The document summarizes key pre-modern human finds from 6-2 million years ago, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis found in Chad dating to 6-7 MYA, Orrorin tugenensis found in Kenya dating to 6 MYA, Ardipithecus ramidus found in Ethiopia dating to 4.4 MYA, various Australopithecus species such as A. afarensis found in Ethiopia dating to 4.2-3.9 MYA, Kenyanthropus platyops found in Kenya dating to 3.5-3.2 MYA, early Homo species including H. habilis found in Tanzania dating to 2.5 MYA

1. Pre Modern HumanFinds By: Silvia Gaitan

2. Walk through time… Four Fields of Anthropology: By Silvia Gaitan 2

3. Sahelanthroupustchadensis Age: 6-7 MYA Location Found: Sahara desert Discovered by: AhountaDjimdoumalbaye in 2001 Has the characteristics of later hominids although it has very primitive apelike features such as the large brow ridge, and smaller brain size Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan 3

4. Orriontugenensis 4 Age: 6 MYA Location Found: Western Kenya Discovered by: Strong evidence of both bipedal and brachiating adaptation. The limbs are about 1.5 times longer than Lucy’s suggesting that Orrion was about he size of a chimpanzee. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

5. Ardipithecusramidus 5 Age: 4.4 MYA Location Found: Aramis in Ethiopia Discovered by: Discovered by a team led by Tim White, BerhaneAsfaw and Gen Suwa Has strong evidence of being bipedal, teeth are intermediate with characteristics of earlier apes. Feet Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

6. Australopithecus afarensis 6 Age: 4.2 and 3.9 MYA Location Found: Hadar, Ethiopia Discovered by: Donald Johanson Cranial capacity varied from about 375 to 550 cc., flat nose, no chin. Bones show that they where physically strong, signs of sexual dimorphism. Finger and toe bones are proportionately longer than humans, but . The skull is simular to that of a chimpanzee with the exception of more humanlike teeth. Research shows that they where partially still adapted to climbimg trees. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

7. Australopithecus anamensis 7 Age: 4 MYA Location Found: Kanapoi in Kenya Discovered by: Bryan Patterson Has primitive feature but very humanlike, remains are still in debate. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

8. Kenyanthropusplatyops 8 Age: 3.5 and 3.2 MYA Location Found: Kenya Discovered by: Justus Erus Debate as to if it is a Kenyan version of A. Afarensis. Has a small face and flat teeth. (Only the skull was found) Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

9. Australopithicusgarhi 9 Age: 2.5 MYA Location Found: Buori, Ethiopia Discovered by: YohannesHaile-Selassie Only know for the partial skull; important features are extremly large size of teeth especially the rear ones. Shows apelike ration of upper arms, but humanlike features in the humerus and femur. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

10. Paranthropusaethiopicus 10 Age: 2.5 MYA Location Found: Southern Ethiopia Discovered by: Camille Arambourg and Yves Coppens Named as a new species due to V shaped jaw. Skull is simular to a male afarenses however it has a more developed masticatory apparatus and has a flattened cranial base. Possibly part of boisei lineage, more primitive than robustus. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

11. Paranthropusboisei 11 Age: 2.3 MYA Location Found: Ethiopia Discovered by: Mary Leaky Has enlarged post canines and is believed to be the end point of lineage that was adapted to high nascitory stress. Theory is that boesie dies out due to overspecialization of foods and could not adapt to the rapidly changing environment. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

12. Australopithecus africanus 12 Age: 2 and 3MYA Location Found: Taung, South Africa Discovered by: Raymond Dart Evidence showed that this was a bipedal ancestor. Infant cranial remain was found in a cave deposit. Teeth found showed smaller canines. Darts find became popular but was rejected until more fossils of similar nature where found. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

13. Paranthropusrobustus 13 Age: 2.0 and 1.0 MYA Location Found: South Africa Discovered by: Robert Broom robustus has been found in three different locations: Swartkrans, Dreimulen, and Kromdraai. Has better developed muscle markings and more prominent tori. Rubustas has been proven to be an omnivore do to the large postcanine size. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

14. Homo habilis 14 Age: 2.5 MYA Location Found: Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania Discovered by: Louis Leakey, Phillip Tobias, and John Napier Tools have been found at their sites named Oldowan tools; they are simple pebble tools from water worn cobbles. Habilis has a larger brain size. Oldowan tools where used to remove meat from carcasses. The larger brain and tool utilization indicates higher intellectual capacity. Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

15. Age: 1.2 MYA Location Found: Trinil, Java Discovered by: Eugene Dubois When the skull was found it was uncertain it was a human skull or that of another species. It was later determined that although the skull appeared to be smaller and the thigh bone was very similar it was in fact a different species. Compared to earlier hominids it wit has a smaller face cheeks and teeth with t hiker cranial bones. Homo erectus 15

16. Age: 50,000YA Location Found: France, Yugoslavia, Belgium, and other locations in Europe Discovered by: were short, thick-set people with strong arms and legs, a large, slightly sloping face with predominant brow ridges and a nearly nonexistent chin, and a braincase (more than 1450 cc) larger than that of modern humans (around 1350 cc). These features are believed to have been an adaptation to the cold weather and hunting lifestyle Homo neanderthalensis 16 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

17. Early Modern Homo sapiens Sites 17 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

18. Geographic Timescale 18 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

19. The Proterozoic The Proterozoic Eon of Precambrian Time: 2500 to 542 million years ago 19 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

20. The Paleozoic Era During the Paleozoic era things started to happen. The Paleozoic era lasted about 325 million years . During the Paleozoic there were six major continental land masses. Each of these continental masses consisted of different parts of the modern continents accompanied with shallow seas across their interiors . 20 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

21. Mesozoic & Cenozoic During the Mesozoic era the supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana collided, to form the super-duper continent Pangea. Pangea means “all earth”. Cenozoic Era: During this era placental mammals developed. In addition to the plates drifting apart ass seen on the globe to the right. 21 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

22. Pangea 22 Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan

23. References 23 Brunet M., Guy F., Pilbeam D., Mackay H.T., Likius A., Djimboumalbaye A. et al. (2002): A new hominid from the upper Miocene of Chad, central Africa. Nature, 418:145-51. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/paleozoic/paleozoic.html http://library.thinkquest.org www.columbia.edu/.../ web/paranth/paranth.html http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/specimen.html#anamensis Pre Modern Human Finds By Silvia Gaitan