SAM HIGGIN BOTTOM UNIVERSITY

1. SAM HIGGINBOTTOM UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES
SST-721 SEED PRODUCTION IN FIELD CROPS
ASSIGNMENT: AGRONOMIC PRINCIPLES OF MUSTARD
SUBMITTED BY
SUBMITTED TO
DR. PRASHANT KUMAR
DEPT OF GPB
S.H.U.A.T.S ALLAHABAD

2. INTRODUCTION
Mustard (Brassica spp.) is the major Rabi oilseed
crop in India and one of the domesticated crop.
Mustard is highly cultivated oil seed crop among
all oil seed crops in India.
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Madhya
Pradesh are the major mustard growing states in
India.

3. Its cultivation is possible even with low irrigation
facilities.
Mustard contains various medicinal properties
and health benefits.
The seed contains oil varies from 37 to 49 per
cent.

4. GENUS : Brassica
SPECIES : Brassica nigra (Black)
Brassica juncea (Brown)
FAMILY : Cruciferae
Uttar Pradesh is a leading mustard producing state
of India 60% of total mustard production is from
this state. Other than U.P it is grown on a large
scale in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana,
Punjab, Assam, Bihar, Gujrat, West Bengal.

5. MAJOR PRODUCING STATES

6. NUTRITION VALUE OF MUSTARD

7. FLORAL BIOLOGY
INFLORESCENCE: Raceme (Brassica campestris)
corymbose raceme or corymb.
FLOWER: Pedicellate, ebracteate, hermaphrodite,
actinomorphic rarely zygomorphic, hypogynous,
complete or incomplete and tetramerous.
CALYX: Sepals 4 arranged in two whorls of two
each, polysepalous (2antero-posterior and 2 lateral)

8. COROLLA: Petals 4, alternate with sepals,
polypetalous, petals arranged in the form of across
known as cruciform. This arrangement is
characteristic of the family Petals usually clawed,
petals generally equal rarely unequal or sometimes
petals may be replaced by stamens.
ANDROECIUM: Stamens 6, arranged in two whorls,
outer two stamens short and inner four long (2+4),
tetradynamous, polyandrous, anthers dithecous
basifixed, introrse.

9. Disc like nectaries, variable in number, present at
the base of stamens. In some cases the number of
stamens is variable – 16.
GYNOECIUM: Bicarpellary rarely tricarpellary,
syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular, becomes
bilocular due to the development of false septum
called replum: parietal placentation, ovules many,
style short, stigma simple.
POLLINATION: Self or cross pollinated, flowers are
visited by insects due to the presence of nectaries.

10. FLORAL FORMULA :

11. SOIL: Varying soil from sandy loam to clay, thrives
well in light soils.
Well drained soil is more suitable
pH 6.5 to 7.5, neutral soil is ideal
Saline alkaline soils are unsuitable
CLIMATE : A crop of temperate Can be in higher
elevation of tropics. Temperature range 3 to 40°C
Optimum 18-25°C with cool, dry clear weather high
humidity, cloudy atmosphere at flowering
undesirable.

12. S. No. Variety Productivity
(Qt/ha)
Duration (days) Suitable area
1. Rai Varuna (T-56) 20-24 125-130 Unirrigated plains of U.P.
2. Rohani 22-28 130-135 Unirrigated Whole U.P
3. Kranti 22-28 125-130 Irrigated Plains of U.P.
4. Krishna 22-28 128-132 Irrigated Plains of U.P.
5. Vardan 25-28 125-130 Whole U.P specially for late
sowing
6. Vaibhav 15-20 125-130 Whole U.P specially for late
sowing
7. Narendra Rai - 8501 25-30 125 Whole U.P irrigated suitable
8. Kiran 25-30 170 Whole U.P specially for
unirrigated areas
9. Hayala PVC (9-22-1) 25-28 150 Irrigated whole of U.P.
IMPROVED VARIETIES OF UTTAR PRADESH

14. SOWING TIME: The optimum sowing time for
rapeseed and mustard is last week of September to
mid of October. Delay in sowing results in exposure
of crop to moisture stress at reproductive stage.
SEED RATE & SPACING: Recommended seed rate,
distance between rows and plants should be
followed properly to get optimum plant population
per unit area. A seed rate of 5-6 kg/ha is sown in
rows of 30-40 cm and plant to plant distance of 10-
15 cm apart

15. CULTURAL PRACTICES:
Thinning should be done 25-30 days after sowing to
maintain proper plant to plant distance according to
the recommendations. Further one hoeing is done
to promote plant growth.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION:
A fertilizer dose of 50:60:30 kg NPK/ha for rain fed
crop of north eastern states is found to be optimum.
Proper dose of fertilizer should be applied to exploit
the full yield potential of rapeseed and mustard.

16. Application of Sulphur (20 kg ZnSO4) and Boron (1
kg) has been found to be beneficial in improving
the seed and oil yield of mustard.
PLANT PROTECTION:
Two important diseases of rapeseed and mustard
in this region is white rust and Alternaria Blight. For
controlling these diseases, spray of Blitox-50 (0.3%)
or Diethane M 45 @ 2 g/l of water at 10 days
interval is found to be effective. Among aphid
species, mustard aphid is a key pest of rapeseed
and mustard causing 35-40% reduction in yield and
5-6 % reduction in oil content.

17. Spraying of Dimecron 0.25 ml/lit of water 2-3 times
or Rogor 1.5 ml/lit of water is found to be quite
effective. Early sown crop escapes the aphid
incidence in rapeseed and mustard.
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT: The water requirement
for growing mustard crop usually varies between
300 to 400 mm/year. The IW/CPE ratio of 0.5 is
optimum for the water use efficiency. In case of
mustard varieties, two irrigation (30-35days after
sowing and again 55 to 60 days after sowing) are
needed.

18. WEED CONTROL:
Weeds can bring out reduction in yield to the tune
of about 2O-30 Percent. For effective weed
management, two hand weedings are generally
required. The first should be done 25 to 3O days
after sowing and the second at 45-50 days after
planting. Wherever hand weeding is not possible or
is uneconomical, use of herbicide is recommended.
Fluchlorialin at the rate of I to 1 .25 kg/ha as
preplant incorporation of spraying of pendimethalin
@1.25 kg/ha pre-emergence could be effective in
the management of weed.

19. INSECT PEST SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
MUSTARD SAW FLY Feed on leaves and make holes.
In case of severe infestation
entire leaf lamina is eaten.
Infestation may be controlled by
dusting Endosulfan dust (4 %) or
Quinalphos (1.5 %) or Malathion
(5 %) or Methyl parathion (2 %)
at 20-25 kg/ha in morning. Spray
of Monocrotophos at 0.2 per
cent also takes care of this insect.
APHID Both nymph and adult infest the
crop by sucking the cell sap from
leaves, stalk and inflorescence.
Infestation is more severe under
cloudy conditions and cause
severe damage if occur at
flowering or pod formation.
It is controlled by dusting the
crop with Methyl parathion (2 %)
or Malathion (5 %) at 20-25
kg/ha or spraying of
Phosphomiden (0.05 %) ml or
Endosulfan 35 EC or Malathion
50 EC (0.2 %) or Monocrotophos
(0.05 %).
PEST MANAGEMENT:

20. DISEASE SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT
ALTERNARIA BLIGHT (Alternaria brassicae) The disease attacks on the lower
leaves as small circular brown
necrotic spots which slowly
increase in size. Infected pods
produce small, discolored and
shriveled seeds.
Plant only pathogen-free seed, rotate
crops, applications of appropriate
fungicides control disease when
present
DOWNY MILDEW (Peronospora parasitica) Irregular yellow patches on leaves
which turn light brown in color;
fluffy gray growth on the
undersides of the leaves
Remove all crop debris after harvest,
rotate with non-brassicas, application
of appropriate fungicides may be
required if symptoms of disease are
present
WHITE RUST (Albugo candida) White pustules on cotyledons,
leaves, stems and/or flowers
which coalesce to form large
areas of infection; leaves may roll
and thicken
Rotate crops, plant only disease-free
seed
DISEASE MANAGEMENT:

21. HARVEST:
It should be harvested when the pods turn
yellowish. The crop is liable to shattering, hence
should be harvested just before the pods open in
order to avoid losses. Threshing is done by bullocks
or a tractor. Seed must be dried in sun till the
moisture content comes down to 8 percent.
YIELD:
With the use of improved varieties and other
agronomic practices a yield of 10-12 q/ha of
rapeseed and 15-20 q/ha of mustard can be
obtained easily.

22. THANK YOU