1. The document describes various methods for screening nootropic substances, including in vivo, in vitro, and molecular-level experiments.
2. Some key in vivo methods discussed are passive avoidance testing in rats/mice, active avoidance conditioning experiments, and electrophysiological studies like long-term potentiation experiments in hippocampal brain slices.
3. In vitro screening methods outlined involve measuring inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity from rat brain tissue and butyrylcholinesterase activity from human serum. Molecular-level experiments involve analyzing effects on acetylcholine receptors and neurotransmitter release.
Pre clinical screening models for drugs acting on Autonomic nervous systemRana Rana
This document describes various preclinical models used to screen drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system. It discusses models for screening sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. For sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, in vivo models include measuring blood pressure in dogs, the rabbit eye model, and the cat spleen model. In vitro models include the isolated frog heart and rabbit intestine preparations. For parasympathomimetics and parasympatholytics, in vivo models measure blood pressure responses and miosis in rabbit eyes, while in vitro models use the isolated heart, ileum, frog muscle, and trachea.
This document summarizes screening methods for potential antiparkinson agents. It describes several in vivo and in vitro models used to test compounds. The key in vivo models discussed are:
1. Tremorine and oxotremorine antagonism in mice, which tests a compound's ability to reduce tremors induced by these muscarinic agonists.
2. The MPTP model in monkeys and mice, which uses MPTP to damage dopaminergic neurons and induce Parkinson's-like symptoms that can be reversed or reduced by test compounds.
3. Reserpine antagonism in rats, which tests if a compound can reduce sedation and motor impairment caused by reserpine depletion of cate
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro models used for screening potential antiparkinsonian drugs. Some key in vivo models mentioned include: 1) antagonism of tremors induced by tremorine/oxotremorine in mice, 2) use of the MPTP model in monkeys to induce Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, and 3) antagonism of sedation induced by reserpine in mice. Important in vitro/ex vivo models include measuring dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and radioligand binding studies for dopamine receptors. The document provides details on the procedures, evaluations, and modifications of these various screening models.
pre clinical Screening for anti asthmatic drugsDHINESHKUMAR V
This document describes various pre-clinical screening methods for anti-asthmatic drugs, including in vitro, isolated organ, and in vivo models. In vitro methods include the CULTEX technique using bronchial epithelial cell cultures and histamine receptor binding assays using guinea pig brain membranes. Tests in isolated organs involve measuring spasmolytic activity in guinea pig lung strips. In vivo models include tests in anesthetized guinea pigs to evaluate bronchospasmolytic effects and protection against anaphylactic shock or serotonin/histamine-induced asphyxia. Overall, the document outlines the most common pre-clinical tests used to evaluate potential anti-asthmatic effects prior to clinical trials.
This document summarizes screening methods for evaluating potential anti-inflammatory drugs. It discusses the inflammatory response and various animal models used to test drug candidates, including carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and UVB-induced erythema in guinea pigs. Several in vitro assays are also described, such as measuring COX inhibition and evaluating the ability of drugs to block mast cell degranulation and platelet-neutrophil adhesion. The goal of these screening methods is to effectively identify drug candidates that can target different phases and components of the inflammatory process.
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro models used to study antihypertensive and vasodilator drugs. In vivo models include the Goldblatt hypertension model in rats, chronic renal hypertension in rats and dogs, and the tail cuff method in rats. In vitro models include ACE inhibition in guinea pig ileum and β1 sympatholytic activity in guinea pig atria. The document also provides details of the procedures for these models.
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
This document provides information on screening models used to evaluate potential antipsychotic drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychosis and classification of antipsychotic agents. It then describes several in vivo and in vitro models used for screening including tests measuring catalepsy in rodents, inhibition of amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and D2 receptor binding assays. The in vivo models assess behaviors relevant to antipsychotic effects while the in vitro assays measure binding to specific receptors like the D2 receptor that contribute to antipsychotic mechanisms of action.
Pre clinical screening models for drugs acting on Autonomic nervous systemRana Rana
This document describes various preclinical models used to screen drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system. It discusses models for screening sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics. For sympathomimetics and sympatholytics, in vivo models include measuring blood pressure in dogs, the rabbit eye model, and the cat spleen model. In vitro models include the isolated frog heart and rabbit intestine preparations. For parasympathomimetics and parasympatholytics, in vivo models measure blood pressure responses and miosis in rabbit eyes, while in vitro models use the isolated heart, ileum, frog muscle, and trachea.
This document summarizes screening methods for potential antiparkinson agents. It describes several in vivo and in vitro models used to test compounds. The key in vivo models discussed are:
1. Tremorine and oxotremorine antagonism in mice, which tests a compound's ability to reduce tremors induced by these muscarinic agonists.
2. The MPTP model in monkeys and mice, which uses MPTP to damage dopaminergic neurons and induce Parkinson's-like symptoms that can be reversed or reduced by test compounds.
3. Reserpine antagonism in rats, which tests if a compound can reduce sedation and motor impairment caused by reserpine depletion of cate
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro models used for screening potential antiparkinsonian drugs. Some key in vivo models mentioned include: 1) antagonism of tremors induced by tremorine/oxotremorine in mice, 2) use of the MPTP model in monkeys to induce Parkinson's disease-like symptoms, and 3) antagonism of sedation induced by reserpine in mice. Important in vitro/ex vivo models include measuring dopamine-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and radioligand binding studies for dopamine receptors. The document provides details on the procedures, evaluations, and modifications of these various screening models.
pre clinical Screening for anti asthmatic drugsDHINESHKUMAR V
This document describes various pre-clinical screening methods for anti-asthmatic drugs, including in vitro, isolated organ, and in vivo models. In vitro methods include the CULTEX technique using bronchial epithelial cell cultures and histamine receptor binding assays using guinea pig brain membranes. Tests in isolated organs involve measuring spasmolytic activity in guinea pig lung strips. In vivo models include tests in anesthetized guinea pigs to evaluate bronchospasmolytic effects and protection against anaphylactic shock or serotonin/histamine-induced asphyxia. Overall, the document outlines the most common pre-clinical tests used to evaluate potential anti-asthmatic effects prior to clinical trials.
This document summarizes screening methods for evaluating potential anti-inflammatory drugs. It discusses the inflammatory response and various animal models used to test drug candidates, including carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and UVB-induced erythema in guinea pigs. Several in vitro assays are also described, such as measuring COX inhibition and evaluating the ability of drugs to block mast cell degranulation and platelet-neutrophil adhesion. The goal of these screening methods is to effectively identify drug candidates that can target different phases and components of the inflammatory process.
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro models used to study antihypertensive and vasodilator drugs. In vivo models include the Goldblatt hypertension model in rats, chronic renal hypertension in rats and dogs, and the tail cuff method in rats. In vitro models include ACE inhibition in guinea pig ileum and β1 sympatholytic activity in guinea pig atria. The document also provides details of the procedures for these models.
Pharmacological screening of Anti-psychotic agentsAbin Joy
This document provides information on screening models used to evaluate potential antipsychotic drugs. It begins with an introduction to psychosis and classification of antipsychotic agents. It then describes several in vivo and in vitro models used for screening including tests measuring catalepsy in rodents, inhibition of amphetamine-induced stereotypy, and D2 receptor binding assays. The in vivo models assess behaviors relevant to antipsychotic effects while the in vitro assays measure binding to specific receptors like the D2 receptor that contribute to antipsychotic mechanisms of action.
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
The document describes several in vitro and in vivo methods used to study anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In vitro methods include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and inhibition of T cell proliferation. In vivo methods include a rat anaphylaxis model, guinea pig Schultz-Dale reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. One method involves sensitizing rats with ovalbumin, then challenging them to induce shock, which can be counteracted by test drugs. Another involves sensitizing guinea pigs to egg albumin to study contractions in response to ovalbumin.
This document summarizes screening methods for evaluating the antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects of drugs in animal models. It describes using the Brewer's yeast suspension method to induce fever in rats and rabbits, and then testing potential antipyretic drugs. Key points:
1) Drugs are given to fevered animals and temperatures recorded at intervals to see if drugs lower elevated body temperatures compared to controls.
2) Studies summarized evaluated antipyretic effects of extracts from Bauhinia racemosa and Gracilaria corticata seaweed in rats. Both produced significant antipyretic activity.
3) The rabbit model uses bacterial lipopolysaccharides to induce fever and tests
The document summarizes the immune system and how it distinguishes self from nonself through innate and adaptive immunity. It then discusses immunomodulators which can suppress or stimulate the immune response, dividing them into immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Several screening methods for evaluating immunomodulatory activity are also presented, including acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats, anti-anaphylactic activity, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Arthus type hypersensitivity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and carbon clearance tests for phagocytic response measurement. Modifications to these screening methods are also noted.
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
SCREENING OF DRUGS USED IN ANTIARRYTHMIASreyaRathnaj
This document summarizes information about cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction defining arrhythmia as a deviation from the heart's normal rhythm. It then discusses normal heart rhythm and the cardiac action potential in detail. It describes several mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, including enhanced pacemaker activity, after-depolarizations, and reentry. It classifies arrhythmias and lists symptoms. Several in vitro and in vivo models for evaluating antiarrhythmic drugs are presented, including the Langendorff technique, acetylcholine-induced arrhythmias, chemically-induced arrhythmias in rats, digoxin-induced arrhythmias in guinea pigs, and exercise-induced arrhythmias in dogs
Screening of antidepressants involves both in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro assays examine inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake or binding to receptors to assess monoamine effects. Common in vivo models include forced swim test and tail suspension test in rodents, which measure immobility time as an indicator of antidepressant activity. Other models explore mechanisms like learned helplessness, muricide behavior, and biogenic amine depletion. A variety of assays allow evaluation of potential antidepressants through monoamine, neuroendocrine and behavioral effects to aid development of safer, more effective drugs.
This document summarizes various preclinical screening methods used to evaluate potential anti-epileptic drugs. It describes several animal models of induced seizures including electroshock seizures, chemical-induced seizures using pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin. It also discusses genetic models like the totterer mouse that is prone to spontaneous seizures. The key methods are maximal electroshock in mice/rats to test generalized tonic-clonic seizure protection and the pentylenetetrazol test in mice to assess anticonvulsant effects against petit mal-like seizures. These preclinical tests aim to predict potential efficacy of new compounds before clinical trials in humans.
Dyslipidemia is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal level of blood lipids.
The most common type of dyslipidemia is hyperlipidemia or high lipid levels.
less common form of dyslipidemia: hypolipidemia, abnormally low lipid levels.
Dyslipidemias can affect any lipid parameters including LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides, or a combination of these lipids.
Two categories:
Primary dyslipidemia
Secondary dyslipidemia
This document describes screening models used to evaluate antihypertensive agents, including both in vitro and in vivo models. It discusses several specific in vitro models like α2-adrenoreceptor binding assays and assays measuring inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. It also lists various in vivo models used in rats and dogs to study acute and chronic forms of hypertension. The goal is to screen potential antihypertensive drugs and understand their mechanisms of action through these screening models before testing in clinical trials.
This document describes various in vitro and in vivo drug screening methods for evaluating potential antiarrhythmic agents. In vitro methods include using acetylcholine or potassium to induce arrhythmias in isolated rabbit atria and the Langendorff technique of perfusing isolated guinea pig hearts. In vivo methods involve chemically inducing arrhythmias using drugs like aconitine, digoxin, strophanthin, and adrenaline in rats and dogs. Other methods include electrically inducing arrhythmias by determining ventricular fibrillation threshold and using programmed stimulation in dogs with induced myocardial ischemia. A canine model of sudden coronary death is also described.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
This document describes several animal models used to screen for potential antidepressant drugs, including the water wheel model, learned helplessness test, tail suspension test, amphetamine potentiation test, and muricidal behavior model. It explains the procedures and principles of each test, noting that some classical antidepressants reduce immobility time in tests like the water wheel and forced swim tests. However, these models have limitations and may not accurately model human depression or detect all effective antidepressants.
Preclinical evaluation of anti-epileptic drugs involves testing in various animal models of seizures. Common models include electrically or chemically induced seizures using maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, or strychnine administration. The effects of potential drugs are assessed by changes in seizure threshold, pattern, EEG changes, or incidence. Chronic models involve kindling or post-status epilepticus models to evaluate drugs for spontaneous recurrent seizures. Various in vivo methods detailed assess drug effects on different seizure types and epilepsies.
The document discusses various screening methods for evaluating potential anxiolytic drugs, including in vitro receptor binding assays and in vivo behavioral tests in animals like the elevated plus maze test, light-dark box test, and social interaction test, which measure anxiety-like behaviors that can be reduced by anxiolytic drug administration. Classification of anxiolytics and theories of anxiety involving neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin and norepinephrine are also covered.
An assignment in the subject "Pharmacological and Toxicological Screening", 1st year, M.Pharm, Pharmacology, 1st semester. This presentation provides a brief knowledge about Pre-clinical Screening, Hypertension, Its Types, Normal body mechanism in Hypertension, Screening Procedures, Animal models, Animal model criteria, various screening procedures and their evaluation, Recent discovery, Hypertension Facts, Recent Discovery and Treatment for Hypertension.
This document describes various methods for screening anti-anginal drugs, including both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The isolated heart (Langendorff) preparation is discussed in detail, where a heart is removed and retrogradely perfused to evaluate drug effects on contractility, coronary flow, and other parameters. The isolated heart-lung preparation and coronary artery ligation in isolated rat hearts are also presented as options to study anti-anginal drugs and model ischemia/reperfusion. Various evaluation criteria are provided such as measurements of left ventricular pressure, contractility, coronary flow, and more.
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
This document describes methods for testing and characterizing drugs that act on the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. It provides details on techniques using isolated tissues and whole animals to study effects of potential sympathomimetic, sympatholytic, parasympathomimetic, and parasympatholytic drugs. These include measuring changes in pupil diameter, tracheal smooth muscle contraction, rat uterus response, and blood pressure as indicators of sympathetic or parasympathetic activity.
1) The document discusses various in vitro and in vivo models used to study immunomodulatory activity, including inhibition of histamine release from mast cells, lymphocyte proliferation assays, and animal models of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity reactions.
2) Test protocols are provided for studying immunomodulation using assays such as mixed lymphocyte reactions, lymphocyte stimulation and cytokine production.
3) Animal models described include adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and various spontaneous autoimmune disease models in mice and other species. Standard protocols are given for evaluating compounds in these disease models.
Screening Models of Alzheimers disease.pptxArchna53
This document discusses screening models for Alzheimer's disease. It describes both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The in-vitro models measure inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. The in-vivo models include passive avoidance tests like step-down, step-through, and up-hill avoidance which measure memory through shock-induced latency times, as well as active avoidance tests like shuttle box and runway avoidance. Evaluation of the models involves measuring latency times and errors to determine learning and memory effects of potential Alzheimer's drugs.
This file includes the general introduction to Alzheimer's, histopathology and Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's, preclinical screening models used in Alzheimer's. I hope this file may useful to life science students
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
The document describes several in vitro and in vivo methods used to study anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory drugs. In vitro methods include inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and inhibition of T cell proliferation. In vivo methods include a rat anaphylaxis model, guinea pig Schultz-Dale reaction, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. One method involves sensitizing rats with ovalbumin, then challenging them to induce shock, which can be counteracted by test drugs. Another involves sensitizing guinea pigs to egg albumin to study contractions in response to ovalbumin.
This document summarizes screening methods for evaluating the antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects of drugs in animal models. It describes using the Brewer's yeast suspension method to induce fever in rats and rabbits, and then testing potential antipyretic drugs. Key points:
1) Drugs are given to fevered animals and temperatures recorded at intervals to see if drugs lower elevated body temperatures compared to controls.
2) Studies summarized evaluated antipyretic effects of extracts from Bauhinia racemosa and Gracilaria corticata seaweed in rats. Both produced significant antipyretic activity.
3) The rabbit model uses bacterial lipopolysaccharides to induce fever and tests
The document summarizes the immune system and how it distinguishes self from nonself through innate and adaptive immunity. It then discusses immunomodulators which can suppress or stimulate the immune response, dividing them into immunosuppressants and immunostimulants. Several screening methods for evaluating immunomodulatory activity are also presented, including acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats, anti-anaphylactic activity, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, Arthus type hypersensitivity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and carbon clearance tests for phagocytic response measurement. Modifications to these screening methods are also noted.
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
SCREENING OF DRUGS USED IN ANTIARRYTHMIASreyaRathnaj
This document summarizes information about cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction defining arrhythmia as a deviation from the heart's normal rhythm. It then discusses normal heart rhythm and the cardiac action potential in detail. It describes several mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias, including enhanced pacemaker activity, after-depolarizations, and reentry. It classifies arrhythmias and lists symptoms. Several in vitro and in vivo models for evaluating antiarrhythmic drugs are presented, including the Langendorff technique, acetylcholine-induced arrhythmias, chemically-induced arrhythmias in rats, digoxin-induced arrhythmias in guinea pigs, and exercise-induced arrhythmias in dogs
Screening of antidepressants involves both in vitro and in vivo methods. In vitro assays examine inhibition of neurotransmitter uptake or binding to receptors to assess monoamine effects. Common in vivo models include forced swim test and tail suspension test in rodents, which measure immobility time as an indicator of antidepressant activity. Other models explore mechanisms like learned helplessness, muricide behavior, and biogenic amine depletion. A variety of assays allow evaluation of potential antidepressants through monoamine, neuroendocrine and behavioral effects to aid development of safer, more effective drugs.
This document summarizes various preclinical screening methods used to evaluate potential anti-epileptic drugs. It describes several animal models of induced seizures including electroshock seizures, chemical-induced seizures using pentylenetetrazol or picrotoxin. It also discusses genetic models like the totterer mouse that is prone to spontaneous seizures. The key methods are maximal electroshock in mice/rats to test generalized tonic-clonic seizure protection and the pentylenetetrazol test in mice to assess anticonvulsant effects against petit mal-like seizures. These preclinical tests aim to predict potential efficacy of new compounds before clinical trials in humans.
Dyslipidemia is a medical condition that refers to an abnormal level of blood lipids.
The most common type of dyslipidemia is hyperlipidemia or high lipid levels.
less common form of dyslipidemia: hypolipidemia, abnormally low lipid levels.
Dyslipidemias can affect any lipid parameters including LDL cholesterol levels, HDL cholesterol levels, triglycerides, or a combination of these lipids.
Two categories:
Primary dyslipidemia
Secondary dyslipidemia
This document describes screening models used to evaluate antihypertensive agents, including both in vitro and in vivo models. It discusses several specific in vitro models like α2-adrenoreceptor binding assays and assays measuring inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. It also lists various in vivo models used in rats and dogs to study acute and chronic forms of hypertension. The goal is to screen potential antihypertensive drugs and understand their mechanisms of action through these screening models before testing in clinical trials.
This document describes various in vitro and in vivo drug screening methods for evaluating potential antiarrhythmic agents. In vitro methods include using acetylcholine or potassium to induce arrhythmias in isolated rabbit atria and the Langendorff technique of perfusing isolated guinea pig hearts. In vivo methods involve chemically inducing arrhythmias using drugs like aconitine, digoxin, strophanthin, and adrenaline in rats and dogs. Other methods include electrically inducing arrhythmias by determining ventricular fibrillation threshold and using programmed stimulation in dogs with induced myocardial ischemia. A canine model of sudden coronary death is also described.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
This document describes several animal models used to screen for potential antidepressant drugs, including the water wheel model, learned helplessness test, tail suspension test, amphetamine potentiation test, and muricidal behavior model. It explains the procedures and principles of each test, noting that some classical antidepressants reduce immobility time in tests like the water wheel and forced swim tests. However, these models have limitations and may not accurately model human depression or detect all effective antidepressants.
Preclinical evaluation of anti-epileptic drugs involves testing in various animal models of seizures. Common models include electrically or chemically induced seizures using maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazol, picrotoxin, or strychnine administration. The effects of potential drugs are assessed by changes in seizure threshold, pattern, EEG changes, or incidence. Chronic models involve kindling or post-status epilepticus models to evaluate drugs for spontaneous recurrent seizures. Various in vivo methods detailed assess drug effects on different seizure types and epilepsies.
The document discusses various screening methods for evaluating potential anxiolytic drugs, including in vitro receptor binding assays and in vivo behavioral tests in animals like the elevated plus maze test, light-dark box test, and social interaction test, which measure anxiety-like behaviors that can be reduced by anxiolytic drug administration. Classification of anxiolytics and theories of anxiety involving neurotransmitters like GABA, serotonin and norepinephrine are also covered.
An assignment in the subject "Pharmacological and Toxicological Screening", 1st year, M.Pharm, Pharmacology, 1st semester. This presentation provides a brief knowledge about Pre-clinical Screening, Hypertension, Its Types, Normal body mechanism in Hypertension, Screening Procedures, Animal models, Animal model criteria, various screening procedures and their evaluation, Recent discovery, Hypertension Facts, Recent Discovery and Treatment for Hypertension.
This document describes various methods for screening anti-anginal drugs, including both in vivo and in vitro techniques. The isolated heart (Langendorff) preparation is discussed in detail, where a heart is removed and retrogradely perfused to evaluate drug effects on contractility, coronary flow, and other parameters. The isolated heart-lung preparation and coronary artery ligation in isolated rat hearts are also presented as options to study anti-anginal drugs and model ischemia/reperfusion. Various evaluation criteria are provided such as measurements of left ventricular pressure, contractility, coronary flow, and more.
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
This document describes methods for testing and characterizing drugs that act on the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. It provides details on techniques using isolated tissues and whole animals to study effects of potential sympathomimetic, sympatholytic, parasympathomimetic, and parasympatholytic drugs. These include measuring changes in pupil diameter, tracheal smooth muscle contraction, rat uterus response, and blood pressure as indicators of sympathetic or parasympathetic activity.
1) The document discusses various in vitro and in vivo models used to study immunomodulatory activity, including inhibition of histamine release from mast cells, lymphocyte proliferation assays, and animal models of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity reactions.
2) Test protocols are provided for studying immunomodulation using assays such as mixed lymphocyte reactions, lymphocyte stimulation and cytokine production.
3) Animal models described include adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats and various spontaneous autoimmune disease models in mice and other species. Standard protocols are given for evaluating compounds in these disease models.
Screening Models of Alzheimers disease.pptxArchna53
This document discusses screening models for Alzheimer's disease. It describes both in-vitro and in-vivo models. The in-vitro models measure inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities. The in-vivo models include passive avoidance tests like step-down, step-through, and up-hill avoidance which measure memory through shock-induced latency times, as well as active avoidance tests like shuttle box and runway avoidance. Evaluation of the models involves measuring latency times and errors to determine learning and memory effects of potential Alzheimer's drugs.
This file includes the general introduction to Alzheimer's, histopathology and Pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's, preclinical screening models used in Alzheimer's. I hope this file may useful to life science students
1. Anxiety is a normal human response to stress but can become pathological. It involves neurotransmitter and brain region abnormalities.
2. Common anxiolytics include benzodiazepines, azapirones, beta blockers, and carbamates. They work by enhancing GABA, blocking serotonin and histamine receptors, or other CNS mechanisms.
3. Animal models are used to screen for anxiolytics using tests like elevated plus maze and light/dark exploration to measure anxiety-like behaviors. In vitro assays measure drug binding to relevant receptors like GABA and histamine H3.
The document summarizes screening models for Alzheimer's disease. It describes two in vitro methods - inhibition of acetylcholine-esterase activity in rat striatum and inhibition of butyrylcholine-esterase activity in human serum. It also describes two in vivo methods - the step-down test and scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. The step-down test measures learning and memory in rats using an elevated platform and electric shock. The scopolamine-induced amnesia test measures the ability of drugs to reverse memory deficits caused by the antimuscarinic scopolamine in mice. The document provides details on the procedures and evaluations of these screening methods.
This document summarizes several preclinical models used to screen anxiolytic agents. It describes anxiety disorders and the goal of developing animal models that resemble human pathology. Several models are explained in detail, including the elevated plus maze test, light-dark exploration test, and social interaction test in rats. These tests measure anxiety-like behaviors in rodents and can determine if candidate drugs decrease inhibited behaviors. The document also reviews in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluating putative anxiolytics before clinical trials.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also known as NSAIDs are medicines that are used to relieve pain, and reduce swelling (inflammation). Examples include aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and COX-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and meloxicam.
The document discusses various types of anxiety disorders and preclinical models used to study anxiety. It describes definitions of anxiety and several anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorders, and phobias. Several commonly used preclinical anxiety models are explained including elevated plus maze test, open field test, light-dark test, staircase exploration, mirrored chamber test, and social interaction test. Evaluation parameters and procedures for each test are provided.
Screening Methods of Anti Anxiety AgentsAnupam dubey
Screening methods of anti anxiety agents
Guided By - Dr. Saumya Das,Associate Professor,NIET(Pharmacy Institute),Greater Noida
Presented By - Anupam Dubey,M.Pharm(Pharmacology)
NIET(Pharmacy Institute)
2020-2021
ALZHEIMER PPT ,screening procedures of Alzheimer's drugs.pptJyotshnaDevi4
The document discusses screening methods for potential Alzheimer's drugs. It describes Alzheimer's disease as a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and thinking skills. Several drugs are currently available to manage symptoms. The document then outlines in vitro and in vivo screening methods, including tests measuring inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, as well as tests using scopolamine to induce amnesia in mice and step-down passive avoidance methods using rats or mice.
This document summarizes various methods used to study neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease in animals. It describes inhibitory avoidance tests where animals learn to avoid unpleasant stimuli. Active avoidance tests involve learning to control unpleasant stimuli through reactions. Discrimination learning tests examine distinguishing between stimuli. Conditioned response tests study associative learning through stimuli pairing like tone-shock trials in rabbits. The document provides detailed methodologies for step-down tests, runway avoidance, spatial habituation, and conditioned eye blink response tests.
Navigation and Pathfinding in a True Slime Mold Slide Showhannahmcshea
Physarum polycephalum, a true slime mold, was tested to determine if it exhibits intelligent behavior as defined by an organism's ability to make decisions that increase fitness based on environmental variables. The experiments found that P. polycephalum 1) avoided areas marked by slime trail, even when incentivized, 2) moved directionally along spatial patterns like oat trails, and 3) efficiently utilized existing tubule networks when crossing areas marked by slime trails. These results suggest P. polycephalum is able to solve problems and make adaptive decisions based on its environment, meeting the operational definition of intelligence used in the study. The findings have implications for understanding the evolution of centralized nervous systems and applications in robotics.
Radha_Chafle_303_ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND PARKINSON DISEASE.pptxRadhaChafle1
The presentation is about the alzheimer's disease and Parkinson Disease. In this presentation, various screening models are given for both of the diseases.
Determination of anticonvulsant activity of drugs using animal modelsDr. Nipa Mendapara
This document discusses methods for determining the anticonvulsant activity of drugs using animal models. It begins by defining seizures and epilepsy according to the International League Against Epilepsy. It then describes several in vivo and in vitro animal models used in screening for new anticonvulsant drugs, including the maximal electroshock seizure test, chemically-induced seizure models using substances like pentylenetetrazol or pilocarpine, kindling models, and genetic models using epileptic-prone animals. The goal of these tests is to evaluate a drug's ability to prevent or reduce electrically or chemically induced seizure activity and elucidate new targets for developing improved antiepileptic treatments.
This document provides an overview of screening methods for analgesic drugs. It discusses various in vivo and in vitro methods used to screen analgesics, including pain-state models using thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli in animals. Specific in vivo models described are the tail-flick test, hot-plate test, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and various electrical and chemical stimulation tests. In vitro methods discussed include bioassays using isolated tissues to study nociceptin receptors, radioligand binding assays like 3H-naloxone binding to study opioid agonists/antagonists, and inhibition of enkephalinase as a screening method.
The document summarizes various screening methods used to evaluate immunomodulators. It discusses in vivo methods like acute systemic anaphylaxis in rats and delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in rats. It also discusses in vitro methods like inhibition of histamine release from mast cells and neutrophil locomotion assays. The document provides details of various protocols used for screening immunomodulators.
Hypnotics Screening Methods by Tarun BiswasTarun Biswas
1. Hypnotic drugs induce and maintain sleep similar to normal sleep. Common screening methods for hypnotics include potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time in mice, experimental insomnia in rats using electric footshock stress, and EEG registration in conscious cats.
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Screening method of nootropics vikas malik
1. SCREENING METHOD OF
NOOTROPICS
NOIDA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(PHARMACY INSTITUTE)
GREATER NOIDA
PRESENTED BY UNDER GUIDENCE
VIKAS MALIK DR. SAUMYA DAS
M.PHARMA.(PHARMACOLOGY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
PTSM-1 NIET,GR. NOIDA
2. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION 0F MEMORY
WHAT IS MEMORY ENHANCER/NOOTROPICS
CLASSIFICATION OF NOOTROPICS
IN VIVO METHOD
IN VITRO METHOD
EXPERIMENT AT MOLECULAR LEVEL
3. MEMORY
•It is defined as the process by which
information is encoded, stored and retrieved
•“Memory” is a slippery concept because it is
still not clear about complete, consensual notion
about the physical nature of its trace.
• The only sure way to grab at such phenomenon
is by measuring behaviors and their
modifications i.e. quantifying it in an indirect
fashion.
• Such approach is called “phenomenological”,
and opposes itself to the so-called “mechanistic”
vision, that departs from previously existent
knowledge about the intrinsic machinery
operating behind the phenomenon
4. MEMORY ENHANCERS/NOOTROPICS
The substance used to enhance cognitive function.
It can increase memory,motivation,mood or anything related to cognition and thought.
They are referred to as “smart” drugs
HISTORY - The term ‘nootropic’ was coined by DR CORNELEU GUERGEA in 1972. It is a Greek
word with combination of ‘nous’-mind and ‘trepein’- to bend.
In 1964,he was the first person to synthesize the first nootropic named
PIRACETAM.
6. IN VIVO METHODS
PASSIVE AVOIDANCE
ACTIVE AVOIDANCE
DISCRIMINATION LEARNING
CONDITIONED RESPONSE
STUDY IN MONKEYS
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS
ANIMAL WITH MEMORY DEFICIT
IN VITRO METHOD
In vitro inhibition of acetylcholine-esterase activity in rat striatum
Inhibition of butyrylcholine-esterase activity in human serum
Cholinesterase inhibition
EXPERIMENTS AT MOLECULAR LEVEL
Molecular forms of acetyl cholinesterase from rat frontal cortex and
striatum
[3H]Oxotremorine-M binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat
forebrain
[3H]-N-Methylscopolamine binding in the presence and absence of
Gpp(NH)p
RELEASE OF [3H]ACH AND OTHER TRANSMITTERS FROM RAT BRAIN SLICES
7. 1.PASSIVE AVOIDANCE(aversive task)
It is usually employed to describe experiments in which animal learns to avoid a noxious event by
suppressing a particular behavior
STEP DOWN-Purpose and rationale- An animal(mouse or rat) spends most of the time close to walls
and in corners. When placed on an elevated platform in the center of rectangular compartment, it
steps down immediately to the floor to explore the enclosure and to approach the wall
8. PROCEDURE-
Mice/rat of either sex used. A rectangular box (50x50cm) with electrifiable grid floor and 35 cm
fits over the block. The grid floor is connected to a shock device which delivers scrambled foot
shocks.
A typical paradigm consists of 3 phases:
Familiarization(animal is placed on platform, released after raising the cylinder and latency is
measured. After 10s of exploration, it is returned to home cage)
Learning(immediately after animal descends from platform an unavoidable foot shock applied-
50hz,1.5ma,1s and animal returned to home cage)
Retention test (24 h after the learning trial the animal is again placed on the platform and the
step-down latency is measured. The test is finished when the animal steps down or remains on
the platform (cut-off time: 60 s).
EVALUATION The time of descent during the learning phase and the time during the retention
test is measured. A prolongation of the step- down latency is defined as learning.
9. 2.- ACTIVE AVOIDANCE
Active avoidance learning is a fundamental behavioral phenomenon . As in other instrumental
conditioning paradigms the animal learns to control the administration of the unconditioned stimulus by
appropriate reactions to the conditioned stimulus preceding the noxious stimulus. The first stage of
avoidance learning is usually escape, whereby a reaction terminates the unconditioned stimulus
RUN AWAY AVOIDENCE
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE A straightforward avoidance situation features a fixed aversive gradient which
can be traversed by the animal. The shock can be avoided when the safe area is reached within the
time allocated
10. PROCEDURE
The same box as used in the step-through model can be used in this experiment.
A loudspeaker mounted above the starbox serves for presenting the acoustic conditioned
stimulus
The animal is allowed to explore the whole apparatus for 5 min. The guillotine door is
then closed and the animal is placed into the light starting area. After 10 s the acoustic
CS is applied and the door is simultaneously opened.
Shock is turned on after 5 s.The training is continued until the animal attains the
criterion of 9 avoidances in 10 consecutive trials.
EVALUATION •The time the animal needs to reach the safe area on is recorded. •Also,
the number of errors committed is recorded
11. 3- Electrophysiological methods
LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN HIPPOCAMPAL SLICES
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE - This procedure is perhaps the most dramatic example of activity-
dependent synaptic plasticity that has yet been identified in the mammalian brain . A brief tetanus
to any one of a number of monosynaptic excitatory pathways in the hippocampus can enhance the
amplitude of evoked responses in the tetanized pathway for hours or days thereafter. The fact that
it occurs in the hippocampus has done much to stimulate interest in LTP as a synaptic model of
memory
PROCEDURE
•Transverse slices, are cut from the hippocampus of guinea pigs which are incubated for 90–120 min
in the recording chamber to allow equilibration with artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
• They are submerged, placed on a nylon mesh and perfused at a flow rate of 2–2.5 ml/min with
oxygenated cerebrospinal fluid having the following composition (in mM): NaCl 124, KCl 3.3, CaCl2
2.5, KH2PO4 1.25, MgSO4 2, NaHCO3 25,7,glucose 10.
• The electrodes are placed into the stratum pyramidale of CA1 or CA3.
• The signal is amplified and stored on magnetic discs for later analysis.
•After the baseline is recorded for 10–20 min, LTP is induced by repetitive stimulation in CA1 and in
CA3 at the same rate and are recorded 0, 10, 20 and 30 min after repetitive stimulation.
EVALUATION The time course of LTP is registered for CA1 and CA3.The mean percent increase in the
amplitude of the population spike from baseline responses after drug application is compared with
controls.
12. 4- STEP THROUGH
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE •This test uses normal behavior of mice and rats. • These animals avoid bright
light and prefer dim illumination. • When placed into a brightly illuminated space connected to a dark
enclosure, they rapidly enter the dark compartment and remain there.
13. PROCEDURE
• The test apparatus consists of a small chamber connected to a larger dark
chamber via a guillotine door.
•In the acquisition trial the animal is placed in the illuminated compartment at a
maximal distance from the guillotine door, and the latency to enter the dark
compartment is measured.
• Immediately after the animal enters the dark compartment, the door is shut
automatically and an unavoidable foot shock is delivered.
EVALUATION
•The time to step-through during the learning phase is measured and the time
during the retention test is measured.
• In this test a prolongation of the step-through latencies is specific to the
experimental situation. An increase of the step-through latency is defined as
learning.
14. 1. In vitro inhibition of acetylcholine-esterase activity in rat striatum
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE The purpose of this assay is to screen drugs for inhibition of
acetylcholine-esterase activity. Inhibitors of this enzyme may be useful for the treatment
of Alzheimer’s disease. Acetyl cholinesterase (Ache) which is sometimes called true or
specific cholinesterase, is found in nerve cells, skeletal muscle etc Its distribution in brain
roughly correlates with cholinergic innervations and sub fractionation shows the highest
level in nerve terminals. Recent studies have suggested that Ache inhibitors may also be
beneficial in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia
15. PROCEDURE
•A 2 mM stock solution of the test drug is made up in a suitable solvent and q.s. to volume with 0.5 mM
DTNB (di thio nitro benzoic acid)
•Drugs are serially diluted (1 : 10) such that the final concentration (in cuvette) is 10–4 M and screened
for activity. •If active, IC50(half maximal inhibitory conc) values are determined from the inhibitory
activity of subsequent concentrations
TISSUE PREPARATION •Male Wistar rats are decapitated, brains rapidly removed, corpora striata
dissected free, weighed and homogenized in 19 volumes.
•A 25 μl aliquot of this suspension is added to 1 ml of the vehicle or various concentrations of the test
drug and reincubate for 10 min
16. ASSAY •Enzyme activity is measured with the Beckman DU-50 spectrophotometer.
•This method can be used for IC50 determinations and for measuring kinetic
constants
EVALUATION For IC50 determinations: Substrate concentration is 10 mM diluted 1
: 2 in an assay yielding a final concentration of 5 mM.DTNB concentration is 0.5
Mm yielding 0.25 mM final concentration %inhibition=slope control-slope drug x
100 slope control
17. 2- In vitro inhibition of butyrylcholine-esterase activity in
human serum
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE
This assay can be used in conjunction with the acetylcholine-esterase
assay to determine the enzyme selectivity of various cholinesterase
inhibitors. Butyrylcholine-esterase (BChE), which is called
pseudocholinesterase, preferentially hydrolyzes butyrylcholine.
PROCEDURE Enzyme Preparation - A vial of lyophilized human serum is
reconstituted in 3 ml of distilled water.
A 25 ml aliquot of this suspension is added to 1 ml of the vehicle or various
concentrations of test drug and pre-incubated for 10 min at 37 °C.
EVALUATION For IC50 determinations: Substrate concentration is 10 mM
diluted 1 : 2 in an assay yielding a final concentration of 5 mM.DTNB
concentration is 0.5 Mm yielding 0.25 mM final concentration
%inhibition=slope control-slope drug x 100 slope control
18. EXPERIMENTS AT MOLECULAR LEVEL
Molecular forms of acetyl cholinesterase from rat frontal cortex and striatum PURPOSE AND RATIONALE
Different molecular forms of acetyl cholinesterase can be isolated from animal tissues.
The number of forms isolated, their relative amounts and molecular characteristics depend on the tissue
source and the conditions used for solubilization of the membrane bound enzyme
[3H]Oxotremorine-M binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat forebrain
PURPOSE AND RATIONALE The purpose of this assay is to determine the binding affinity of potential
cholinomimetic drugs for muscarinic receptors in brain, using an agonist ligand