ANTERIOR PITUITARY
HORMONES

 Hormones are chemical substances which are
synthesized by specific endogenous glands and
secreted internally, directly into the blood stream, to
act far away from the site of their production and
release on the specific target organs. Ex- TSH
 Tropic hormones-- target other endocrine glands to
release their own hormones. Ex TRH

1. Hypophysiotropic hormones (Neuro-secretions) into
the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system—
2. RH(Release Hormone) or RIH
3. Hypothalamic hormones travel in portal system from
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary regulate
hormones secretion by anterior pituitary

 Master of endocrine orchestra
 Regulated by
Long and short loop feedback
Hypothalamus RH(Release Hormone) or RIH
 Primarily by the CNS– All pituitary hormones except
PRL would decline in the absence of the
hypothalamus
 By hormones produced in peripheral target glands
 Example– inhibin secreted from gonads
 All anterior pituitary hormones secreted in a diurnal
pattern.

Short negetive feed
back
Long negetive feed
back

 Somatotrophs GH
 Lactotrophs PRL
 Gonadotrophs FSH growth of ovarian follicles and
formation of sperm
 Luteinizing hormone LH (in women)– induce
ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum;
stimulate the ovarian production of estrogen and
progesterone
 LH (in men)– stimulates the production of Testosterone
 Thyrotrophs  TSH to stimulate the secretion of
thyroid hormone
 Corticotrophs ACTH functions of adrenal cortex

1. 3.
2.
hormonal families of the
anterior lobe:

 Protein synthesis
 Anabolic effects
 Somatomedins –IGF1, IGF2
Metabolic consequence
  Initially insulin like effect
  antagonistic to Insulin decrease glucose uptake,
increase release of free fatty acids
 IGF1-released from liver positive feedback on
hypothalamus GHRIH
 Increase-GH- sleep, exercise
 Decrease-L-dopa

 Hypo-secretion:
During childhood causes
Dwarfism
 Hyper-secretion:
During childhood causes
Gigantism (up to 8 – 9 ft.)
During Adulthood causes
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of the small bones
of the hand and feet
Enlargement of the cranium,
nose, and lower jaw
Tongue, liver, and kidneys
become enlarged

 Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH; from
arcuate nuclei mainly); its gene is expressed in the GI
tract and the pancreas
 Somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting
hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and
paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI
tract and the pancreas
 Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also
increase GH secretion via GHRH
 Ghrelin is also synthesized in the stomach and is
thought to signal feeding behavior

SERMORELIN-Synthetic analogue of GnRH
diagnostic agent suspect cases of childhood short
stature
ADR-injection site pain, dizziness, hyperactivity,
urticaria
SOMATOSTATIN-GHRIH
SANDOSTATIN-slow release formulation
ADR-steatorrrhoea, gall stones

long acting analogue of somatostatin
Twice potent in reducing insulin secretion
Dose-20-200mg sc TDS
Uses
Carcinoid syndrome
VIP-secreting tumours
Bleeding oesophageal varices
Treatment of AIDS associated diarrhoea
Insulinomas
Sandostatin –slow release formulation of octreotide

 GHRIH
 -thyroid tumours
 Acromegaly
PEGVISOMANT-sc
 New GH-receptor antagonist-acromegaly
 Suppress IGF-1 levels
 -allows dimerisation and blocks the ongoing
conformational changes
 Demerit- formation of antibodies

GH deficiency usually due to tumour, infection and
radiation
-t1/2-25 min
Sc-0.2mg/kg
AIDS
Burn injuries
Ant aging
ADR-insulin resistance
Arthralgia, DM-2

 Recombinant human IGF1+ recombinant
human IGFBP-3 ( insulin like growth factor
inhibiting factor)
 Maintain desired t1/2 of IGF
 -short statured children
 Dose-0.04-0.08 mg/kg
 ADR-hypoglycemia

 Glycoprotein hormone
 Pulsatile secretion
 TSH stimulate the thyroid to synthesise
 thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones
 Diagnostic purpose
 Thyrotropin alpha- detection of metastatic
differenciated thyroid cancer

GnRH-gonadotropin release hormone
LH-ICSH-Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
FSH-inhibin- supresses FSH
activin- stimulates FSH slynthesis
FSH in females-gametogenesis, follicular devp
LH in females-ovulation, corpus luteum
FSH in males-spermatogensis, sertoli cells
LH in males-androgen and testosterone in leydig cells
Feed back
Gonadorelin- synthetic

 Leuprolide-endometriosis
 Nafarelin
 Buserelin-endometriosis
 Dosrelin
 Goserelin
 Triptorelin- prostate cancer
 Diagnosis and treatment of infertility
 Anvanced prostate cancer, uterine fibroids
 IVF-

Cetrorelix
Ganirelix
Abarelix
Degarelix
Uses
-advanced prostate ca
Uterine fibroids and endometriosis
IVF

From post menopausal women
Menotropin
Urofollitropin
Recombinant FSH
HCG
USES
-infertility
Cryptorchism
IVF
Kaposi sarcoma
Diagnostic use

 ACTH (adrenal corticotropic hormone) regulates
hormone secretion by the cortex of the adrenal
glands.
 ACTH- stimulates –Glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoid and androgens
 ACTH-stimulated by trauma and stress
 Melanocytes and keratinocytes pigmentation by
MSH
 (Melanotrope in arcuate neurons)– food intake

 Hypo-secretion
Addison’s disease –
Simmond’s disease, hypo pituitary
cachexia
Hyper-secretion:
Cushing’s Syndrome
mobilization of fat from lower
body to the thoracic and upper
abdominal regions giving raise to
“Buffalo Torso”-obesity, poor
wound healing, peptic ulcer,
hyperglycemia

 Is a synthetic human ACTH
 Diagnosis of pituitary adrenal axis—25 IU-IV
 No increase in plasma cortisol levels --primary
 ADR- similar to corticosteroids
 Allergic reactions

 Peptide hormone
 Mammotropic and lactogenic
 PRIH-PRL release inhibitory hormone-D2
 Stimulus for prolactin-suckling
 mammotropic and lactogenic
 Hyperprolactinemia-galactorrhoea, amenorrhea ,
infertility
 Treatment of hyperprolactinaemia
 Bromocriptine-2.5mg OD till BD for 15 days
 , cabergoline, pergolide, Quinagolide

 Bromocriptine -2.5mg orally-15days
 Cabergoline-0.25mg orally -BD
 Pergolide-
 Quinagolide-0.2-0.6mg/day

 OT (oxytocin) and ADH
 produced in hypothalamus
 transported by hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract to
posterior lobe (stores/releases hormones)

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