
symptomless plants
Surface-sterilised by shaking in 5 g/L
NaClO for 30 sec
Roots, leaves and
stems were cut into
0.5-1 cm sections
were cut into piece
The fragments were first pressed onto
10% (v/v) potato dextrose agar (PDA)
and then mounted on new plates
All plates were incubated
at 25 °C, and inspected for
fungal growth at a 3-d
intervals for two weeks.

60. Chitosan
• Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide composed of randomly
distributed D glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
• It is made by treating the chitin shells of shrimp and other
crustaceans with an alkaline substance, like sodium
hydroxide.
• It can be used in agriculture as a seed treatment
and biopesticide
• Chitosan is produced commercially
by deacetylation of chitin, which is the
structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (such
as crabs and shrimp)

61. Effect of chitosan seed treatment as elicitor of
resistance to Fusarium graminearum in wheat
NT = not treated; CH = chitosan-treated CU = cutril treated; CTR = chitosan-treated,
Disease incidence in
greenhouse trials using
soil artificially infected
with F. graminearum
• chitosan treatment induced an increase in
total phenolic compounds, integrating the
elicitation of the pathogen
• Phenols are secondary metabolites with an
important role in plant defense, since they
have a structural function in lignification as
well as an antibiotic activity
Orzali et al 2014

62. ENCAPSULATION OF PLANT-GROWTH PROMOTING BACTERIA
IN POLYMER MATRIX

63. Seed coating polymers
• Polymers are used in the filmcoating process. The
filmcoating process consists of the application of
a thin water permeable polymer based coating
layer onto the seed,
Advantages of Polymers
• Better shelf life as a result of less settling out of
components
• Greater flexibility of dilution at point of use
• Less water, resulting in reduced shipping cost
and storage costs
63

64. Amphiphilic polymers
• Having both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic blocks
• Wide range of solubility, lack of
toxicity and non-interference with
enzymatic activity, make them
ideal carriers of bioactive materials
as well as seed coating agents
64

65. Temperature-sensitive polymer
coatings
• Farmers who expect to expand their corn acreage
without changing their planting equipment
• Farmers with land be better able to take advantage
of those who considered as potential areas for
planting polymer-coated seed
• The initial results confirm that temperature-sensitive
polymer coatings do indeed delay emergence and
result in higher plant populations when cool (and/or
wet) soil conditions and post emergence frosts
compromise corn stand establishment of uncoated
seed in early planting situations.
65

66. Intelligent Seed Coatings
• Intellicoat technology uses a patented
temperature activated polymer that
regulates the permeability of water into
the seed as a function of temperature.
Today, Intellicoat seed coatings are
being used in three significant
commercial agricultural applications:
66

67. Intellicoat Early Plant
• Corn technology is a seed corn coating that
restricts germination until soil conditions
are ideal.
• When the soil is below the pre-set
temperature (55 0 F) the coating restricts
water entering the seed, preventing
germination. When the soil warms to 55
degrees, the polymer shell changes,
allowing the seed to absorb the moisture it
needs to germinate.
• The coating a polymer is made from
natural fatty acids, restricts the water
absorption in cool temperatures, the
polymer changes when temperature rise
and lets the seed absorb water.
Ohio State University Extension agronomist

69. Pollinator Plus
• Uses Intellicoat on male inbred
seeds, which allow seed
producers to reduce or eliminate
the need for split planting while
extending the pollen shed
window
69

70. What is pollinator plus ?
• Patented polymer coated on corn
from landec Ag
• Regulates water uptake
• Delays germination
• Increase heterogeneity
• Synchronization flowering
• Reduces risk of hybrid seed
production

71. Relay Cropping
• For those geographic areas not suitable for double
cropping, Intellicoat coated soybeans allows farmers
to intercrop soybeans into growing wheat to get two
crops from the same field in one year.
• If growers plant their soybeans too late, they'll
damage the wheat. If they plant too early, the
soybeans can be smothered by the wheat or
damaged when the wheat's harvested.“
• Soybeans coated with the micro-thin polymer can be
planted in early spring before wheat heads.
• As soil slowly warms, the coating becomes
permeable, allowing the seed to absorb water and
germinate. By the time the wheat is harvested, the
soybeans will likely be in the early to mid-vegetative
growth stages.

72. What are antioxidants?
• Antioxidants are nutrients which can be
found naturally in some foods. Antioxidants
protect cells from damage caused by free
radicals, Antioxidants can protect cells by
cancelling out the damage caused by free
radicals.
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the
oxidation of other molecules. These are
present in plant body at a low concentration
compared to that of an oxidisable substrate.
72

73. Sources of Antioxidants
• Many antioxidants are present in
raw, organic fruits and vegetables.
Fruits that are high in antioxidants
include various berries, apples and
pineapple. Vegetables include
broccoli, spinach, lentils, kale, garlic
and peppers.
• Some seeds, nuts and dried fruits
are also good sources of
antioxidants. 73

74. Table 4.16 Effect of foliar application of antioxidants on speed of emergence, electrical conductivity
of seed leachate and total dehydrogenase activity in vegetable soybean cv. Karune
Treatment details
Speed of
emergence (BRI)
Electrical
conductivity of
seed leachate
(µScm-1)
Total
dehydrogenase
activity
(OD@A480nm)
T1 : Ascorbic acid @ 100 ppm 0.839 0.749 3.718
T2 : Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm 0.852 0.790 3.672
T3 : Perrydoxine @ 100 ppm 0.848 0.880 3.175
T4 : Tocopherol @ 100 ppm 0.847 0.825 3.566
T5 : Ascorbic acid @ 100 ppm + Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm 0.858 0.458 4.561
T6 : Ascorbic acid @ 100 ppm + Perrydoxine @ 100 ppm 0.846 0.648 4.242
T7 : Ascorbic acid @ 100 ppm + Tocopherol @ 100 ppm 0.848 0.630 4.513
T8 : Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + Perrydoxine @ 100 ppm 0.843 0.711 3.921
T9 : Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm + Tocopherol @ 100 ppm 0.841 0.643 4.373
T10 : Perrydoxine @ 100 ppm + Tocopherol @ 100 ppm 0.840 0.723 3.757
T11 : Control 0.790 0.939 3.068
S.Em± 0.009 0.038 0.216
CD (P=0.05) 0.027 0.111 0.625
CV (%) 2.2 10.6 11.2
Naneshwara et al

75. Vibrance
Seed treatment fungicide is formulated to boost
a crop’s rooting power by delivering enhanced disease
protection that leads to strong root systems and
improved crop performance
Product highlights
• Delivers Rhizoctonia protection and longer-lasting
disease protection in multiple crops.
• Produces healthier, stronger stems and foliage
better able to withstand stresses from weather,
diseases and insects.
• Contains Sedaxane, specifically developed by
Syngenta with characteristics to maximize its
performance as a seed treatment.
• Provides long-lasting protection and strong
performance under a wide range of environmental
conditions.
• Conveniently formulated for easy application to
other pre-mixes.

76. Avicta Complete Corn
Features
• Protects against a wide spectrum of corn-
damaging nematode species.
• Kills nematodes instantly, offering growers a
true nemoticide.
• Works consistently against nematodes in all
environmental conditions, including various
temperatures, and moisture and soil pH levels
• Delivers proven protection against a broad
range of insect pests
• Provides the most complete fungicide option on
the market for protection against a wide variety
of early-season diseases and best-in-class
Rhizoctonia protection

77. Inoculation
• Process of adding effective bacteria to the host
plant seed before planting. The purpose
of inoculation is to make sure that there is
enough of the correct type of bacteria present in
the soil so that a successful legume-bacterial
symbiosis is established.
77

78. Betting Big on Microbes
B-300 SAT
• B-300 is a new formulation of JumpStart,
and like that product, is derived from a soil
fungus called Penicillium bilaiae.
• The spores applied to the seed are designed
to grow along with the plant roots and help
the plant take up nutrients and phosphate
fertilizer more easily.
• Monsanto claims company trials show an
average 3-bushel-per-acre yield advantage
to the B-300 seed treatment

79. ORGANIC SEED TREATMENT
Fresh leaves or seeds
Drying under shade
powdered by using
electric grinder
20 μ mesh sieve
300 g of each powdered plant
material was taken into a 2 litre
capacity conical flask & 1000ml
distilled water
homogenized in a homogenizer
for 15 minutes and then allowed
to settle it for 24 h
The extract was separated using fine muslin cloth
and then filtered. The filtrate was collected in a 2
litre capacity conical flask and volume was made up
to 1000 ml.
SEED TREATMENT

80. Chudasama et al 2016
• Ethyl acetate and
hexane
• when the eggs lay on
treated seeds, the toxic
substance present in the
extract may enter into
the egg through chorion
and suppressed further
embryonic development.

81. Efficacy of some plant extracts as storage
protectants against Callosobruchus maculatus
Mojisola et al., 2016
Orange peel had the highest mortality rate of 100% weevil mortality
within 24 hours of insect exposure The order of mortality; orange
peel > Neem > Lemon grass.
• Due to high toxic effect of the oils
Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus sinensis
against adult C. maculatus.
• These can serve as alternative to
synthetic chemicals used in insect pest
control in storage which may accumulate
to damage health and the environment.

82. COMPULSORY SEED TREATMENT
TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF
SEEDS.1. Advance seed treatments like endophyte and chitosan seed
treatments are the best way to control seed borne and soil
borne pathogens,
2. The treatment will also increase the germination and plant
stand,
3. The treatment with botanicals will be chief used by farmers,
4. Besides, there is scope for seed treatment to get better quality
of seeding and for good storage conditions.
CONCLUSION