The document shows the precipitation reaction that occurs when solutions of silver nitrate and potassium chloride are mixed. Silver nitrate and potassium chloride dissociate into their respective ions in water. The silver and chloride ions then bond to form an insoluble salt, silver chloride, which precipitates out of solution leaving behind potassium nitrate in solution. The animation visually depicts the dissociation of the reactants and formation of the silver chloride precipitate at the molecular level.

1. Solut(ion) Chemistry
Thinking Inside the Test Tube

2. Simple Rules for Solubility
1. Most nitrate (NO3−) salts are soluble.
2. Most alkali (group 1A) salts and NH4+ are soluble.
3. Most Cl−, Br−, and I− salts are soluble (NOT Ag+,
Pb2+, Hg22+)
4. Most sulfate salts are soluble (NOT BaSO4, PbSO4,
HgSO4, CaSO4)
5. Most OH− salts are only slightly soluble (NaOH,
KOH are soluble, Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 are marginally
soluble)
6. Most S2−, CO32−, CrO42−, PO43− salts are only slightly
soluble.

4. Blinky or No Blinky?

5. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na-
Cl Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na +
Solvent
Solute

6. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na-
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

7. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+-
+ Cl
-
Na-
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

8. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

9. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

10. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

11. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

12. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

13. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
+ Cl
-
Na - Water
Cl
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Solvent
Solute

14. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Na+
ClNa+
-
Water
+ Cl
-
Cl- Na - H(OH)
Na+ Cl
Solvent
Solute

15. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
- Na
+
ClNa+ H(OH)
Na+Cl- + Cl
-
Na -
Cl
Solvent
Solute

16. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl-NaNa
+
+ H(OH)
Na+Cl-
Na+ Cl-
Cl- Solvent
Solute

17. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- Na+ H(OH)
Na+ Cl
-
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl- Solvent
Solute

18. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+ Cl
-
Na+
+ Na
+
Na Cl-
Solvent
Cl -
Solute

19. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+ Cl
-
Na+
Na+ Na+
Cl- Solvent
Solute Cl-

20. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Na+
Na+ Solvent
Na+ Cl-
Solute Cl-

21. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Na+
Na+ Solvent
Na+ Cl-
Solute Cl-

22. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Na+
Na+ Solvent
Solute Cl - Na+ Cl-

23. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+ Cl-
Na+
Na+ Solvent
Solute Cl-
Na+ Cl-

24. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Cl- Na+ Na+
Solvent
Solute Cl- Na+ Cl-

25. Solubility
Many compounds dissociate into

independent ions when dissolved in water.
Water
Cl- H(OH)
Na+
Cl- Na+ Na+
Solvent
Solute Cl- Na+ Cl-

26. (Animation)
Crystals of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) and
Potassium Chloride (KCl) are added to
water.

27. o
Ag
N
o Cl
o
K

28. o
Ag
N
o Cl
o
K

29. o Cl
Ag
N
o
K
o
o
Cl
Ag
N
o
K
o
BEAKER

30. Cl
o
Ag
N K
o
o
o
Cl
Ag
N
K o
o

31. Cl-1
O-2
Ag+1
N+5
O-2 K+1
O-2
O-2
Cl-1 Ag+1
N+5
K +1 O-2
O-2

32. Cl-1
O-2
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2
Ag+1 O-2
Cl-1
N+5
K +1 O-2
O-2

33. Cl-1
O-2
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2
Ag+1 O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
K +1
O-2

34. Cl-1
O-2
Ag+1 N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2
Ag+1 O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
K +1
O-2

35. O-2 Cl-1
N+5
Ag+1 O-2
O-2 K+1
Ag+1
O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
K +1
O-2

36. O-2 Cl-1
N+5
O-2
Ag+1
O-2
K+1
Ag+1
O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
K +1
O-2

37. Do you suppose anything else
will happen?
Think, Pair, Share.....
If so, what? If not, why not?

38. O-2 Cl-1
N+5
O-2
Ag+1
O-2
K+1
Ag+1
O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

39. O-2
Cl-1
N+5
O-2
O-2
Ag+1
K+1
Ag+1
Cl-1
O-2
N+5 O-2
K+1
O-2

40. O-2 Cl-1
N+5
O-2
O-2
Ag
K+1
Ag+1
Cl
O-2
N+5 O-2
K+1
O-2

41. Cl-1
O-2
N+5
O-2
O-2
K+1
Ag Ag+1
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

42. Cl-1
O-2
N+5 O-2
Ag+1 O-2 K+1
Ag
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

43. Cl-1
O-2
N+5 O-2
Ag+1
K+1
Ag
O-2
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

44. Cl-1
O-2
Ag+1
N+5
O-2
K+1
Ag
O-2
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

45. Cl-1
Ag+1 O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
Ag
O-2
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

46. Cl
Ag
O-2
K+1
Ag N+5
O-2
O-2
Cl O-2
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2

47. http://bhs.smuhsd.org/science-dept/marcan/apchemistry/Le_Chatlier%27s_Principle.html

48. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/chem3-5/qual_cat/graphics/procedure/proc6.gif

49. Insoluble compound
Think, Pair, Share......
What do you think this
compound is made of?
Where is the "other stuff"
from the reaction?

50. Precipitation
Q: How do we know that AgCl is the
precipitate?
A: Check your Solubility Rules page:
Rule #3
" Most Cl− , Br− , and I− salts are soluble
(NOT Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+) "

51. Precipitation (Cont'd)
Q: Why not KNO3 too ?
A: Check your Solubility Rules page:
Rule #2
" Most alkali (group 1A) salts and
NH4+ are soluble. "

52. Cl
Ag
O-2
N+5 K+1
O-2
Ag
O-2
O-2
Cl
N+5
K+1 O-2
O-2

53. Cl
O-2
Ag
N+5 K+1
O -2
O-2
Ag
O-2
N+5
Cl
K+1 O-2
O-2

54. O-2
Cl
N+5 K+1
O -2
Ag
O-2
Ag
O-2
K+1
N+5
O-2
Cl
O-2

55. O-2
K+1
N
+5
O-2
Cl
O-2
Ag
O-2
Ag K+1 N+5
O-2
O-2
Cl

56. O-2
N+5 K+1
O -2
O-2
Cl
Ag O-2
K+1
N+5
O-2
Ag
O-2
Cl

57. O-2
N+5 K+1
O -2
O-2
Cl
K+1 O-2
Ag
N+5
O-2
Ag
O-2
Cl

58. O-2
N+5 K+1
O -2
O-2
O-2
K+1
Cl N+5
O-2
Ag O-2
Ag
Cl

59. O-2
N+5 K+1
O -2
O-2
K+1
O-2
N+5
O-2
Cl O-2
Ag
Ag
Cl

60. O-2
N+5 K+1
O-2
O-2
K+1 O-2
N+5
O-2
O-2
Ag
Cl
Ag
Cl

61. O-2
K+1
N+5
O-2
K+1
O-2 O-2
N+5
O-2
O-2
Ag
Cl
Ag
Cl

62. = NO3 -1
= K+1
= Cl -1
= Ag +1
http://media.photobucket.com/image/AgCl/carriief/674px-Silver-chloride-3D-ionic.png

63. Precipitation Reaction
Double Replacement Reaction